{"id":104480,"date":"2026-08-04T11:58:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T11:58:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/regele-gesar\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T11:59:08","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T11:59:08","slug":"regele-gesar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/regele-gesar\/","title":{"rendered":"Regele Gesar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104480\" class=\"elementor elementor-104480 elementor-3051\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d2ada e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d2ada\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6fc8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac6fc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422fa97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"422fa97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d166bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d166bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Regele Gesar, epopee eroic\u0103 tibetan\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ce150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10ce150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Regele Gesar se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul celei mai ample epopei eroice tibetane, recitat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi oral de c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi profesioni\u0219ti. Regele Gesar din Ling (tibetan Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) este suveranul mitic al epopeii na\u021bionale tibetane \u0219i este considerat figura central\u0103 a tradi\u021biei narative din Asia Interioar\u0103.<\/p><p>Epopeea lui Gesar, cu peste un milion de versuri \u00een versiunile sale complete, este probabil cea mai lung\u0103 epopee vie din lume \u0219i a fost inclus\u0103 \u00een 2009 pe lista UNESCO a patrimoniului cultural imaterial. Ea este recitat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi de c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi profesioni\u0219ti \u00een Tibet, \u00een Mongolia, \u00een Buriatia, \u00een Ladakh \u0219i \u00een Bhutan, \u00een numeroase variante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0985e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b0985e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebc04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ebc04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 tibetan\u0103 \u0219i B\u00f6n - Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, lumea Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b6fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7b6fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1c2f54 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e1c2f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77063d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77063d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da61ab iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da61ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3271\" alt=\"Gesar - G\u00f6tter aus der Tibet-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ea962f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ea962f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fdeb0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fdeb0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b83c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd6b83c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor \u0219i istoria textului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6ed28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c6ed28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai vechi atest\u0103ri scrise ale epopeii lui Gesar dateaz\u0103 din secolele XIV-XVI, \u00eens\u0103 tradi\u021bia oral\u0103 se extinde probabil cu mult mai departe \u00een timp.<\/p><p>R. A. Stein a pus \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 complexitatea istoriei textuale \u00een lucrarea &#8222;Recherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet&#8221; (1959) \u0219i a demonstrat c\u0103 epopeea exist\u0103 \u00een numeroase versiuni regionale, care difer\u0103 uneori considerabil \u00eentre ele. Forma canonizat\u0103, p\u0103strat\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een bibliotecile m\u0103n\u0103stirilor tibetane, cuprinde de obicei \u00eentre 30 \u0219i 120 de volume.<\/p>\n\n<p>Per S\u00f8rensen \u0219i Andreas Gruschke au examinat, \u00een lucr\u0103rile lor despre istoria \u0219i geografia Tibetului, leg\u0103tura epopeii cu spa\u021bii geografice concrete din Tibet-ul de est (Kham, Amdo) \u0219i din regiunile de frontier\u0103 cu Sichuan, Qinghai \u0219i Gansu.<\/p><p>Regatul Ling, unde domne\u0219te Gesar, este asociat cu regiunea istoric\u0103 din jurul cursului superior al Fluviului Galben, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o identificare istoric\u0103 precis\u0103 s\u0103 fie posibil\u0103. Klaus Sagaster a studiat, \u00een cercet\u0103rile sale despre tradi\u021bia mongol\u0103 a lui Gesar, calea de transmitere a epopeii \u00een stepele mongole \u0219i adaptarea ei local\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508239c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"508239c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f77a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60f77a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structura con\u021binutului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e3a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30e3a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epopeea \u00eencepe cu hot\u0103r\u00e2rea cereasc\u0103 de a trimite pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt un erou-bodhisattva pentru a salva \u021bara Ling, amenin\u021bat\u0103 de demoni. Gesar se na\u0219te ca fiu al zeului Brahma \u0219i al femeii p\u0103m\u00e2ntene Gogmo.<\/p><p>Numele s\u0103u p\u0103m\u00e2ntean este Joru, iar copil\u0103ria \u00eei este marcat\u0103 de umilin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i nerecunoa\u0219tere. Abia c\u00e2\u0219tig\u00e2nd o curs\u0103 de cai, \u00eempotriva oric\u0103rei a\u0219tept\u0103ri, este recunoscut ca rege al Lingului \u0219i adopt\u0103 numele regal Gesar.<\/p>\n\n<p>P\u0103r\u021bile principale ale epopeii constau din 18 a\u0219a-numite &#8222;Cuceriri&#8221; (&#8222;dgra &#8216;dul&#8221;), \u00een care Gesar porne\u0219te \u00eempotriva demonilor, tiranilor \u0219i regilor ostili, supun\u00e2nd teritoriile lor budismului.<\/p><p>Printre episoadele cele mai cunoscute se num\u0103r\u0103 cucerirea Horului (\u00een nord), cucerirea Monului (\u00een sud), cucerirea Jangului (\u00een est) \u0219i cucerirea final\u0103 a fort\u0103re\u021bei de fier din zona de frontier\u0103 chinez\u0103. La sf\u00e2r\u0219it, Gesar se \u00eentoarce la cer, cu promisiunea de a reveni ca m\u00e2ntuitor \u00een vremuri apocaliptice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b972b1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b972b1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6e3e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf6e3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Straturi istorice \u0219i mitice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f188d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f188d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geoffrey Samuel a analizat stratificarea religios-istoric\u0103 a epopeii lui Gesar \u00een &#8222;Civilized Shamans&#8221; (1993) \u0219i a distins trei straturi principale. \u00cen stratul B\u00f6n prebudist, Gesar apare ca rege divin cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi \u0219amanice. \u00cen stratul budist, el este stilizat ca bodhisattva \u0219i ap\u0103r\u0103tor al Dharmei. \u00centr-un strat t\u00e2rziu, par\u021bial specific \u0219colilor ge-lug-pa \u0219i nyingma-pa, el este asociat cu Padmasambhava \u0219i cu practici tantrice.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 stratificare explic\u0103 tensiunile existente \u00een interiorul versiunilor transmise.<\/p>\n\n<p>Identificarea istoric\u0103 a lui Gesar cu Cezarul roman (prin intermediar persan \u0219i uighur: &#8222;Kesar&#8221;) este o ipotez\u0103 mai veche a lui Stein \u0219i a altor cercet\u0103tori, sus\u021binut\u0103 de coresponden\u021be fonetice, dar nu de dovezi istorice clare.<\/p><p>Al\u021bi cercet\u0103tori, printre care Lauran Hartley \u0219i Pema Bhum, situeaz\u0103 nucleul istoric al lui Gesar mai degrab\u0103 \u00eentr-un rege local tibetan real din secolele XI sau XII, ridicat la rangul de figur\u0103 legendar\u0103. O clarificare definitiv\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een a\u0219teptare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f9b6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6f9b6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8280c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8280c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme de recitare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2aef01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2aef01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epopeea este recitat\u0103 de c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi profesioni\u0219ti, denumi\u021bi \u00een tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 &#8222;sgrung-mkhan&#8221; sau &#8222;gling-pa&#8221;. Ace\u0219tia sus\u021bin adesea c\u0103 nu au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat epopeea, ci au primit-o prin vise sau viziuni.<\/p><p>Unii c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi apar\u021bin unei linii de &#8222;purt\u0103tori de cranii&#8221;, c\u0103rora epopeea le-a fost transmis\u0103 de spirite \u00eentr-un loc de ini\u021biere specific. Cercet\u0103rile lui Hu Jinpu, Yang Enhong \u0219i Lauran Hartley au documentat detaliat aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 cultural\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>Durata recit\u0103rii unei versiuni complete poate cuprinde mai multe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni. Episoadele individuale sunt c\u00e2ntate \u00een 2 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 12 ore.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bii folosesc p\u0103l\u0103rii tradi\u021bionale, tobe \u0219i flauturi din os \u0219i se \u00eenscriu \u00eentr-o lung\u0103 serie de tradi\u021bii bardice central-asiatice, comparate \u00een cercetare cu &#8222;mana\u0219ii&#8221; din K\u00e2rg\u00e2zstan (epopeea Manas) \u0219i cu &#8222;y\u00f6r\u00f6\u00f6lchii&#8221; din Mongolia. Klaus Sagaster \u0219i Walther Heissig au cercetat sistematic leg\u0103turile dintre aceste tradi\u021bii bardice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a4dd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59a4dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d787b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d787b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ca0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9ca0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen religiozitatea tibetan\u0103, Gesar nu este doar un erou literar, ci o figur\u0103 sacral\u0103 venerat\u0103 activ \u00een anumite linii de transmitere. Mai ales \u00een \u0219coala nyingma-pa \u0219i \u00een unele linii kagy\u00fc, Gesar este considerat o manifestare r\u0103zboinic\u0103 a lui Padmasambhava \u0219i un ocrotitor al \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii.<\/p><p>\u00cen onoarea sa sunt celebrate practici de protec\u021bie (gsol-kha) \u0219i ritualuri (fumiga\u021bii sang). Donald Lopez a schi\u021bat, \u00een &#8222;Prisoners of Shangri-La&#8221; (1998), rolul lui Gesar \u00een religiozitatea tibetan\u0103 modern\u0103 \u0219i a ar\u0103tat cum este folosit de mi\u0219c\u0103rile politice drept <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> na\u021bional.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman a subliniat, \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> tibetan\u0103, ambiguitatea figurii lui Gesar: ea \u00eembin\u0103 rolul de erou r\u0103zboinic, protec\u021bia sacral\u0103, memoria social\u0103 \u0219i identitatea politic\u0103. \u00cen ritualurile m\u0103n\u0103stire\u0219ti, Gesar este adesea reprezentat ca un c\u0103l\u0103re\u021b cu fa\u021ba ro\u0219ie, cu lance \u0219i sabie, \u00eenso\u021bit de calul s\u0103u alb Kyang Bu \u0219i de cei 30 de eroi ai s\u0103i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9cc33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df9cc33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d0e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d0e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea dincolo de Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c839d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c839d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epopeea lui Gesar nu se limiteaz\u0103 la Tibet, ci a p\u0103truns \u00een spa\u021biul stepelor mongole, \u00een regiunea buriat\u0103 de pe malul lacului Baikal, \u00een zona lingvistic\u0103 tuv\u0103 \u0219i \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile lingvistice monguor, salar \u0219i yugur de la marginea imperiului chinez.<\/p><p>\u00cen Mongolia, epopeea este denumit\u0103 &#8222;Geser khaan&#8221; \u0219i a fost tradus\u0103 \u00een versiune mongol\u0103 complet\u0103 \u00een secolele XVII \u0219i XVIII. Varianta buriat\u0103 are tr\u0103s\u0103turi \u0219amanice \u0219i difer\u0103 considerabil de versiunea principal\u0103 tibetan\u0103, marcat\u0103 de budism.<\/p>\n\n<p>Walther Heissig a analizat \u00een mai multe volume tradi\u021bia mongol\u0103 \u0219i buriat\u0103 a lui Gesar \u0219i a ar\u0103tat cum materialul a c\u0103p\u0103tat coloraturi locale proprii \u00een fiecare regiune. \u00cen Ladakh, epopeea este recitat\u0103 \u00een tibetan\u0103 \u0219i \u00een dialecte locale \u0219i este legat\u0103 de locurile de pelerinaj de acolo. Includerea UNESCO din 2009 recunoa\u0219te acest caracter transna\u021bional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073fee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"073fee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-568986a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"568986a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare modern\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192990c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"192990c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Republica Popular\u0103 Chinez\u0103, epopeea lui Gesar a fost documentat\u0103 sistematic \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1950 \u0219i editat\u0103 \u00een zeci de volume. Munca culeg\u0103torilor \u0219i a editorilor a generat totodat\u0103 tendin\u021be de modernizare, precum stabilirea unei &#8222;versiuni standard&#8221; care nu corespunde diversit\u0103\u021bii tradi\u021biei orale. Lauran Hartley \u0219i Pema Bhum au documentat \u0219i reflectat critic aceast\u0103 tendin\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen cercetarea european\u0103 \u0219i american\u0103, Gesar reprezint\u0103, de la Stein \u0219i Heissig \u00eencoace, un domeniu cheie al tibetologiei \u0219i mongolisticii. Lucr\u0103ri actuale despre c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi, structuri literare, cercetarea comparat\u0103 a epopeilor \u0219i func\u021bia lor contemporan\u0103 apar\u021bin, printre al\u021bii, lui Solomon Mowtschanetz, Yang Enhong \u0219i Robin Kornman.<\/p><p>Traducerea \u00een englez\u0103 a unor mari p\u0103r\u021bi din epopee, publicat\u0103 de Robin Kornman \u0219i echipa sa sub titlul &#8222;The Epic of Gesar of Ling&#8221; (2012), a extins considerabil receptarea interna\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e24dbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e24dbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78f666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e78f666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Instrumentalizare politic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c80fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8c80fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epopeea lui Gesar a \u00eendeplinit de-a lungul ultimelor secole diverse func\u021bii politice. \u00cen perioada t\u00e2rzie a dinastiei Qing era considerat\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al autonomiei tibetane, iar \u00een epoca republican\u0103, o expresie a fraternit\u0103\u021bii mongolo-tibetane.<\/p><p>\u00cen Republica Popular\u0103 Chinez\u0103, Gesar este prezentat oficial drept &#8222;eroul familiei popoarelor chineze&#8221;, ceea ce intelectuali tibetani precum Tsering Shakya au criticat ca tentativ\u0103 de \u00eensu\u0219ire. \u00cen India \u0219i \u00een exilul tibetan, Gesar serve\u0219te drept <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> na\u021bional al rezisten\u021bei \u00eempotriva \u0219tergerii culturale.<\/p>\n\n<p>Epopeea este relevant\u0103 politic \u0219i \u00een interiorul religiilor tibetane. \u0218colile nyingma-pa \u0219i unele linii kagy\u00fc \u00eel subliniaz\u0103 pe Gesar ca ocrotitor al poporului tibetan, \u00een timp ce tradi\u021bia gelug-pa, c\u0103reia \u00eei apar\u021bine \u0219i Dalai Lama, trateaz\u0103 epopeea mai degrab\u0103 cu distan\u021b\u0103, deoarece p\u0103streaz\u0103 multe elemente prebudiste.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel a analizat aceste linii de tensiune ca expresie tipic\u0103 a pluralit\u0103\u021bii interne a religiei tibetane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4695fd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4695fd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02e27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b02e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u021bia c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bilor \u0219i compozi\u021bia oral\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ce5353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Interpre\u021bii epopeii lui Gesar sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi \u00een uzul lingvistic tibetan \u00een mai multe categorii: &#8222;babs sgrung&#8221; (c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi care au primit epopeea prin viziuni sau trans\u0103), &#8222;thos sgrung&#8221; (c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi auditivi, care au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat prin ascultare), &#8222;dgongs sgrung&#8221; (cei care \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 prin transmitere de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>) \u0219i &#8222;brda sgrung&#8221; (c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi de semne, care lucreaz\u0103 cu suporturi scrise).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 clasificare se reg\u0103se\u0219te deja \u00een rapoartele timpurii ale lui Rolf Alfred Stein \u00een &#8222;L&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e tib\u00e9taine de Gesar dans sa version lama\u00efque de Ling&#8221; (Paris 1956) \u0219i \u00een &#8222;Recherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet&#8221; (Paris 1959).<\/p><p>Stein documenteaz\u0103 acolo biografiile unor c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi care, de obicei \u00een tinere\u021be, traversaser\u0103 o boal\u0103 grav\u0103 sau un episod de trans\u0103, dup\u0103 care episoadele epopeii le &#8222;ap\u0103ruser\u0103&#8221; spontan.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 observa\u021bie a fost confirmat\u0103 de Yang Enhong (&#8222;A Comparative Study of the Singing Styles of Mongolian and Tibetan Geser\/Gesar Artists&#8221;, 2002) \u0219i de Lauran Hartley pentru c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bii contemporani din provinciile Qinghai \u0219i Sichuan.<\/p>\n<p>Geoffrey Samuel a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;Civilized Shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan Societies&#8221; (Washington 1993) \u0219i \u00een volumul colectiv ulterior &#8222;Tantric Revisionings&#8221; (Aldershot 2005) c\u0103 tipurile de c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi se \u00eenscriu tipologic \u00een modele de ini\u021biere \u0219amanist\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a se afla \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie de filia\u021bie direct\u0103 cu speciali\u0219tii B\u00f6n.<\/p><p>Durata medie a recit\u0103rii unui episod complet al epopeii este, conform notelor lui Stein, \u00eentre \u0219ase \u0219i dou\u0103sprezece ore; epopeea integral\u0103, \u00een cele 120 de episoade transmise ast\u0103zi, cuprinde dup\u0103 estim\u0103rile lui Donald Lopez \u0219i Yang Enhong aproximativ un milion de versuri, ceea ce o plaseaz\u0103 printre cele mai ample epopei orale din lume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56fff50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56fff50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7005d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7005d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptarea mongol\u0103, buriat\u0103 \u0219i ladakhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302d3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"302d3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Versiunea mongol\u0103 a epopeii, &#8222;Geser Khan&#8221;, a fost transmis\u0103 prin Mongolia \u0219i Buriatia \u00een paralel cu tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 \u0219i exist\u0103 \u00een mai multe redac\u021bii manuscrise. Cea mai important\u0103 este &#8222;Edi\u021bia xilografic\u0103 de la Peking&#8221; din 1716, publicat\u0103 sub \u00eemp\u0103ratul Kangxi, care plaseaz\u0103 cultura de curte mongol\u0103 \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie de protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de complexul Geser. Walther Heissig a demonstrat \u00een &#8222;Geser-Studien.<\/p><p>Untersuchungen zu den Erz\u00e4hlstoffen in den neuen Kapiteln des mongolischen Geser-Zyklus&#8221; (Wiesbaden 1983), precum \u0219i \u00een mai multe volume ale seriei &#8222;Asiatische Forschungen&#8221;, c\u0103 redac\u021biile mongole omit unele episoade tibetane \u0219i integreaz\u0103 \u00een schimb materiale eroice mongole locale (sabia lui Geser, lupta \u00eempotriva lui Mangus cel cu dou\u0103sprezece capete).<\/p><p>C\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bii buria\u021bilor (&#8222;\u00fclgershin&#8221;) au dezvoltat din aceasta o tradi\u021bie epic\u0103 proprie, \u00een care Geser devine un fiu al cerului din panteonul stepelor nordice.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Ladakh este atestat\u0103 o form\u0103 narativ\u0103 proprie, editat\u0103 sub titlul &#8222;Kesar Saga&#8221; de August Hermann Francke \u00een mai multe volume ale &#8222;Asiatic Society of Bengal&#8221; (1905 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1909). Francke culesese anterior, \u00een Khalatse \u0219i Leh, timp de peste zece ani, versiuni orale \u0219i le publicase \u00een transcriere tibetan\u0103 cu traducere englez\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 edi\u021bie este valoroas\u0103 din punct de vedere al criticii surselor, deoarece documenteaz\u0103 o regiune marginal\u0103 occidental\u0103 a tradi\u021biei, \u00een care Geser nu este \u00eenc\u0103 pe deplin integrat \u00een cadrul doctrinar budist, ci p\u0103streaz\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale unui erou solar \u0219i regal prebudist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd96ac9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd96ac9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be9da4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be9da4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolic\u0103 \u0219i reprezentare iconografic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6868e04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6868e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia plastic\u0103, Gesar este reprezentat ca un c\u0103l\u0103re\u021b r\u0103zboinic, adesea cu zale de fier, lance, arc, coif cu pene \u0219i pe un cal iute ca v\u00e2ntul.<\/p><p>Calul s\u0103u alb Kyang Bu, de origine cereasc\u0103, face parte integrant\u0103 din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span>. \u00cen thangka-uri, Gesar apare uneori \u00een centrul unui mandala, \u00eenconjurat de cei 30 de eroi ai s\u0103i \u0219i de cei patru regi ai punctelor cardinale. Aceste reprezent\u0103ri sunt atestate \u00een num\u0103r mai mare \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XVII-lea.<\/p>\n\n<p>Leg\u0103tura cu cei patru regi cere\u0219ti confer\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografiei<\/span> lui Gesar o dimensiune cosmologic\u0103, ridic\u00e2nd-o deasupra func\u021biei pur eroice. Andreas Gruschke a ar\u0103tat, \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre arta din Amdo, c\u0103 thangka-urile \u0219i picturile murale dedicate lui Gesar prezint\u0103 varia\u021bii regionale considerabile \u0219i c\u0103 m\u0103n\u0103stirile din Tibet-ul de est au dezvoltat o tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 deosebit de bogat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regele Gesar, epopee eroic\u0103 tibetan\u0103 Regele Gesar se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul celei mai ample epopei eroice tibetane, recitat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi oral de c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi profesioni\u0219ti. Regele Gesar din Ling (tibetan Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) este suveranul mitic al epopeii na\u021bionale tibetane \u0219i este considerat figura central\u0103 a tradi\u021biei narative din Asia Interioar\u0103. Epopeea lui Gesar, cu peste [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3271,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Regele Gesar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Regele Gesar - Epopee eroic\u0103 tibetan\u0103 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Regele Gesar din Ling este eroul celei mai lungi epopei din lume - Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan. \u00cencarnare a lui Padmasambhava, ocrotitor al r\u0103zboinicilor.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104480","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regele Gesar - Epopee eroic\u0103 tibetan\u0103 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