{"id":104545,"date":"2026-08-04T12:04:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:04:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tyr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:05:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:05:12","slug":"tyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/tyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Tyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104545\" class=\"elementor elementor-104545 elementor-2999\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718c31b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"718c31b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6a3c93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e6a3c93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0f0c91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b0f0c91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78987f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78987f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tyr, zeul germanic al dreptului \u0219i al r\u0103zboiului<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e600bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e600bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tyr este un zeu germanic al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i p\u0103zitorul jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului, c\u0103ruia \u00eei sunt subordonate dreptul \u0219i cuv\u00e2ntul obligatoriu. Tyr se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi ale panteonului germanic. El apare \u00een sursele eddice ca zeu al r\u0103zboiului, al dreptului \u0219i al adun\u0103rii Thing \u0219i este considerat garantul jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului obligatoriu.<\/p><p>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area sa cu un singur bra\u021b provine din legarea lupului Fenrir, unul dintre episoadele centrale ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> nordice. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, Tyr este interpretat ca reflectare a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi indo-europene a cerului \u0219i a dreptului, comparabil\u0103 cu Marte roman \u0219i cu Zeus grec \u00een func\u021bia sa mai veche de zeu al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0088fab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0088fab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78ca0c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"78ca0c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/germanisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumea precre\u0219tin\u0103 a zeilor \u0219i spiritelor din nordul \u0219i centrul Europei.\">Germanic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96613ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96613ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-625c0e4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"625c0e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__625c0e4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__625c0e4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__625c0e4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69bc4d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69bc4d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37a9d54 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"37a9d54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_tyr-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3224\" alt=\"Tyr - G\u00f6tter aus der Germanisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_tyr-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_tyr-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_tyr-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_tyr-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded2f89 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ded2f89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cf4716 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0cf4716\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80bfd98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"80bfd98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i origine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b0135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44b0135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea vede \u00een Tyr (nordic\u0103 veche Tyr, germana veche superioar\u0103 Ziu, vest-germanic\u0103 Tiwaz) o continuare bine atestat\u0103 lingvistic a unui zeu indo-european al cerului cu numele proto-germanic *Tiwaz.<\/p><p>R\u0103d\u0103cina poate fi conectat\u0103 cu grecescul Zeus, latinescul Iuppiter (ini\u021bial *dyeu-pater) \u0219i sanscritului Dyaus Pitar. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> germanic\u0103, func\u021bia se deplaseaz\u0103: din st\u0103p\u00e2nul cerului al tradi\u021biei indo-europene devine un zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al dreptului al societ\u0103\u021bii Thing.<\/p>\n<p>Snorri Sturluson \u00eel nume\u0219te pe Tyr \u00een &#8222;Prosa-Edda&#8221; (Gylfaginning 25) &#8222;cel mai curajos \u0219i mai viteaz&#8221; dintre Asi, cel care decide cine c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 \u00een lupt\u0103. Este numit fiu al lui Odin, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Hymiskvida&#8221; din &#8222;Lieder-Edda&#8221; apare ca fiu al uria\u0219ului Hymir.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 genealogie contradictorie este interpretat\u0103 de Jan de Vries \u0219i Rudolf Simek ca urm\u0103 a unei pozi\u021bii mai vechi, independente a lui Tyr, acoperit\u0103 ulterior de suprema\u021bia lui Odin \u00een sursele literare.<\/p>\n<p>Mitologema central\u0103 este legarea lui Fenrir. C\u00e2nd Asii vor s\u0103 lege lupul Fenrir, care cre\u0219tea necontrolat, cu c\u0103tu\u0219a Gleipnir, animalul cere un gaj al bunei-credin\u021be. Doar Tyr \u00ee\u0219i introduce m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 \u00een gura lupului.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nd Fenrir realizeaz\u0103 \u00een\u0219el\u0103ciunea, \u00eei mu\u0219c\u0103 m\u00e2na. Snorri consemneaz\u0103 c\u0103 de atunci Tyr este unim\u00e2in \u0219i nu mai poate fi considerat un promotor al p\u0103cii \u00eentre oameni. Scena este atestat\u0103 iconografic pe mai multe pietre pictate scandinave \u0219i pe mici pandantive de bronz din secolele VI-X.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen &#8222;Voluspa&#8221; \u0219i \u00een &#8222;Gylfaginning&#8221; 51 al lui Snorri este descris sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lui Tyr. La Ragnarok, el \u00eenfrunt\u0103 c\u00e2inele infernal Garmr. Ambii se ucid reciproc. Moartea ambelor fiin\u021be marcheaz\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vechii ordini \u0219i se afl\u0103 \u00een rela\u021bie simetric\u0103 cu c\u0103derea lui Odin \u00een lupta cu Fenrir \u0219i cu moartea lui Thor din cauza veninului \u0219arpelui de Midgard.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cercetarea a urm\u0103rit numele Tyr \u00een numeroase inscrip\u021bii \u0219i toponime. Runa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tiwaz<\/span> se reg\u0103se\u0219te pe v\u00e2rful de lance de la Kovel (Volhynia, secolul III), pe agraf\u0103 de la Aquincum (Pannonia, secolul IV) \u0219i pe numeroase bracteate din descoperirile daneze \u0219i sud-suedeze din epoca migra\u021biilor.<\/p><p>R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea acestor atest\u0103ri se \u00eentinde de la Dun\u0103re p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Suedia central\u0103 \u0219i arat\u0103 o tradi\u021bie ce dep\u0103\u0219ea toate grupurile tribale germanice.<\/p>\n<p>Pozi\u021bia special\u0103 a lui Tyr fa\u021b\u0103 de ceilal\u021bi zei este subliniat\u0103 \u0219i de gradul de s\u0103r\u0103cie mitic\u0103. \u00cen timp ce Odin, Thor \u0219i Loki apar \u00een zeci de episoade, posibilit\u0103\u021bile narative ale lui Tyr se limiteaz\u0103 la c\u00e2teva scene-cheie: legarea lui Fenrir, c\u0103l\u0103toria la Hymir, lupta de la Ragnarok cu Garmr.<\/p><p>Klaus von See a sus\u021binut \u00een comentariile sale la Edda (vol. 4, 2004) teza c\u0103 aceast\u0103 s\u0103r\u0103cie mitic\u0103 nu este \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare, ci reflect\u0103 un zeu mai vechi, a c\u0103rui frecven\u021b\u0103 literar\u0103 era \u00een sc\u0103dere \u00een secolele IX-XIII, \u00een timp ce func\u021bia sa cultic\u0103 \u0219i juridic\u0103 continua s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze subteran.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f5ca5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f5ca5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0279ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0279ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f64623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f64623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atributul proeminent este m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 lips\u0103. \u00cen tradi\u021bia iconografic\u0103, Tyr apare de obicei cu o sabie \u0219i cu un ciot introdus \u00een gura lupului. Semnul runic numit dup\u0103 el Tiwaz (runa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">t<\/span> germanic\u0103, altnordic\u0103 tyr) are forma unei s\u0103ge\u021bi \u00eendreptate \u00een sus.<\/p><p>&#8222;Sigrdrifumal&#8221; din &#8222;Lieder-Edda&#8221; recomand\u0103 s\u0103 se graveze <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">runa<\/span> pe sabie \u0219i s\u0103 se rosteasc\u0103 numele lui Tyr de dou\u0103 ori pentru a ob\u021bine victoria. Astfel, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">runa<\/span> apare deopotriv\u0103 ca semn grafic \u0219i ca sigiliu magic.<\/p>\n<p>Ziua s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nii care \u00eei este atribuit\u0103 este mar\u021bi, \u00een englez\u0103 Tuesday, \u00een suedez\u0103 tisdag, \u00een norvegian\u0103 \u0219i danez\u0103 tirsdag. \u00cen germana sudic\u0103, forma Ziestag, Zischtig supravie\u021buie\u0219te \u00een dialectele alemannice p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul XX.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 formare a numelui zilei urmeaz\u0103 interpretatio romana, prin care Tyr a fost identificat cu Marte. Tacitus relateaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Germania&#8221; capitolul 9 c\u0103 germanii venerau printre zei \u0219i pe Marte, prin care se \u00een\u021belege Tiwaz.<\/p>\n<p>Sacrificiile de animale pentru Tyr sunt asociate \u00een descoperirile arheologice mai ales cu calul \u0219i c\u00e2inele. Descoperirile din mla\u0219tini din Danemarca, de exemplu Illerup Adal \u0219i Nydam, con\u021bin \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi masive arme distruse, interpretate de Klaus Randsborg \u0219i Joachim Werner ca ofrande de prad\u0103 de r\u0103zboi adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi a r\u0103zboiului, probabil Tiwaz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e8d786 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e8d786\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ee60db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ee60db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venera\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd246c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd246c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adam din Bremen descrie \u00een &#8222;Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum&#8221; (circa 1075) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Uppsala cu trei statui ale zeilor: Thor, Wodan \u0219i Fricco. Tyr lipse\u0219te din aceast\u0103 enumerare t\u00e2rzie, fapt interpretat ca indiciu al descre\u0219terii importan\u021bei cultice \u00een faza final\u0103 a epocii vikinge.<\/p><p>\u00cen straturi mai vechi, de pild\u0103 \u00een regiunile tribale continentale ale germanilor de sud \u0219i ale saxonilor, pozi\u021bia sa era, dimpotriv\u0103, proeminent\u0103. Toponime precum Tislund (Danemarca), Tysnes (Norvegia) sau Zierberg, Ziessenhausen (Germania de sud) atest\u0103 o re\u021bea sacral\u0103 dens\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Tacitus men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Germania&#8221; 9, f\u0103r\u0103 a da un nume propriu, un Marte germanic c\u0103ruia i se aduceau sacrificii umane. \u00cen &#8222;Anale&#8221; 13,57 relateaz\u0103 victoria herundurilor asupra chat\u021bilor, la care \u00eentreaga armat\u0103 a adversarului, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu caii \u0219i armele, a fost <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrat\u0103<\/span> lui Marte \u0219i Mercur.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103tori \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor precum Jens Peter Schjodt interpreteaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 drept devotio ritual\u0103, o form\u0103 de jertf\u0103 anticipat\u0103 adresat\u0103 divinit\u0103\u021bii r\u0103zboiului pentru asigurarea victoriei.<\/p>\n<p>Locul Thing era spa\u021biul care \u00eei era atribuit. Deoarece Thing-ul era totodat\u0103 adunare judiciar\u0103 \u0219i adunare politic\u0103, lui Tyr \u00eei revenea rolul de p\u0103zitor al ordinii juridice. &#8222;Landnamabok&#8221; islandez\u0103 veche \u0219i codul de legi suedez &#8222;Upplandslagen&#8221; p\u0103streaz\u0103 urme ale unei leg\u0103turi mai vechi \u00eentre formulele de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt, locul Thing \u0219i figura lui Tyr.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Margaret Clunies Ross a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;Prolonged Echoes&#8221; (1994) c\u0103 func\u021bia juridic\u0103 a trecut \u00een mare parte, \u00een stratul literar t\u00e2rziu, asupra lui Forseti \u0219i a altor figuri mai recente, \u00eens\u0103 atestarea arhaic\u0103 a lui Tyr a r\u0103mas conservat\u0103 \u00een formule de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i m\u0103rturii runice.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71045c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"71045c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff6ce2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dff6ce2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mituri importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b996b95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b996b95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Legarea lui Fenrir se afl\u0103 \u00een centru. Snorri poveste\u0219te detaliat \u00een Gylfaginning 34 cum piticii din Svartalfheim forjeaz\u0103 c\u0103tu\u0219a Gleipnir din \u0219ase ingrediente imposibile: sunetul labei unei pisici, barba unei femei, r\u0103d\u0103cinile unui munte, tendoanele unui urs, respira\u021bia unui pe\u0219te \u0219i saliva unei p\u0103s\u0103ri.<\/p><p>Enumerarea are o func\u021bie magico-poetic\u0103 \u0219i explic\u0103 de ce lumea nu mai posed\u0103 aceste lucruri.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Fenrir nu are \u00eencredere \u00een sfoara aparent sub\u021bire. Gestul lui Tyr nu este, astfel, un act de curaj impulsiv, ci o renun\u021bare con\u0219tient\u0103 pentru asigurarea ordinii cosmice. Georges Dumezil a interpretat \u00een &#8222;Mitra-Varuna&#8221; (1948) aceast\u0103 scen\u0103 ca exemplu de pierdere a suveranit\u0103\u021bii zeului juridic: Tyr pierde m\u00e2na cu care jur\u0103 \u0219i, astfel, simbolic, o parte din func\u021bia sa juridic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Un al doilea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> este recuperarea c\u0103ld\u0103rii \u00een &#8222;Hymiskvida&#8221;. Thor \u0219i Tyr c\u0103l\u0103toresc la uria\u0219ul Hymir pentru a aduce cazanul de bere al Asilor. Tyr este introdus aici ca fiu al lui Hymir, ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 genealogia contradictorie.<\/p><p>Scena se \u00eencheie cu pescuitul lui Thor, care prinde \u0219arpele de Midgard \u00een c\u00e2rlig. Tyr func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca ghid \u0219i verig\u0103 genealogic\u0103 \u00eentre Asi \u0219i uria\u0219i.<\/p>\n<p>Al treilea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> este lupta de la Ragnarok cu Garmr. Snorri \u0219i &#8222;Voluspa&#8221; 44 \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe c\u00e2ine la intrarea \u00een Hel. \u00cen lupta final\u0103, Tyr \u0219i Garmr se \u00eenfrunt\u0103. Ambii se ucid reciproc.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 distrugere reciproc\u0103 este interpretat\u0103 \u00een cercetare ca varia\u021bie \u00een oglind\u0103 a luptei Odin-Fenrir. Acolo unde Odin este \u00eenghi\u021bit, Tyr cade \u00eentr-o distrugere simetric\u0103. Compozi\u021bia pledeaz\u0103 pentru o remodelate poetic\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, care \u00eel integreaz\u0103 pe Tyr \u00een schema Ragnarok.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cercetarea privind legarea lui Fenrir a eviden\u021biat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> autojertfei divine. Gestul lui Tyr nu este doar curaj, ci un act juridic: el ofer\u0103 gajul s\u0103u pentru un contract care este ulterior \u00eenc\u0103lcat.<\/p><p>Astfel, \u00eenc\u0103lcarea contractului de c\u0103tre ceilal\u021bi Asi este marcat\u0103 cosmic \u0219i legitimat\u0103 totodat\u0103. Klaus von See a elaborat aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 juridico-contractual\u0103: Tyr pierde m\u00e2na deoarece era singura m\u00e2n\u0103 divin\u0103 \u00een care Fenrir avea \u00eencredere, iar aceast\u0103 credibilitate era garan\u021bia real\u0103 a leg\u0103rii.<\/p>\n<p>O urm\u0103 mitologic\u0103 mai pu\u021bin cunoscut\u0103 se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een &#8222;Heidreks saga&#8221; (secolul XIII), unde sabia lui Tyr apare ca arm\u0103 magic\u0103 ce asigur\u0103 victoria. Acest strat narativ t\u00e2rziu arat\u0103 c\u0103 func\u021bia r\u0103zboinic\u0103 a lui Tyr a r\u0103mas prezent\u0103 \u0219i \u00een literatura sagelor, mult dup\u0103 ce venera\u021bia cultic\u0103 \u00een sens strict \u00eencetase.<\/p><p>Saga leag\u0103 sabia de o lung\u0103 genealogie a regilor p\u0103g\u00e2ni \u0219i reflect\u0103 o \u00eensu\u0219ire mnemonic\u0103 a mo\u0219tenirii p\u0103g\u00e2ne de c\u0103tre epoca cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac31a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac31a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd922b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd922b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48e14a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48e14a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tyr face parte din Asi, f\u0103r\u0103 ca pozi\u021bia sa genealogic\u0103 s\u0103 fie clar\u0103. Snorri \u00eel nume\u0219te fiu al lui Odin, &#8222;Hymiskvida&#8221; fiu al lui Hymir \u0219i al unei mame uria\u0219 nenumite, al c\u0103rei podoabe de aur \u0219i habitus nobil sugereaz\u0103 o origine mai distins\u0103 dec\u00e2t condi\u021bia de uria\u0219 singur\u0103 ar l\u0103sa s\u0103 se a\u0219tepte.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Rudolf Simek a propus \u00een &#8222;Lexikon der germanischen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span>&#8221; (ed. a 3-a, 2006) s\u0103 se admit\u0103 aici dou\u0103 tradi\u021bii concurente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>O so\u021bie a lui Tyr nu este men\u021bionat\u0103 explicit \u00een sursele eddice. \u00cen &#8222;Lokasenna&#8221; 40, Loki vorbe\u0219te despre o femeie nenumit\u0103 a lui Tyr, cu care el, Loki, ar fi z\u0103mislit un fiu.<\/p><p>Pasajul este un discurs injurios \u0219i nu poate fi citit ca genealogie fiabil\u0103. Tradi\u021bii islandeze ulterioare \u00eel leag\u0103 pe Tyr de Zisa, o zei\u021b\u0103 atestat\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biul alemanic. Leg\u0103tura este plauzibil\u0103 lingvistic, dar sub\u021bire din punct de vedere al surselor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen rela\u021bie cu Thor, Tyr apare \u00een &#8222;Hymiskvida&#8221; ca tovar\u0103\u0219 de c\u0103l\u0103torie \u0219i purt\u0103tor de cunoa\u0219tere. Fa\u021b\u0103 de Odin, func\u021bia este complementar\u0103: \u00een timp ce Odin este zeul extazului, al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiei<\/span> \u0219i al spiritului, Tyr reprezint\u0103 latura juridic\u0103 \u0219i a jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului a suveranit\u0103\u021bii. Aceast\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire binar\u0103 a func\u021biei de suveranitate \u00eentre dou\u0103 figuri face parte din clasica tez\u0103 a celor trei func\u021bii a lui Dumezil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13c63a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13c63a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c589da7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c589da7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01fd2f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01fd2f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen evul mediu timpuriu, venera\u021bia cultic\u0103 a lui Tyr scade odat\u0103 cu cre\u0219tinarea, \u00eens\u0103 numele s\u0103u r\u0103m\u00e2ne conservat \u00een denumirile zilelor s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nii, \u00een toponime \u0219i \u00een \u0219irul runic. Poemul runic anglosaxon (secolul X) dedic\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">runei<\/span> Tiwaz o strof\u0103 proprie \u0219i o descrie drept &#8222;semn care p\u0103streaz\u0103 credin\u021ba fa\u021b\u0103 de cei nobili&#8221;.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Runa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tiwaz<\/span> apare pe s\u0103bii, v\u00e2rfuri de lance \u0219i amulete din secolele V-X. Klaus D\u00fcwel a catalogat \u00een &#8222;Runenkunde&#8221; (ed. a 4-a, 2008) aproximativ dou\u0103 duzini de atest\u0103ri.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 cultura cotidian\u0103, obiceiurile \u0219i reprezent\u0103rile transmise prin tradi\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">folcloristica<\/span> secolului XIX, Tyr a fost readus \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba public\u0103 prin &#8222;Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span>&#8221; a lui Jacob Grimm (1835). Grimm a adunat vestigii regionale, de pild\u0103 toponimul Ziesberg din Augsburg \u0219i formule de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219vabice.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00cen contextul romantismului \u0219i al recept\u0103rii lui Wagner (Inelul Nibelungilor), Tyr a r\u0103mas o figur\u0103 secundar\u0103, cu totul altfel dec\u00e2t Wodan sau Donner. Aceast\u0103 marginalizare \u00een mitologia artistic\u0103 contrasteaz\u0103 cu pozi\u021bia sa central\u0103 \u00een stratul arhaic.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen secolul XX, Tyr a fost reactualizat de mai multe ori \u00een contexte folclorice \u0219i religioase, uneori \u00een \u00eemprejur\u0103ri problematice. Cercetarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, reprezentat\u0103 de Jan de Vries, Folke Strom, Klaus von See \u0219i recent Jens Peter Schjodt, s-a distan\u021bat de recuper\u0103rile ideologice \u0219i l-a reabilitat pe Tyr ca figur\u0103-cheie a teoriei indo-europene a suveranit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n<p>Denumirea zilei de mar\u021bi \u00een limbile germanice este una dintre cele mai puternice urme ale anticei interpretatio romana, prin care zeii germanici erau identifica\u021bi cu cei romani. Tyr-Marte a devenit astfel titularul Dies Martis, care supravie\u021buie\u0219te p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi ca Dienstag, Tuesday, tisdag, tirsdag, Tirsdag etc.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ziestag sud-alemanic \u0219i Zischtig din germana de sud sunt vestigii deosebit de arhaice, care mai ap\u0103reau \u00een limba vorbit\u0103 \u00een secolele XIX \u0219i XX. Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer a adunat \u00een &#8222;Schweizerisches Idiotikon&#8221; (vol. 8, 1907) numeroase atest\u0103ri din graiul \u021b\u0103r\u0103nesc al Alpilor elve\u021bieni.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia de limb\u0103 englez\u0103, Tyr este prezent mai ales \u00een receptarea lui Tolkien. J. R. R. Tolkien, el \u00eensu\u0219i indo-europenist, a incorporat aluzii la Tyr-Tiwaz \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> sa fictiv\u0103, mai ales \u00een figura lui Beren \u0219i \u00een descrierile de b\u0103t\u0103lie din Silmarillion.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 influen\u021b\u0103 literar\u0103 a atins \u00een secolele XX \u0219i XXI un public larg \u0219i a f\u0103cut figura lui Tyr cunoscut\u0103 dincolo de cercetarea academic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cercetarea arheologic\u0103 din ultimele trei decenii a furnizat indicii suplimentare privind <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Tyr. Investiga\u021biile \u00een mla\u0219tina de la Hjortspring (Danemarca, republicate \u00een 2014) \u0219i la Vimose au produs descoperiri de inscrip\u021bii cu runa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Schriftzeichen der germanischen V\u00f6lker, auch f\u00fcr Schutz- und Beschw\u00f6rungsformeln verwendet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tiwaz<\/span>. Aceste descoperiri atest\u0103 o referire cultic\u0103 con\u0219tient\u0103 la Tyr-Tiwaz \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vorgeschichtliche Epoche nach der Bronzezeit, gepr\u00e4gt von der Eisenverarbeitung.\" tabindex=\"0\">epocii fierului<\/span> \u0219i \u00een epoca migra\u021biilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e79f2bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e79f2bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69a3ea3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"69a3ea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ad0c76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ad0c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea \u00eel integreaz\u0103 pe Tyr \u00een modelul celor trei func\u021bii indo-europene elaborat de Georges Dumezil. Tyr \u0219i Odin \u00eempart prima func\u021bie a suveranit\u0103\u021bii. Odin \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 latura magico-religioas\u0103 (tipul Varuna), Tyr pe cea juridico-contractual\u0103 (tipul Mitra). Aceast\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire explic\u0103 de ce Tyr r\u0103m\u00e2ne zeu al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i \u00een acela\u0219i timp reprezint\u0103 latura juridic\u0103 a suveranului \u00een lupta cu Fenrir.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Jens Peter Schjodt a argumentat \u00een &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trecere ritual\u0103 prin care cineva este primit \u00eentr-un nou statut sau \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">Initiation<\/span> between Two Worlds&#8221; (2008) \u00eempotriva schematiz\u0103rii rigide a lui Dumezil \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 profilul lui Tyr este deplasat, \u00een faza t\u00e2rzie, mai puternic spre r\u0103zboi \u0219i victorie. Margaret Clunies Ross, \u00een schimb, trimite la semnifica\u021bia ritual\u0103 a gestului jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului unim\u00e2in \u00een sursele juridice scandinave \u0219i vede aici o continuitate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul XI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere lingvistic, etimologia lui Tyr este bine stabilit\u0103 prin contribu\u021biile lui Heinrich Bernhard Jankuhn, Wolfgang Krause \u0219i recent Edgar Polome. Forma *Tiwaz este singura denumire germanic\u0103 de divinitate care poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 prin legi fonetice p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een proto-indo-european\u0103. Aceast\u0103 vechime subliniaz\u0103 caracterul arhaic al figurii \u0219i sus\u021bine teza unei importan\u021be continue ca zeu al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i al dreptului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a65f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27a65f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dabfd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2dabfd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abdbec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abdbec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Surse primare: &#8222;Prosa-Edda&#8221; (Snorri Sturluson, circa 1220, edi\u021bie critic\u0103 Anthony Faulkes 1982), &#8222;Lieder-Edda&#8221; (Codex Regius, circa 1270, edi\u021bie Klaus von See et al. 1997 ff.), &#8222;Germania&#8221; (Tacitus, 98 d.Hr., edi\u021bie Allan Lund 1988), &#8222;Gesta Hammaburgensis&#8221; (Adam von Bremen, circa 1075). Inscrip\u021bii runice reunite la Wolfgang Krause\/Herbert Jankuhn &#8222;Die Runeninschriften im \u00e4lteren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218irul runic germanic denumit dup\u0103 primele sale semne.\" tabindex=\"0\">Futhark<\/span>&#8221; (1966).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jan de Vries &#8222;Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte&#8221; (2 vol., ed. a 2-a, 1956\/57).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Georges Dumezil &#8222;Mitra-Varuna&#8221; (1948) \u0219i &#8222;Les dieux des Germains&#8221; (1959).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Margaret Clunies Ross &#8222;Prolonged Echoes&#8221; (2 vol., 1994\/98).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Klaus D\u00fcwel &#8222;Runenkunde&#8221; (ed. a 4-a, 2008).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Regis Boyer &#8222;La religion des anciens Scandinaves&#8221; (1981).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tyr, zeul germanic al dreptului \u0219i al r\u0103zboiului Tyr este un zeu germanic al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i p\u0103zitorul jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului, c\u0103ruia \u00eei sunt subordonate dreptul \u0219i cuv\u00e2ntul obligatoriu. Tyr se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi ale panteonului germanic. El apare \u00een sursele eddice ca zeu al r\u0103zboiului, al dreptului \u0219i al adun\u0103rii Thing \u0219i este considerat [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3224,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tyr - zeul germanic al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tyr este zeul germanic al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al ordinii jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului, unim\u00e2in dup\u0103 mitul lui Fenrir. Runa Tiwaz \u0219i ziua de mar\u021bi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104545","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tyr - zeul germanic al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tyr este zeul germanic al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al ordinii jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului, unim\u00e2in dup\u0103 mitul lui Fenrir. 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