{"id":104469,"date":"2026-08-04T11:57:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T11:57:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/horagalles-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T11:58:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T11:58:13","slug":"horagalles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/horagalles\/","title":{"rendered":"Horagalles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104469\" class=\"elementor elementor-104469 elementor-3064\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c86db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51c86db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c7d09 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c7d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247d924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247d924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859b0ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"859b0ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horagalles, zeul tunetului al samilor<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5671d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e5671d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles (cunoscut \u0219i ca Hora Galles, Tiermes sau Aijeke) este zeul tunetului \u0219i al furtunii \u00een credin\u021ba s\u00e1milor \u0219i este considerat una dintre cele mai puternice divinit\u0103\u021bi ale religiei lor precre\u0219tine din nordul Scandinaviei, al Finlandei \u0219i al peninsulei ruse Kola. Venerarea sa este documentat\u0103 prin surse misionare de la \u00eenceputul epocii moderne, al c\u0103ror con\u021binut trebuie evaluat critic din perspectiva analizei surselor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0020e40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0020e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e240c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"95e240c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7853f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f7853f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16003f2 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16003f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8542b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8542b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed4b00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fed4b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3263\" alt=\"Horagalles - G\u00f6tter aus der Sami-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c52c e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a58c52c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2596b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e2596b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c754be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c754be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor \u0219i \u00eencadrare critic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01c74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c01c74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cele mai importante surse scrise privind religia veneratorilor zeului tunetului dateaz\u0103 din secolele al XVII-lea \u0219i al XVIII-lea. Olaus Magnus relateaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus&#8221; (1555) pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een mod cuprinz\u0103tor despre practicile religioase ale acestui popor, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eentr-o form\u0103 puternic etnografic-distan\u021bat\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sursa central\u0103 este &#8222;Lapponia&#8221; lui Johannes Schefferus (1673), \u00een care Horagalles este descris nominal \u0219i cu func\u021bia sa. \u00cen secolul al XVIII-lea se adaug\u0103 Knud Leem, Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius \u0219i Johan Nordlander cu observa\u021bii mai detaliate.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>La interpretarea acestor surse se impune pruden\u021ba. H\u00e5kan Rydving a ar\u0103tat \u00een studiile sale, mai ales \u00een &#8222;The End of Drum-Time&#8221; (1993), c\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103rile misionare prezentau religia s\u00e1m\u0103 printr-o prism\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i o deformau sistematic. Termeni precum &#8222;zeu&#8221;, &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Denumire peiorativ\u0103 pentru un obiect de venera\u021bie considerat fals.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span>&#8221; sau &#8222;diavol&#8221; erau aplica\u021bi f\u0103r\u0103 reflec\u021bie la conceptele s\u00e1me.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen a semnalat \u00een &#8222;Sami Mythology&#8221; (1999) dificultatea metodologic\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia religia s\u00e1m\u0103 \u00een forma sa precre\u0219tin\u0103 nu mai poate fi ast\u0103zi reconstruit\u0103 dec\u00e2t indirect. Louise B\u00e4ckman \u0219i Anna-Leena Siikala au editat sistematic \u0219i au comentat critic dovezile disponibile.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1f546 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc1f546\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee392e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c45135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c45135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele Horagalles este explicat ca un \u00eemprumut s\u00e1m din vechea nordic\u0103 &#8222;\u00de\u00f3rr karl&#8221; (&#8222;Thor cel b\u0103tr\u00e2n&#8221;, &#8222;omul-Thor&#8221;), ceea ce indic\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 evident\u0103 cu zeul tunetului nord-germanic Thor.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 etimologie reprezint\u0103 ipoteza standard \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XIX-lea \u0219i a fost confirmat\u0103 de lingvi\u0219ti precum Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius \u0219i, ulterior, de Konrad Nielsen \u0219i Pekka Sammallahti. \u00cen unele dialecte s\u00e1me este atestat\u0103 \u0219i forma Hora-Galles sau Hora-Gallis, iar \u00een s\u00e1ma de nord Horag\u00e1lles.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cercetarea folose\u0219te, de asemenea, alte denumiri pentru ceea ce este probabil aceea\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span>: Tiermes, Atjek, Aijeke sau Pajan-Olmai. Aceast\u0103 diversitate de nume reflect\u0103, pe de o parte, diferen\u021be dialectale regionale \u0219i, pe de alt\u0103 parte, faptul c\u0103 religia s\u00e1m\u0103 nu avea o form\u0103 unitar\u0103 \u0219i dogmatic fixat\u0103, ci varia puternic la nivel local.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving a subliniat c\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103rile misionare realizau adesea o omogenizare artificial\u0103 care nu corespundea diversit\u0103\u021bii religioase reale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a4086 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36a4086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baf39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2baf39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bia de zeu al tunetului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ec1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ec1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un zeu al tunetului, care controleaz\u0103 fulgerul \u0219i tunetul \u0219i exercit\u0103 astfel putere asupra vremii. El este considerat protectorul oamenilor \u00eempotriva spiritelor rele, \u00een special \u00eempotriva Stallo (gigan\u021bii) \u0219i a altor fiin\u021be ostile din credin\u021ba \u00een spirite a samilor.<\/p><p>Ciocanul sau securea sa de lupt\u0103 este arma sa principal\u0103, cu care alung\u0103 for\u021bele r\u0103ului \u0219i lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva trollilor \u0219i gigan\u021bilor. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie \u0219i armament explic\u0103 \u00eenrudirea tipologic\u0103 evident\u0103 cu Thor, zeul nord-germanic al tunetului.<\/p>\n\n<p>Anna-Leena Siikala a ar\u0103tat \u00een lucr\u0103ri comparative despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> fino-ugric\u0103 \u0219i s\u00e1m\u0103 c\u0103 reprezentarea zeului tunetului la s\u00e1mi a fost influen\u021bat\u0103 de contactele cu vecinii scandinavi, dar se \u00eentemeia pe reprezent\u0103ri proprii mai vechi.<\/p><p>\u0218i \u00een tradi\u021bia finlandez\u0103 (Ukko) \u0219i \u00een tradi\u021bia est-siberian\u0103 (Num la nene\u021bi) se g\u0103sesc paralele care indic\u0103 un complex nord-eurasiatic extins al zeului tunetului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f79bb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f79bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be4684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolica tobei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> zeilor s\u00e1mi sunt tobele s\u00e1me (&#8222;goavddis&#8221; sau &#8222;gievrie&#8221;), colectate de misionari \u00een secolele al XVII-lea \u0219i al XVIII-lea \u0219i p\u0103strate \u00een muzee.<\/p><p>Pe multe dintre aceste tobe este reprezentat\u0103 o figur\u0103 central\u0103, de obicei \u00eenarmat\u0103 cu ciocan sau secure, identificat\u0103 cu Horagalles. Uneori figura sa este plasat\u0103 direct sub <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> solar (Beaivi), ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 pozi\u021bia sa \u00eenalt\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n<p>Semnifica\u021bia acestor figuri de pe tobe nu este \u00eens\u0103 clar\u0103 \u00een toate cazurile, deoarece tobele erau folosite de fiecare &#8222;noaidi&#8221; (\u0219aman s\u00e1m) \u00een scopuri rituale \u0219i personalizate cu simboluri proprii.<\/p><p>Ernst Manker \u0219i Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m au eviden\u021biat \u00een studiile lor despre arta tobei s\u00e1me diversitatea reprezent\u0103rilor. Nu exist\u0103 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> standardizat\u0103 pentru Horagalles, dar anumite tr\u0103s\u0103turi de baz\u0103 (ciocan, secure, figur\u0103 antropomorf\u0103 cu arm\u0103 ridicat\u0103) apar \u00een mod repetat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62583e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62583e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6e9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa6e9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerare \u0219i rituri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff303a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff303a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sursele misionare ofer\u0103 pu\u021bine detalii despre practica concret\u0103 de venerare. Horagalles primea aparent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> sub form\u0103 de animale (mai ales reni), aduse la locuri de cult speciale (&#8222;sieidi&#8221;).<\/p><p>Aceste locuri de cult erau de obicei forma\u021biuni st\u00e2ncoase remarcabile, pietre mari sau arbori deosebi\u021bi, considera\u021bi re\u0219edin\u021ba zeilor. \u00cen timpul furtunilor cu tunete se aduceau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> speciale pentru a-l \u00eembuna pe Horagalles sau a-i solicita ajutorul.<\/p>\n\n<p>Practica \u0219amanic\u0103 se afla \u00een centrul religiei s\u00e1me. Noaidi putea lua leg\u0103tura cu zeii, inclusiv cu Horagalles, cu ajutorul tobei sale \u0219i prin c\u0103l\u0103torii de trans\u0103 ritualizate. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este descris\u0103 adesea \u00een sursele misionare drept &#8222;vr\u0103jitorie diabolic\u0103&#8221; \u0219i a fost sistematic persecutat\u0103 \u00een secolele al XVII-lea \u0219i al XVIII-lea.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving a documentat \u00een &#8222;The End of Drum-Time&#8221; cum tobele s\u00e1me au fost arse sau confiscate \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, ceea ce a dus la o pierdere masiv\u0103 a bunurilor culturale religioase.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf8ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1298de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1298de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cre\u0219tinare \u0219i marginalizare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cre\u0219tinarea samilor a \u00eenceput \u00een secolele al XI-lea \u0219i al XII-lea cu primele tentative misionare, s-a intensificat masiv \u00een secolele al XVI-lea \u0219i al XVII-lea \u0219i s-a \u00eencheiat \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea \u0219i la \u00eenceputul secolului al XIX-lea cu marginalizarea pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a religiei precre\u0219tine din via\u021ba public\u0103.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving a descris \u00een detaliu etapele acestui proces. Autorit\u0103\u021bile statale \u0219i biserice\u0219ti suedeze, norvegiene, finlandeze \u0219i ruse au recurs la pedepse, confiscarea tobelor \u0219i botezuri for\u021bate pentru a reprima credin\u021ba tradi\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 faz\u0103 de marginalizare, Horagalles era adesea identificat cu diavolul cre\u0219tin sau cu &#8222;Satana&#8221;. Aceast\u0103 identificare f\u0103cea parte din strategia misionar\u0103 de stigmatizare a vechii religii ca demonic\u0103.<\/p><p>Era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u0219i identificarea lui Horagalles cu Sf\u00e2ntul Olaf, sf\u00e2ntul regal norvegian, care, la fel ca Horagalles, era considerat lupt\u0103tor \u00eempotriva trollilor \u0219i gigan\u021bilor \u0219i putea astfel func\u021biona ca punte iconografic\u0103 \u00eentre religia veche \u0219i cea nou\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc98dbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc98dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a74a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00a74a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Starea cercet\u0103rii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4374957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4374957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea modern\u0103 a religiei s\u00e1me a \u00eenceput \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i s-a diferen\u021biat considerabil \u00een secolele al XX-lea \u0219i al XXI-lea. Contribu\u021bii importante provin de la H\u00e5kan Rydving, Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, Louise B\u00e4ckman, Anna-Leena Siikala, Ernst Manker \u0219i Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m.<\/p><p>\u00cempreun\u0103 au elaborat o imagine nuan\u021bat\u0103 a religiei s\u00e1me, care \u021bine seama de diversitatea tradi\u021biilor regionale, de deform\u0103rile introduse prin sursele misionare \u0219i de dificult\u0103\u021bile reconstruc\u021biei.<\/p>\n\n<p>O problem\u0103 central\u0103 dezb\u0103tut\u0103 prive\u0219te gradul de influen\u021b\u0103 exercitat de religia scandinavic\u0103. \u00cen timp ce cercet\u0103rile mai vechi vedeau \u00een Horagalles un simplu echivalent s\u00e1m al lui Thor, lucr\u0103rile mai recente subliniaz\u0103 tradi\u021bia s\u00e1m\u0103 autonom\u0103 \u0219i consider\u0103 influen\u021ba scandinavic\u0103 drept un strat suprapus peste o reprezentare s\u00e1m\u0103 mai veche a zeului tunetului. Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie este sus\u021binut\u0103 mai ales de Anna-Leena Siikala, care face trimitere la paralele fino-ugrice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eae97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eae97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse misionare de referin\u021b\u0103 din secolele al XVII-lea \u0219i al XVIII-lea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3246d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3246d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 etap\u0103 din perspectiva analizei critice a surselor din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> Horagalles se situeaz\u0103 \u00een secolele al XVII-lea \u0219i al XVIII-lea, c\u00e2nd misionari \u0219i func\u021bionari suedezi \u0219i dano-norvegieni au \u00eentocmit pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103ri sistematice ale religiei s\u00e1me.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Johannes Schefferus a publicat \u00een 1673 la Frankfurt &#8222;Lapponia&#8221; sa, o descriere a \u021binutului redactat\u0103 la comanda cancelarului suedez Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, care prezint\u0103, \u00eentr-un capitol propriu intitulat &#8222;De Lapponum Diis&#8221;, lumea zeilor \u0219i \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Horagalles (\u00een forma &#8222;Thoragalles&#8221;) ca principal zeu al tunetului dintre cei numi\u021bi &#8222;Stoorjunkare&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Schefferus s-a bazat pe rapoartele unor pastori suedezi precum Olaus Petri Niurenius, Samuel Rheen, Olaus Graan \u0219i Johannes Tornaeus, ale c\u0103ror manuscrise le-a citat uneori direct. &#8222;Lapponia&#8221; a fost rapid tradus\u0103 \u00een mai multe limbi europene (englez\u0103 1674, german\u0103 1675, francez\u0103 1678) \u0219i a marcat percep\u021bia etnografic\u0103 a religiei s\u00e1me \u00een Europa timp de un secol.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen spa\u021biul norvegiano-danez au ap\u0103rut \u00een paralel manuscrisele misionarului Thomas von Westen (1682-1727), care a condus, sub denumirea de &#8222;Apostolul lapilor&#8221;, o misionare sistematic\u0103 \u00een regiunile s\u00e1me din nordul Norvegiei.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Discipolii s\u0103i Isaac Olsen, Hans Skanke (cu &#8222;Epitomes Historiae Missionis Lapponicae Pars Prima&#8221;, finalizat \u00een 1728), Jens Kildal \u0219i Johan Randulf au adunat un volum amplu de rapoarte manuscrise, cunoscute sub denumirile de &#8222;Manuscrisul N\u00e6r\u00f8y&#8221; (Randulf) \u0219i &#8222;Manuscrisul Kildal&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p>Aceste surse au fost editate integral abia \u00een secolul al XX-lea de Reidar Th. Christiansen \u0219i Karl Bernhard Wiklund. Ele furnizeaz\u0103 cele mai dense descrieri ale practicii concrete de jertfire: boi negri erau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacra\u021bi<\/span> zeului tunetului la \u00eenceputul verii, ramuri de coaj\u0103 de mesteac\u0103n \u00een form\u0103 de fulger erau at\u00e2rnate \u00een locuri sacre, iar pietrele &#8222;sieidi&#8221; primeau jertfe de gr\u0103sime \u0219i s\u00e2nge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e674e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e674e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f8ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f8ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pictura pe tobe \u00een cercetarea comparativ\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eb664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eb664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sursa iconografic\u0103 central\u0103 pentru Horagalles o constituie reprezent\u0103rile legate de el de pe tobele &#8222;goavddis&#8221;, tobele \u0219amanice ale speciali\u0219tilor s\u00e1mi &#8222;noaidi&#8221;. Ernst Manker a documentat \u0219i catalogat iconografic \u00een cele dou\u0103 volume monumentale &#8222;Die lappische Zaubertrommel. Eine ethnologische Monographie&#8221; (Stockholm 1938 \u0219i 1950) \u00een total aproximativ \u0219aptezeci de tobe p\u0103strate.<\/span><\/p><p>Pe aproximativ o treime din aceste tobe este recognoscibil\u0103 o figur\u0103 central\u0103 cu dou\u0103 ciocane (sau ciocan \u0219i toiag), identificat\u0103 cu Horagalles \u00een inscrip\u021biile surs\u0103 ale tobelor \u0219i \u00een comentariile clerului care le-a confiscat. O reprezentare deosebit de dens\u0103 se g\u0103se\u0219te pe &#8222;Toba Bindal&#8221; (Stockholm, Nordiska Museet) \u0219i pe &#8222;Toba S\u00f8r-Fron&#8221; (Oslo, Norsk Folkemuseum).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>H\u00e5kan Rydving a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;The End of Drum-Time. Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s to 1740s&#8221; (Uppsala 1995) c\u0103 picturile de pe tobe nu trebuie citite ca un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> static, ci ca diagrame cu varia\u021bie regional\u0103 \u0219i amprent\u0103 biografic\u0103 ale fiec\u0103rui &#8222;noaidi&#8221;, a c\u0103rui lume imagistic\u0103 s-a modificat profund \u00een \u00eent\u00e2lnirile cu cre\u0219tinismul din epoca modern\u0103 timpurie.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (&#8222;Shamanism and Northern Ecology&#8221;, Berlin 1996) \u0219i Anna Westman (volumul colectiv &#8222;S\u00e1pmi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Becoming a Nation&#8221;, Stockholm 2007) au consolidat aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 cu trimitere la exemplare mai recente de tobe \u0219i la rapoarte contextuale din Inari \u0219i Pite-Lappmark.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Konsta Kaikkonen a semnalat \u00een articolele sale din 2017 \u00eencoace (\u00een special &#8222;S\u00e1mi Religious Source Material&#8221;, 2020) deform\u0103rile din perspectiva analizei critice a surselor generate de practica confisc\u0103rii de c\u0103tre cler: multe tobe au fost inscrip\u021bionate pentru &#8222;m\u0103rturisire&#8221; \u0219i astfel abia prin cei care le-au \u00eenregistrat au fost reunite \u00eentr-un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> ordonat teologic.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38d8f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f38d8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5565be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5565be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u021bia actual\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen secolele al XX-lea \u0219i al XXI-lea, identitatea s\u00e1m\u0103, inclusiv elementele religioase, a devenit obiectul unei ample revitaliz\u0103ri culturale. Limbile s\u00e1me sunt promovate, arta tradi\u021bional\u0103 a tobei este din nou practicat\u0103, iar zeii vechi sunt tematiza\u021bi cel pu\u021bin ca mo\u0219tenire cultural\u0103.<\/p><p>O revigorare religioas\u0103 oficial\u0103 a cultului lui Horagalles nu a avut loc, dar \u00een arta \u0219i literatura s\u00e1m\u0103 contemporan\u0103 el apare ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al identit\u0103\u021bii culturale proprii.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen cultura majoritar\u0103 finlandez\u0103, norvegian\u0103 \u0219i suedez\u0103, Horagalles este mai pu\u021bin cunoscut dec\u00e2t Thor \u0219i Odin, dar c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 vizibilitate \u00een ultimele decenii datorit\u0103 interesului cresc\u00e2nd fa\u021b\u0103 de cultura s\u00e1m\u0103.<\/p><p>Muzee precum Siida din Inari, Nordnorsk Vitenskapsmuseum din Troms\u00f8 \u0219i \u00c1jtte din Jokkmokk prezint\u0103 religia s\u00e1m\u0103 \u0219i zeii s\u0103i unui public mai larg. Aceast\u0103 vizibilizare cultural\u0103 face parte dintr-o dezbatere postcolonial\u0103 mai ampl\u0103 privind suprimarea istoric\u0103 a tradi\u021biei s\u00e1me.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Horagalles, zeul tunetului al samilor Horagalles (cunoscut \u0219i ca Hora Galles, Tiermes sau Aijeke) este zeul tunetului \u0219i al furtunii \u00een credin\u021ba s\u00e1milor \u0219i este considerat una dintre cele mai puternice divinit\u0103\u021bi ale religiei lor precre\u0219tine din nordul Scandinaviei, al Finlandei \u0219i al peninsulei ruse Kola. Venerarea sa este documentat\u0103 prin surse misionare de la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3263,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Horagalles","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Horagalles - Zeul Tunetului al Sami | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Horagalles (Hora Galles) este zeul tunetului al samilor \u0219i protectorul p\u0103\u0219unilor de reni. \u00cenrudit cu Thor - ciocan, arc \u0219i tob\u0103 \u0219amanic\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sami","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104469","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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