{"id":104566,"date":"2026-08-04T12:06:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sobek-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:07:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:07:13","slug":"sobek","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/sobek\/","title":{"rendered":"Sobek"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104566\" class=\"elementor elementor-104566 elementor-2993\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d2c94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8d2c94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca8da53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca8da53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9fe54c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a9fe54c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-115d081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"115d081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sobek, zeul-crocodil egiptean<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91618cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91618cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobek este un zeu-crocodil egiptean a c\u0103rui putere este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de apele roditoare ale Nilului. Sobek este \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> egiptean antic zeul-crocodil. El \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 for\u021ba vital\u0103 necontrolabil\u0103 a Nilului, fertilitatea malurilor fluviului \u0219i agresivitatea brut\u0103 a pr\u0103d\u0103torului.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de majoritatea zeilor egipteni, redu\u0219i \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie la c\u00e2teva atribute principale, Sobek p\u0103streaz\u0103 de-a lungul \u00eentregii istorii faraonice un profil pregnant fizic: r\u0103m\u00e2ne crocodilul, uneori ca animal pur, alteori ca figur\u0103 antropomorf\u0103 cu cap de crocodil.<\/p><p>\u00cen Textele Piramidelor apare deja \u00een Regatul Vechi (Incanta\u021bia 317, 510), iar \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie prime\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> la Crocodilopolis (Schedet, ulterior Arsinoe), la Ombos (Kom Ombo) \u0219i \u00een numeroase ora\u0219e din Egiptul de Mijloc.<\/p><p>Cultul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u0103u<\/span> este str\u00e2ns legat de ideea puterii regale: faraonii dinastiei a treisprezecea \u00ee\u0219i iau numele dup\u0103 el, cei mai cunoscu\u021bi fiind cei din seria Sebek-hotep, iar cu el se asociaz\u0103 reprezent\u0103ri cosmologice despre colina primordial\u0103 care se \u00eenal\u021b\u0103 din apele originare Nun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-582eb55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"582eb55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a72163e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"a72163e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/aegypten\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia V\u0103ii Nilului antic, cca. 3000 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 30 \u00ee.Hr.\">Egipt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a09f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3a09f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-807ac44 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"807ac44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__807ac44\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__807ac44\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__807ac44\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ec57c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8ec57c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc98d39 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fc98d39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_sobek-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3208\" alt=\"Sobek - G\u00f6tter aus der \u00c4gypten-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_sobek-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_sobek-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_sobek-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_sobek.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a25753 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a25753\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f26efb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f26efb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d8080a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d8080a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i genealogie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c574a86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c574a86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Genealogia lui Sobek este transmis\u0103 \u00een mai multe variante \u0219i difer\u0103 regional. \u00cen tradi\u021bia cea mai important\u0103 este considerat fiu al lui Neith, str\u0103vechea zei\u021b\u0103 din Sais, creatoare \u0219i r\u0103zboinic\u0103 totodat\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 filia\u021bie este afirmat\u0103 explicit \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Hibis din oaza Kharga \u0219i \u00een textele de la Esna; Sobek este aici &#8222;fiu al lui Neith&#8221;, n\u0103scut \u00een prima zi a crea\u021biei, c\u00e2nd Neith s-a ridicat din apele originare \u0219i \u0219i-a adus fiul pe lume.<\/p><p>Cele mai vechi atest\u0103ri \u00eel desemneaz\u0103 pe Sobek drept &#8222;St\u0103p\u00e2n al lui Schedet&#8221; \u0219i \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 al\u0103turi de zeii crea\u021biei.<\/p>\n<p>\u00centr-o alt\u0103 tradi\u021bie, cea din Faiyum, Sobek este considerat primul-n\u0103scut \u00een apele originare, care s-a ridicat din Nun \u0219i, prin simpla sa apari\u021bie, a \u00eentemeiat uscatul \u0219i cre\u0219terea. Aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 cosmogonic\u0103 \u00eel face pe Sobek \u00eensu\u0219i zeu creator, comparabil cu Atum la Heliopolis sau cu Khnum la Esna.<\/p><p>La Kom Ombo, Sobek este cinstit ca zeu dublu al\u0103turi de Horus cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n, exprim\u00e2nd cele dou\u0103 laturi ale naturii crocodilului (primejdioas\u0103 \u0219i protectoare). \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> perioadei t\u00e2rzii, Sobek apare \u0219i ca manifestare a lui Re, care parcurge c\u0103l\u0103toria solar\u0103 prin apele originare nocturne \u00een chip de crocodil.<\/p>\n<p>So\u021bia lui Sobek este Hathor \u00een unele texte, \u00een altele zei\u021ba local\u0103 Renenutet (zei\u021ba recoltei cu chip de \u0219arpe) sau Tasenetnofret (&#8222;sora des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it\u0103&#8221;, o form\u0103 a lui Hathor din Ombos).<\/p><p>Fiul s\u0103u este Khonsu sau un Khonsu-Sobek local, care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 divinitatea lunar\u0103 juvenil\u0103. Aceast\u0103 variabilitate a rela\u021biilor de familie nu este neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u00een religia egiptean\u0103 \u0219i reflect\u0103 fuziunea diferitelor tradi\u021bii de cult locale.<\/p>\n<p>O pozi\u021bie aparte ocup\u0103 Sobek \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> t\u00e2rzie de la Esna, unde formeaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Khnum, Neith \u0219i Heka un grup de patru zei primordiali.<\/p><p>Lungile imnuri cioplite pe pere\u021bii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templului<\/span> de la Esna \u00eel descriu pe Sobek ca pe acel aspect al creatorului care genereaz\u0103 for\u021ba vital\u0103 brut\u0103, nedomesticit\u0103, \u00een timp ce Khnum \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 munca de atelier formatoare. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021biere teologic\u0103 eviden\u021biaz\u0103 \u00eenaltul nivel intelectual al preo\u021bimii din perioada t\u00e2rzie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3290abf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3290abf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b99c05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b99c05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri, iconografie \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15349a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f15349a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobek este reprezentat \u00een dou\u0103 forme principale: ca crocodil complet \u0219i ca om cu cap de crocodil. Pe cap poart\u0103 coroana Atef sau coroana cu disc solar \u0219i coroana Atef, discul solar cu coarne sau o combina\u021bie de pene \u0219i coarne care marcheaz\u0103 dimensiunea sa cosmic\u0103.<\/p><p>Semnul s\u0103u tipic este barca de ap\u0103 pe care se odihne\u0219te crocodilul, suger\u00e2nd ascensiunea din apele originare pe colina primordial\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Crocodilii vii erau \u021binu\u021bi, \u00eengriji\u021bi \u0219i mumifica\u021bi dup\u0103 moarte \u00een templele sale. Strabon (XVII, 1, 38) descrie \u00een detaliu &#8222;crocodilul sf\u00e2nt&#8221; Petesuchos de la Crocodilopolis din Faiyum: era hr\u0103nit cu p\u00e2ine, carne \u0219i vin, purta coliere \u0219i br\u0103\u021b\u0103ri de aur la membre anterioare, iar moartea sa era jelit\u0103 de \u00eentregul ora\u0219.<\/p><p>Mii de crocodili mumifica\u021bi au fost descoperi\u021bi \u00een necropolele de la Crocodilopolis, Tebtynis \u0219i Kom Ombo, de la embrioni mici p\u00e2n\u0103 la animale adulte de aproape cinci metri. Necropolele arat\u0103 c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Sobek a atins o popula\u021bie larg\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca roman\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Reprezent\u0103ri plastice ale lui Sobek se g\u0103sesc \u00een \u00eentreaga Vale a Nilului. Din Regatul de Mijloc provine o important\u0103 statuie a lui Amenemhat al III-lea cu cap de crocodil-Sobek, p\u0103strat\u0103 la Muzeul din Cairo.<\/p><p>De la Kom Ombo s-au p\u0103strat reliefuri remarcabile care \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Sobek \u00een deplin\u0103 form\u0103 antropomorf\u0103 cu cap de crocodil. Pe pere\u021bii templului, zeul st\u0103 regulat \u00een r\u00e2nd cu celelalte divinit\u0103\u021bi principale egiptene \u0219i prime\u0219te de la faraoni ofrandele canonice.<\/p>\n<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> aparte este bazinul umplut cu ap\u0103 din fa\u021ba altarului principal al templului lui Sobek. La Kom Ombo se afl\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een incinta templului vechile bazine \u00een care erau \u021binu\u021bi crocodilii templului.<\/p><p>\u00cemprejurimile templului erau alimentate cu ap\u0103 din Nil printr-un sistem propriu de canale; cur\u0103\u021barea \u0219i udarea zilnic\u0103 a animalelor sacre f\u0103ceau parte din \u00eendatoririle preo\u021be\u0219ti \u0219i erau at\u00e2t de solicitante \u00eenc\u00e2t departamente administrative speciale erau responsabile de aceasta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47fd627 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47fd627\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a0ffd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a0ffd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fbba65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fbba65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Sobek \u00ee\u0219i avea centrul \u00een Faiyum, marea depresiune la vest de Nil, care, datorit\u0103 apelor ce curgeau permanent \u00een Lacul Moeris, era o regiune deosebit de bogat\u0103 \u00een crocodili. Crocodilopolis (Schedet), redenumit Arsinoe \u00een epoca ptolemaic\u0103, era principalul centru de cult din Regatul de Mijloc.<\/p><p>Amenemhat al III-lea (1853 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1806 \u00ee.Hr.) a ridicat aici celebrul s\u0103u &#8222;Labirint&#8221;, un vast centru administrativ \u0219i de cult pe care Herodot (II, 148) \u00eel descrie drept cea mai grandioas\u0103 construc\u021bie din Egipt, chiar \u00eenaintea piramidelor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cadrul ritului zilnic al templului, crocodilului-Sobek i se aduceau alimente \u0219i ap\u0103; preo\u021bii intrau \u00een ordine ritual\u0103 precis\u0103, s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219eau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune solemn\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 dup\u0103 reguli fixe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ceremonia<\/span> Deschiderii Gurii care \u00eensufle\u021bea statuia divin\u0103 \u0219i rosteau imnurile p\u0103strate monumental \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Esna.<\/p><p>\u00cen cursul anului aveau loc s\u0103rb\u0103tori care comemorau apari\u021bia mitic\u0103 a lui Sobek din apele originare, precum \u0219i o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune solemn\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 dup\u0103 reguli fixe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ceremonie<\/span> a figurinei de cear\u0103, \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia un crocodil de cear\u0103 era ars pentru a respinge pe Apophis, adversarul cosmic.<\/p>\n<p>O variant\u0103 remarcabil\u0103 a cultului se afl\u0103 la Kom Ombo, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> lui Sobek din Egiptul de Sus. Aici a fost ridicat un templu dublu, a c\u0103rui jum\u0103tate st\u00e2ng\u0103 era <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrat\u0103<\/span> lui Sobek, iar cea dreapt\u0103 lui Horus cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n (Haroeris).<\/p><p>Ambii zei \u00eemp\u0103r\u021beau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> cu intr\u0103ri, cur\u021bi, colonade \u0219i sanctuare separate; programul reliefurilor p\u0103stra independen\u021ba ambelor culte. Aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie arhitectural\u0103 este unic\u0103 \u00een arhitectura templelor egiptene.<\/p>\n<p>Remarcabil\u0103 este \u0219i tensiunea cu alte tradi\u021bii locale: la Dendara \u0219i Edfu, principalele centre de cult ale lui Hathor \u0219i Horus, crocodilul era considerat du\u0219man al ordinii divine \u0219i manifestare a maleficului Seth, era distrus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u0219i demonizat \u00een formule de blestem.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 valorizare a crocodilului, pe de o parte ca zeu creator Sobek, pe de alta ca fiin\u021b\u0103 du\u0219m\u0103noas\u0103, a primit aten\u021bie sistematic\u0103 \u00een studiile recente (Frankfort 1948, Hornung 1971) \u0219i este considerat\u0103 un model al religiei egiptene, \u00een care unul \u0219i acela\u0219i animal poate purta semnifica\u021bii opuse \u00een diferite culte locale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485f710 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"485f710\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f8e76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79f8e76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuare \u0219i temple importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee2b23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ee2b23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Templul principal de la Crocodilopolis-Arsinoe din Faiyum este ast\u0103zi \u00een mare parte distrus, \u00eens\u0103 resturile \u00eei permit s\u0103 se \u00eentrevad\u0103 amploarea: un complex templier de aproximativ dou\u0103 sute de metri lungime, cu s\u0103li cu \u0219ase \u0219i mai multe coloane, un lac sacru pentru crocodili \u0219i o necropol\u0103 pentru animalele mumificate.<\/p><p>S\u0103p\u0103turile italiene \u0219i franceze din secolul al nou\u0103sprezecelea au recuperat mii de papirusuri \u0219i ostraka care documenteaz\u0103 via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 a templului.<\/p>\n<p>Templul dublu de la Kom Ombo, la aproximativ patruzeci \u0219i cinci de kilometri nord de Assuan, este cel mai impresionant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al lui Sobek p\u0103strat. Construit sub ptolemei (\u00eendeosebi Ptolemeu al VI-lea Philometor, 180 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 145 \u00ee.Hr.) \u0219i finalizat sub primii \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bi romani, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> ilustreaz\u0103 sinteza elenistico-egiptean\u0103 a epocii sale.<\/p><p>Pe pere\u021bi se g\u0103sesc reliefuri medicale \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u00e2nd instrumente chirurgicale \u0219i scene cu scaunul de na\u0219tere, poate o indica\u021bie a func\u021biei terapeutice a cultului lui Sobek. Muzeul crocodililor din apropiere p\u0103streaz\u0103 ast\u0103zi peste patruzeci de mumii descoperite \u00een perimetrul templului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Egiptul de Mijloc se afla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Sumenu (ast\u0103zi Mahamid Qibly l\u00e2ng\u0103 Armant), unde Sobek era venerat cu deosebire de Amenhotep al III-lea. Sanctuarele de la Gebelein, Esna \u0219i Tod, ridicate \u00een Regatul de Mijloc \u0219i Regatul Nou, aveau de asemenea capele ale lui Sobek.<\/p><p>La Esna, Sobek-Re este una dintre divinit\u0103\u021bile principale ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templului<\/span> p\u0103strat din epoca imperial\u0103 roman\u0103; pere\u021bii \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 imnuri extraordinar de elaborate \u00een care func\u021bia cosmogonic\u0103 a lui Sobek este formulat\u0103 teologic.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen de\u0219ertul occidental, \u00een oaza Kharga, se afl\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Hibis, care prezint\u0103 o capel\u0103 a lui Sobek \u00een care se p\u0103streaz\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 reprezentare teologic\u0103 a lui Sobek ca fiu al lui Neith.<\/p><p>La Tebtynis, \u00een sudul Faiyumului, misiunea italian\u0103 a dezvelit din 1929 at\u00e2t complexul templier, c\u00e2t \u0219i mii de papirusuri, printre care ample imnuri ale lui Sobek \u0219i acte administrative preo\u021be\u0219ti. Aceste descoperiri constituie cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 pentru \u00een\u021belegerea vie\u021bii practice a templului \u0219i a administr\u0103rii cultului lui Sobek \u00een epoca greco-roman\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0ef82 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f0ef82\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66a3052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66a3052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8952ec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8952ec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 nara\u021biune mitic\u0103 a lui Sobek este rolul s\u0103u \u00een salvarea t\u00e2n\u0103rului Horus. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> mor\u021bii lui Osiris, Isis a g\u0103sit m\u0103dularele so\u021bului ei ucis risipite \u00een Nil; unele dintre acestea, \u00eendeosebi membrul viril (falusul), au fost \u00eenghi\u021bite de crocodili.<\/p><p>Sobek, evaluat pozitiv \u00een acest episod, a c\u0103utat m\u0103dularele \u0219i a ajutat-o pe Isis s\u0103 le reuneasc\u0103.<\/p><p>O variant\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span>, consemnat\u0103 \u00een Textele Piramidelor (Incanta\u021bia 317), \u00eel face pe Sobek s\u0103-l scoat\u0103 pe Horus din mla\u0219tina din Chemmis, unde Isis \u00eel ascunsese; Sobek \u00eel fere\u0219te pe t\u00e2n\u0103rul zeu de urm\u0103ririle lui Seth, duc\u00e2ndu-l pe spate p\u00e2n\u0103 la mal.<\/p>\n<p>\u00centr-o nara\u021biune cosmogonic\u0103, Sobek apare ca primul care iese din apele originare. El plute\u0219te pe Nun, oceanul primordial f\u0103r\u0103 margini, \u0219i prin respira\u021bia sa ia na\u0219tere prima colin\u0103 primordial\u0103, &#8222;Tatenen&#8221;.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 colin\u0103 primordial\u0103 r\u0103sar to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi zei \u0219i fiin\u021be. Aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 este tratat\u0103 pe larg \u00een imnurile de la Esna \u0219i \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 pe Sobek pe un rang creator comparabil cu Atum sau Amun-Re.<\/p>\n<p>Un al treilea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>, men\u021bionat \u00een textele templare t\u00e2rzii de la Edfu, \u00eel descrie pe Sobek ca du\u0219man al lui Horus de la Edfu, adic\u0103 drept manifestare a maleficului Seth \u00een chip de crocodil.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 este dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> de la Edfu despre &#8222;victoria lui Horus asupra du\u0219manilor&#8221; (Edfu VI, 60 ff.); crocodilul este aici una dintre fiin\u021bele du\u0219m\u0103noase pe care Horus le doboar\u0103 cu suli\u021ba.<\/p><p>Faptul c\u0103 acela\u0219i Sobek este venerat \u00een propriul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> \u0219i blestemat \u00een alt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> este expresia logicii locale a religiei egiptene \u0219i nu o contradic\u021bie \u00een sens modern.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen papirusurile medicale din Regatul de Mijloc, precum Papirusul Ebers \u0219i Papirusul de la Berlin, saliva lui Sobek sau gr\u0103simea lui Sobek sunt men\u021bionate ca remediu pentru anumite afec\u021biuni oculare \u0219i cutanate.<\/p><p>Justificarea teologic\u0103 afirm\u0103 c\u0103 Sobek a vindecat ochiul lui Horus, de aceea substan\u021bele sale ar fi vindec\u0103toare. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie medical\u0103 este \u0219i un indiciu c\u0103 reliefurile de la Kom Ombo cu instrumentele medicale trebuie citite \u00eentr-un context <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>-terapeutic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794939a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"794939a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85ca2a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85ca2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58b7e99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58b7e99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobek este integrat \u00een diverse constela\u021bii divine. Cu Neith \u00eel leag\u0103 rela\u021bia mam\u0103-fiu; \u00een tradi\u021bia sait\u0103, Sobek este desemnat explicit drept primul ei n\u0103scut.<\/p><p>Cu Re, Sobek se contope\u0219te \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> perioadei t\u00e2rzii \u00een Sobek-Re, o form\u0103 a zeului solar care asum\u0103 elementul-crocodil al c\u0103l\u0103toriei nocturne \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103. Cu Horus exist\u0103 rela\u021bia dubl\u0103 ambivalent\u0103: parteneri egali la Kom Ombo, \u00een du\u0219m\u0103nie la Edfu.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Hathor exist\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 cvasi-conjugal\u0103 \u00een mai multe culte locale; la Kom Ombo, Tasenetnofret (&#8222;sora des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it\u0103&#8221;) este venerat\u0103 ca form\u0103 a lui Hathor al\u0103turi de Sobek. Cu Khonsu ca fiu, Sobek dispune de propria triad\u0103 familial\u0103 (Sobek, Hathor, Khonsu), reprezentat\u0103 programatic la Kom Ombo.<\/p><p>Cu Khnum, zeul creator de la Esna, Sobek \u00eemparte profilul de fiin\u021b\u0103 a apelor originare; ambii sunt \u00een\u021bele\u0219i \u00een textele de la Esna ca aspecte complementare ale aceleia\u0219i for\u021be creatoare cosmice.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Seth exist\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 aparte: crocodilul este unul dintre animalele \u00een care Seth se transform\u0103 pentru a-l amenin\u021ba pe Horus. Dar Sobek este conceput, \u00een aspectele sale pozitive, ca adversar al lui Seth, care \u00eentoarce instrumentele r\u0103ului folosind for\u021ba crocodilului \u00een scop protector.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 ambivalen\u021b\u0103 teologic\u0103 nu este perceput\u0103 \u00een religia egiptean\u0103 drept contradic\u021bie, ci ca expresie a complexit\u0103\u021bii propriu-zise a ac\u021biunii divine: aceea\u0219i putere poate fi creatoare sau distrug\u0103toare, dup\u0103 aspect.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e28c992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e28c992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13140c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13140c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0c0431 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0c0431\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea<\/span> greco-roman\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Sobek s-a bucurat de o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103. Herodot, Strabon, Diodor \u0219i Aelian descriu \u00een detaliu cre\u0219terea crocodililor \u00een templele egiptene; relatarea lui Strabon despre crocodilul Petesuchos de la Crocodilopolis este cea mai ampl\u0103 descriere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span> a unui animal viu de templu \u00een ansamblu.<\/p><p>Identificarea cu grecescul Suchos sau Sobek-Selkis a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> \u0219i \u00een afara Egiptului, de pild\u0103 \u00een Cyrenaica, \u00een epoca imperial\u0103 roman\u0103 la Pompei (celebrul Iseum cu mozaicul crocodilului) \u0219i \u00een Italica italian\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Odat\u0103 cu dispari\u021bia cultului templier p\u0103g\u00e2n \u00een secolele al cincilea \u0219i al \u0219aselea ale erei cre\u0219tine, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> viu al lui Sobek a \u00eencetat. Tradi\u021bia copt\u0103 a p\u0103strat crocodilul ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al r\u0103ului, comparabil cu Leviathanul din tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen Evul Mediu, c\u0103l\u0103tori arabi precum Yaqut \u0219i Ibn al-Faqih relatau despre temple abandonate ale crocodililor \u0219i despre crocodili uria\u0219i, \u00eenc\u0103 vii, \u00een Lacul Faiyum.<\/p>\n<p>Redescoperirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a cultului lui Sobek a \u00eenceput cu descrierea lui Kom Ombo de c\u0103tre Champollion \u0219i cu s\u0103p\u0103turile lui Lepsius \u00een Faiyum.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul al dou\u0103zecilea, \u00eendeosebi Henri Frankfort (&#8222;Kingship and the Gods&#8221;, 1948) a elucidat profunzimea teologic\u0103 a cultului lui Sobek; Erik Hornung (&#8222;Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt&#8221;, 1971, german\u0103 1971) a descris sistematic dubla valorizare paradoxal\u0103 a crocodilului \u00een religia egiptean\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea recent\u0103 a lui Marco Zecchi (&#8222;Sobek of Shedet&#8221;, 2010) a prezentat monografic particularitatea teologic\u0103 a cultului lui Sobek din Faiyum. \u00cen cultura popular\u0103, Sobek a devenit cunoscut unui public mai larg \u00eendeosebi prin romanele lui Christian Jacq \u0219i prin jocurile video din seria &#8222;Smite&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-623fd37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"623fd37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fb646c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9fb646c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8e2bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8e2bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobek apar\u021bine categoriei zeilor-animale, care au o semnifica\u021bie tipic\u0103 \u00een religia egiptean\u0103. \u00centrebarea dac\u0103 ace\u0219ti zei sunt &#8222;teriomorfisme&#8221; (form\u0103 animal\u0103) sau &#8222;epifanii divine animale&#8221; a preocupat cercetarea de la Hermann Junker \u0219i Erik Hornung \u00eencoace.<\/p><p>Hornung argumenteaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Conceptions&#8221; c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00een mai mul\u021bi zei.\" tabindex=\"0\">politeismul<\/span> egiptean nu face o distinc\u021bie strict\u0103 \u00eentre &#8222;zeul \u00een animal&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;animalul ca zeu&#8221;; animalul este o manifestare vizibil\u0103 a zeului, f\u0103r\u0103 ca acesta s\u0103 se dizolve complet \u00een ea. Sobek este un bun exemplu: este mai mult dec\u00e2t crocodilul \u0219i totu\u0219i de neconceput f\u0103r\u0103 crocodil.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen context comparativ-religios, cultele crocodilului din Africa subsaharian\u0103 (de pild\u0103 \u00een Nigeria \u0219i Camerun) \u0219i din Mesoamerica (zeul-crocodil maya Cipactli) se afl\u0103 \u00een paralelism structural: pretutindeni crocodilul leag\u0103 reprezentarea apelor originare, a crea\u021biei \u0219i a primejdiei mor\u021bii. Dar Sobek egiptean este cel mai bine documentat \u0219i, prin transmiterea continu\u0103 a scrierilor, cel mai complex teologic zeu-crocodil din istoria religiilor.<\/p>\n<p>Walter Burkert \u0219i Jan Assmann l-au \u00eencadrat pe Sobek drept exemplu pentru &#8222;multinomia&#8221; (polionymia) egiptean\u0103 a zeilor: un zeu poart\u0103 numeroase nume \u0219i forme de manifestare, activate \u00een func\u021bie de contextul cultic, f\u0103r\u0103 ca unitatea fiin\u021bei divine s\u0103 se destrame.<\/p><p>Assmann (&#8222;\u00c4gyptische Geheimnisse&#8221;, 2004) a interpretat aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> drept model al unei religii &#8222;cosmoteiste&#8221;, care vede divinul r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een \u00eentreaga realitate cosmic\u0103. Cercetarea egiptean\u0103 mai recent\u0103 din ultimele dou\u0103 decenii a elaborat \u00een detaliu diferen\u021bierea regional\u0103 a cultului lui Sobek \u0219i a reevaluat importan\u021ba sa pentru teologia templar\u0103 ptolemaico-roman\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08305c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08305c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bd51d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bd51d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologie \u0219i atest\u0103ri timpurii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a724d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a724d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele &#8222;Sobek&#8221; (egiptean &#8222;Sbk&#8221;, coptic &#8222;Souchos&#8221;, grecesc &#8222;\u03a3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2&#8221;) este atestat din Regatul Vechi. O etimologie clar\u0103 nu este stabilit\u0103 cu certitudine; s-a propus o leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu verbul &#8222;sbk&#8221; (&#8222;a uni, a \u00eentregi&#8221;), ceea ce l-ar interpreta pe Sobek drept zeu creator \u0219i modelator al lumii.<\/p><p>Alte propuneri se leag\u0103 de &#8222;sbq&#8221; (picior, extremitate inferioar\u0103), deoarece Sobek s-a ridicat din apele originare \u0219i &#8222;a ajuns s\u0103 stea&#8221; pe colina primordial\u0103. Dezbaterea etimologic\u0103 nu este \u00eencheiat\u0103, ceea ce nu este neobi\u0219nuit \u00een cazul unui teonim at\u00e2t de vechi.<\/p>\n<p>Forma greceasc\u0103 &#8222;Souchos&#8221; deriv\u0103 dintr-o scriere egiptean\u0103 secundar\u0103 &#8222;Swk&#8221; cu &#8222;s-&#8221; protetic, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie. Strabon, Diodor \u0219i Aelian folosesc aceast\u0103 form\u0103 \u00een mod constant. Identificarea unui crocodil sf\u00e2nt individual ca &#8222;Petesouchos&#8221; (&#8222;cel dat de Souchos&#8221;) arat\u0103 cum limba greac\u0103 a integrat numele divin egiptean \u00een propria tradi\u021bie de formare a numelor.<\/p>\n<p>Atest\u0103rile timpurii ale lui Sobek se g\u0103sesc \u00een Textele Piramidelor din a cincea \u0219i a \u0219asea dinastie. Incanta\u021bia 317 se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi men\u021biuni \u0219i \u00eel prezint\u0103 deja pe Sobek ca ajutor al regelui la ascensiunea spre stele.<\/p><p>\u00cen Textele Sicriului din Prima Perioad\u0103 Intermediar\u0103 \u0219i din Regatul de Mijloc, Sobek c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 importan\u021b\u0103 teologic\u0103, lucru legat de ascensiunea Faiyumului ca regiune cultivat\u0103 agricol. Faraonii dinastiei a treisprezecea (\u00eendeosebi seria Sobek-hotep \u0219i Sobek-em-saf) poart\u0103 nume care exprim\u0103 leg\u0103tura lor cu zeul, at\u00e2t religios, c\u00e2t \u0219i politic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58124b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58124b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a22807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a22807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-780c08a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"780c08a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Textele Piramidelor, Incanta\u021bia 317 \u0219i 510 (Sobek ca ajutor al lui Horus). Textele Sicriului \u0219i Cartea Mor\u021bilor, diverse locuri. Inscrip\u021biile templului de la Esna (edi\u021bia francez\u0103 de Sauneron, 1962 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1975). Reliefurile templului de la Kom Ombo (edi\u021bia lui Adolphe Gutbub). Inscrip\u021biile templului Hibis (edi\u021bia lui Norman de Garis Davies \u0219i Mark Smith).<\/p><p>Herodot, &#8222;Historii&#8221; II, 69 (cultul crocodilului \u00een Egipt); Strabon, &#8222;Geographika&#8221; XVII, 1, 38 (Petesuchos la Crocodilopolis); Diodor, &#8222;Bibliotheke historica&#8221; I, 89; Aelian, &#8222;De natura animalium&#8221; X, 21 \u0219i 24. Henri Frankfort, &#8222;Kingship and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, &#8222;Der Eine und die Vielen&#8221;, Darmstadt 1971. Jan Assmann, &#8222;\u00c4gypten.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span> einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur&#8221;, Stuttgart 1984. Marco Zecchi, &#8222;Sobek of Shedet&#8221;, Todi 2010.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sobek, zeul-crocodil egiptean Sobek este un zeu-crocodil egiptean a c\u0103rui putere este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de apele roditoare ale Nilului. Sobek este \u00een panteonul egiptean antic zeul-crocodil. El \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 for\u021ba vital\u0103 necontrolabil\u0103 a Nilului, fertilitatea malurilor fluviului \u0219i agresivitatea brut\u0103 a pr\u0103d\u0103torului. Spre deosebire de majoritatea zeilor egipteni, redu\u0219i \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie la c\u00e2teva atribute principale, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3208,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Sobek","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Sobek - Zeul-crocodil egiptean al Nilului | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Sobek este zeul-crocodil egiptean, protector al Nilului, al fertilit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al solda\u021bilor.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"aegypten","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104566","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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