{"id":14668,"date":"2026-04-21T09:29:47","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T09:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lemures-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T11:22:28","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T11:22:28","slug":"lemures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-pt\/lemures\/","title":{"rendered":"Lemures"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"14668\" class=\"elementor elementor-14668 elementor-844\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures, esp\u00edritos dos mortos e do lar na cren\u00e7a romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLemures (latim: Lemures), mortos inquietos e a festa de maio da Lemuria.\nEsp\u00edritos dos mortos e do lar na cren\u00e7a romana, conhecidos na grafia alem\u00e3 tamb\u00e9m como Lemuren.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito: Entidade incorp\u00f3rea ou semicorp\u00f3rea, falecidos, seres da natureza, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos ou guardi\u00f5es de limiar. Age no quotidiano, frequentemente ligado a lugares ou fam\u00edlias.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00e3o romana desde a monarquia at\u00e9 \u00e0 Antiguidade Tardia, de car\u00e1cter sincr\u00e9tico com camadas gregas e etruscas.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/espiritos-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Falecidos cujos esp\u00edritos continuam a agir no mundo dos vivos, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos, antepassados, mortos sem repouso.\">Esp\u00edrito dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-134234\" alt=\"Lemures - esp\u00edritos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana, ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os Lemures s\u00e3o os esp\u00edritos dos mortos inquietos ou malignos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana. Ao contr\u00e1rio dos <em>manes<\/em>, que s\u00e3o venerados no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Venera\u00e7\u00e3o dos falecidos de uma fam\u00edlia como pot\u00eancias protetoras que continuam a agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto aos antepassados<\/span> regular, os Lemures s\u00e3o considerados potencialmente perigosos: regressam \u00e0s casas, perturbam o sono e a fam\u00edlia, e exigem apaziguamento.<\/p><p>Todos os anos, em maio, nos dias 9, 11 e 13, realiza-se a festa da Lemuria, durante a qual o chefe de fam\u00edlia expulsa os Lemures de casa atrav\u00e9s de um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> bem definido.<\/p><p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o liter\u00e1ria mais conhecida \u00e9 fornecida por Ov\u00eddio no quinto livro dos seus <em>Fasti<\/em>. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u2013 atirar feij\u00f5es, pronunciar uma f\u00f3rmula, n\u00e3o olhar para tr\u00e1s \u2013 \u00e9 um dos rituais da Antiguidade mais detalhados que chegaram at\u00e9 n\u00f3s em forma escrita. O seu eco estende-se at\u00e9 \u00e0s descri\u00e7\u00f5es folcl\u00f3ricas modernas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Lemures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Esp\u00edritos dos mortos inquietos<br>Origem: falecidos sem sepultura completa ou mortos de forma violenta<br>Textos: Ov\u00eddio (<em>Fasti<\/em> V), Hor\u00e1cio, Plauto, P\u00e9rsio<br>Per\u00edodo: Rep\u00fablica at\u00e9 \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre a Antiguidade e a Idade M\u00e9dia, aproximadamente do s\u00e9culo III ao s\u00e9culo VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade Tardia<\/span><br>Difus\u00e3o: It\u00e1lia, Imp\u00e9rio Romano<br>Prote\u00e7\u00e3o: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> da Lemuria (maio), sepultura regular, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os Lemures s\u00e3o j\u00e1 conhecidos na Rep\u00fablica primitiva. A festa da Lemuria data, segundo Ov\u00eddio, da funda\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00edtica por R\u00f3mulo. As fontes liter\u00e1rias estendem-se desde o s\u00e9culo III a. C. (Plauto) at\u00e9 \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\" da Parentalia\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade Tardia<\/span>. Autores crist\u00e3os adotam mais tarde a palavra para designar esp\u00edritos demon\u00edacos em geral.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O n\u00facleo situa-se em It\u00e1lia, estendendo-se por todo o Imp\u00e9rio com a expans\u00e3o de Roma. Nas prov\u00edncias, a ideia funde-se com tradi\u00e7\u00f5es locais de esp\u00edritos. A festa da Lemuria faz parte do calend\u00e1rio romano fixo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A obra central \u00e9 os <em>Fasti<\/em> V (479, 492) de Ov\u00eddio, com a descri\u00e7\u00e3o pormenorizada do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> da Lemuria. A isso acrescem refer\u00eancias em Hor\u00e1cio, P\u00e9rsio, Plauto e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Agostinho de Hipona (354\u2013430); padre da Igreja crist\u00e3, obras principais Confessiones e De civitate Dei.\">Agostinho<\/span>. Inscri\u00e7\u00f5es relativas ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das a\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dedicadas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> da Parentalia e ao direito funer\u00e1rio completam o quadro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designa\u00e7\u00e3o e grafias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Em latim:<\/strong> <em>Lemures<\/em>, geralmente no plural; o singular <em>lemur<\/em> \u00e9 raro.<br>Distinguidos de: <em>manes<\/em> (esp\u00edritos dos antepassados, de car\u00e1cter positivo), <em>larvae<\/em> (esp\u00edritos malignos, frequentemente sin\u00f3nimos dos Lemures), <em>di inferi<\/em> (deuses dos infernos).<\/p><p>A etimologia \u00e9 incerta; Ov\u00eddio deriva o nome de forma especulativa a partir de \u00abRemus\u00bb. Mais prov\u00e1vel \u00e9 uma raiz com o sentido de \u00absombra\u00bb ou \u00abfigura noturna\u00bb. A fronteira com as Larvae \u00e9 t\u00e9nue; alguns autores utilizam os termos como sin\u00f3nimos, enquanto outros reservam Lemures para a categoria mais neutra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Difusa e imprecisa, sem tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica pr\u00f3pria. A literatura descreve-os como figuras p\u00e1lidas e silenciosas que surgem em sonhos ou se fazem presentes por meio de ru\u00eddos \u2013 batidas, farfalhar, murm\u00farios.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamento<\/strong><\/p><p>Regressam quando os cuidados f\u00fanebres foram negligenciados ou quando morreram de forma violenta. Perturbam o sono, trazem pesadelos, afetam a sa\u00fade dos membros da fam\u00edlia e tornam as casas inquietantes.<\/p><p><strong>Esfera de a\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>A casa da fam\u00edlia e os locais da sua morte. Em relatos de viagem, surgem ocasionalmente tamb\u00e9m em estalagens e lugares marcados por mortes violentas.<\/p><p><strong>Origem mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Segundo Ov\u00eddio, a festa da Lemuria remonta a R\u00f3mulo, que ter\u00e1 querido dar repouso ao irm\u00e3o assassinado Remo. Historicamente, a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 provavelmente mais antiga, derivada de um culto it\u00e1lico pr\u00e9-urbano aos mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Lemures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspetos mais importantes dos Lemures num relance. A desenvolvimento relativo ao nome, descri\u00e7\u00e3o, prote\u00e7\u00e3o e paralelos encontra-se nas sec\u00e7\u00f5es seguintes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A origem dos Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prov\u00eam de falecidos sepultados de forma impr\u00f3pria ou mortos violentamente. N\u00e3o s\u00e3o seres criados, mas sim um mortal humano numa posi\u00e7\u00e3o errada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00fablico-alvo dos Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobretudo a pr\u00f3pria fam\u00edlia que negligenciou os cuidados f\u00fanebres. Tamb\u00e9m os habitantes de casas com uma hist\u00f3ria de viol\u00eancia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A apar\u00eancia dos Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Difusos, p\u00e1lidos, silenciosos. Sem programa iconogr\u00e1fico fixo. A experi\u00eancia \u00e9 geralmente ac\u00fastica ou on\u00edrica, raramente visual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A a\u00e7\u00e3o dos Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perturba\u00e7\u00f5es do sono, pesadelos, inquieta\u00e7\u00e3o na casa, doen\u00e7a da fam\u00edlia. N\u00e3o h\u00e1 viol\u00eancia s\u00fabita, mas sim sofrimento prolongado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> da Lemuria em maio: percorrer a casa descal\u00e7o durante a noite, atirar feij\u00f5es negros por cima do ombro, pronunciar nove vezes \u00abManes existe paterni\u00bb (\u00abRetirai-vos, esp\u00edritos dos pais\u00bb). Os Lemures seguem os feij\u00f5es e saem de casa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os paralelos dos Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Mesopot\u00e2mia), Keres (Gr\u00e9cia), hungry ghosts (\u00c1sia Oriental), Wiederg\u00e4nger (tradi\u00e7\u00e3o germ\u00e2nica).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>A festa anual da Lemuria \u00e9 o rito de prote\u00e7\u00e3o central. O chefe de fam\u00edlia levanta-se a meio da noite, lava as m\u00e3os, percorre a casa descal\u00e7o e atira nove feij\u00f5es negros por cima do ombro sem olhar para tr\u00e1s. Pronuncia nove vezes a f\u00f3rmula \u00abManes existe paterni\u00bb. Os esp\u00edritos seguem os feij\u00f5es e abandonam a casa.<\/p><p><strong>F\u00f3rmulas de invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>A f\u00f3rmula da Lemuria \u00e9 breve e fixada. Existem tamb\u00e9m f\u00f3rmulas curtas de tradi\u00e7\u00e3o oral para a purifica\u00e7\u00e3o da casa e a prote\u00e7\u00e3o do sono. Defixiones contra advers\u00e1rios pessoais podiam invocar explicitamente os Lemures.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Marca\u00e7\u00f5es nas portas com p\u00f3 de feij\u00e3o negro (raramente atestadas). Altares dom\u00e9sticos com figuras dos Lares, que representam simultaneamente a ordem da casa. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oferendas<\/span> regulares da Parentalia em fevereiro mant\u00eam os antepassados benevolentes e afastam assim os inquietos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures, paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mesopot\u00e2mia<\/strong><\/p><p>O Edimmu \u00e9 o paralelo mais pr\u00f3ximo: esp\u00edrito dos mortos inquieto por sepultura negligenciada ou morte violenta. Em ambas as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es, a prote\u00e7\u00e3o consiste em cumprir retroativamente a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o ritual; na Mesopot\u00e2mia, em especial atrav\u00e9s do <em>kispu<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gr\u00e9cia: as Keres e os termos posteriores para almas inquietas funcionam de forma semelhante, sem uma festa t\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica como a Lemuria. O culto aos mortos na Gr\u00e9cia est\u00e1 organizado de forma mais descentralizada.<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Gr\u00e9cia:<\/strong> As Keres e os termos posteriores para almas inquietas funcionam de forma semelhante, sem uma festa t\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica como a Lemuria. O culto aos mortos na Gr\u00e9cia est\u00e1 organizado de forma mais descentralizada.<\/p><p>Cren\u00e7a popular europeia: Wiederg\u00e4nger, motivos de poltergeist, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos \u2013 em todas estas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es perdura a estrutura fundamental dos Lemures: cuidados f\u00fanebres negligenciados como causa, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cren\u00e7as e pr\u00e1ticas religiosas difundidas no quotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">cren\u00e7a popular<\/span>: Wiederg\u00e4nger, motivos de poltergeist, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos \u2013 em todas estas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es perdura a estrutura fundamental dos Lemures: cuidados f\u00fanebres negligenciados como causa, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> como solu\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b5b61c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b5b61c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b5a460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b5a460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Lemuria: desenrolar do rito dom\u00e9stico noturno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp12b0fc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp12b0fc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp714177b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp714177b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o mais pormenorizada da festa dedicada aos Lemures \u00e9 fornecida por Ov\u00eddio nos <em>Fasti<\/em> (livro 5, versos 419 a 492). A <em>Lemuria<\/em> ca\u00eda nos dias 9, 11 e 13 de maio, ou seja, em dias \u00edmpares que no calend\u00e1rio romano eram considerados desfavor\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>Nessas noites, os mortos inquietos \u2013 os que n\u00e3o tinham recebido sepultura regular ou n\u00e3o tinham descendentes que cuidassem da sua mem\u00f3ria \u2013 deveriam vagar pela casa.<\/p><p>Ov\u00eddio descreve o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> como incumb\u00eancia do <em>pater fam\u00edlias<\/em>. \u00c0 meia-noite, este levantava-se descal\u00e7o, fazia com o polegar e os dedos fechados um gesto destinado a afastar as sombras, e lavava as m\u00e3os tr\u00eas vezes numa fonte.<\/p><p>Depois tomava feij\u00f5es negros na boca, virava-se e atirava-os por cima do ombro. Enquanto o fazia, pronunciava nove vezes: haec ego mitto; his redimo meque meosque fabis. O significado \u00e9 aproximadamente: \u00abEstes atiro eu; com estes feij\u00f5es resgato a mim e aos meus.\u00bb As sombras deveriam apanhar os feij\u00f5es atr\u00e1s dele, sem que ele olhasse para tr\u00e1s.<\/p><p>De seguida, purificava-se novamente com \u00e1gua, batia em vasos de bronze e ordenava aos esp\u00edritos nove vezes que abandonassem a casa: <em>manes existe paterni<\/em>. S\u00f3 ent\u00e3o era permitido virar-se; o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> era dado como conclu\u00eddo e a casa como purificada.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o v\u00ea neste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o regularmente repetida numa comunidade, transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> apotropaico cujos elementos individuais \u2013 caminhar descal\u00e7o, a travessia do limiar, o ru\u00eddo do bronze e o n\u00famero nove \u2013 est\u00e3o amplamente atestados na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que procuram intervir no curso das coisas atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> da Antiguidade.<\/p><p>O feij\u00e3o era considerado em Roma um alimento com liga\u00e7\u00e3o especial aos mortos; tamb\u00e9m os pitag\u00f3ricos o evitavam. A descri\u00e7\u00e3o de Ov\u00eddio \u00e9 a fonte mais importante, mas trata-se tamb\u00e9m de uma fonte liter\u00e1ria tardia que pode ter ornamentado pr\u00e1ticas mais antigas. Em que medida o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> estava efetivamente difundido n\u00e3o pode ser determinado com seguran\u00e7a a partir dela apenas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd4641e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd4641e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0ad70dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0ad70dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures, Manes e Larvas: a delimita\u00e7\u00e3o das classes de mortos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp37fae02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp37fae02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a7fa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8a7fa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O universo conceptual romano conhecia v\u00e1rios termos para os mortos e os esp\u00edritos dos mortos, que se sobrepunham parcialmente e continuam a ser debatidos na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o. Os <em>di manes<\/em> eram os esp\u00edritos dos antepassados venerados coletivamente, em geral benevolentes, a quem as inscri\u00e7\u00f5es funer\u00e1rias eram dedicadas com a f\u00f3rmula <em>dis manibus<\/em>. A eles era dedicada a festa da <em>Parentalia<\/em> em fevereiro, como tempo de cuidado pac\u00edfico dos mortos.<\/p><p>Em contrapartida, os <em>lemures<\/em> designavam, segundo a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o mais difundida, os mortos inquietos e potencialmente perigosos que n\u00e3o tinham encontrado repouso. O gram\u00e1tico <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a. C. a 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antigo<\/span> e autores posteriores tentaram delimitar uma categoria adicional: as <em>larvae<\/em> como espectros mal\u00e9ficos e aterradores, por vezes identificados com os Lemures.<\/p><p>Agostinho refere em <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> (livro 9) uma sistematiza\u00e7\u00e3o que encontra no fil\u00f3sofo Apuleio: a alma de um falecido chamava-se <em>lemur<\/em>; se se mostrasse benevolente para com os descendentes, tornava-se <em>lar familiaris<\/em>; se se mostrasse punitiva, tornava-se <em>larva<\/em>; se permanecesse incerto se era boa ou m\u00e1, falava-se de <em>di manes<\/em>.<\/p><p>Esta ordena\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9, por\u00e9m, uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o tardia de cunho filos\u00f3fico e dificilmente reflete a conce\u00e7\u00e3o vivida da Rep\u00fablica mais antiga. As fontes s\u00e3o heterog\u00e9neas, e j\u00e1 os autores <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a. C. a 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antigos<\/span> tinham consci\u00eancia da imprecis\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Investigadores modernos da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, como Franz Cumont e investigadores posteriores dedicados \u00e0 religi\u00e3o funer\u00e1ria romana, sublinham que os termos representam menos categorias fixas do que designa\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00f3veis para diferentes aspetos da condi\u00e7\u00e3o de morto.<\/p><p>Quem procura mais informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os esp\u00edritos protetores dom\u00e9sticos encontra indica\u00e7\u00f5es adicionais em <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/laren\/\">Lares<\/a>; para o paralelo eg\u00edpcio de um morto inquieto, ver as conce\u00e7\u00f5es em torno do <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/apophis\/\">modo ordenado de lidar com o ca\u00f3tico<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2931f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2931f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpef6ffee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpef6ffee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia e tentativas de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o antigas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fbef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp91fbef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cf35ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cf35ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A origem da palavra <em>lemures<\/em> n\u00e3o est\u00e1 estabelecida. J\u00e1 na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a. C. a 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span> circulavam explica\u00e7\u00f5es mais de \u00edndole etimol\u00f3gica popular do que linguisticamente sustent\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>Ov\u00eddio deriva nos <em>Fasti<\/em> o nome da festa <em>Lemuria<\/em> de uma suposta forma mais antiga <em>Remuria<\/em> e relaciona-o com Remo, o irm\u00e3o assassinado por R\u00f3mulo, cujo esp\u00edrito inquieto teria sido apaziguado por um rito expiat\u00f3rio. Esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o liter\u00e1ria e \u00e9 considerada pela investiga\u00e7\u00e3o como n\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de agir no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> teria sido apaziguado por um rito expiat\u00f3rio. Esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o liter\u00e1ria e \u00e9 considerada pela investiga\u00e7\u00e3o como n\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista lingu\u00edstico, pondera-se uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o com palavras gregas para figuras aterradoras noturnas, mas a etimologia permanece contestada. Alguns investigadores sup\u00f5em uma origem pr\u00e9-latina, possivelmente n\u00e3o indoeuropeia, o que n\u00e3o \u00e9 implaus\u00edvel atendendo \u00e0 posi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa especial do termo; falta, por\u00e9m, uma prova segura.<\/p><p>Mais elucidativo do que a origem da palavra \u00e9 o facto de <em>lemures<\/em> aparecer quase nunca no singular e dificilmente fora de contextos rituais ou eruditos. A palavra pertence \u00e0 esfera do calend\u00e1rio e da religi\u00e3o dom\u00e9stica, n\u00e3o \u00e0 narrativa mitol\u00f3gica. N\u00e3o existem mitos dos Lemures em sentido pr\u00f3prio, nem genealogias, nem hist\u00f3rias de Lemures individuais com nome.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Esta particularidade distingue-os claramente dos deuses e her\u00f3is do pante\u00e3o greco-romano e aproxima-os de termos coletivos rituais como <em>manes<\/em>. A utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o zool\u00f3gica moderna do nome para os l\u00e9mures de Madag\u00e1scar remonta a Carl von Linn\u00e9, que em 1758 designou assim estes animais de h\u00e1bitos noturnos e aspeto fantasmag\u00f3rico, em refer\u00eancia aos esp\u00edritos dos mortos romanos.<\/span><\/p><p>Esta transfer\u00eancia de nome nada tem a ver com a religi\u00e3o antiga, mas mostra at\u00e9 que ponto a ideia dos Lemures permanecia presente na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o erudita da \u00e9poca moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6686a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6686a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b1b3d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b1b3d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures na literatura latina para al\u00e9m de Ov\u00eddio<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp308011f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp308011f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7c0df33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7c0df33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para al\u00e9m da descri\u00e7\u00e3o ovidiana da festa, os Lemures s\u00e3o apenas esporadicamente identific\u00e1veis na literatura antiga, o que sublinha a sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o marginal na narrativa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtica<\/span>.<\/p><p>Hor\u00e1cio menciona-os nas <em>Episteln<\/em> (livro 2, carta 2) de passagem, numa enumera\u00e7\u00e3o de terrores noturnos: a par de sonhos, terrores m\u00e1gicos, maravilhas tess\u00e1licas e feiticeiras surgem os <em>nocturni lemures<\/em>.<\/p><p>A passagem mostra que a palavra podia servir, no uso culto do in\u00edcio do Principado, como s\u00edmbolo por excel\u00eancia do assombro fantasm\u00e1tico, sem que isso implicasse um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das a\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dedicadas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> preciso.<\/p><p>Em P\u00e9rsio e na prosa posterior, o termo surge pontualmente com o sentido de \u00abfantasma\u00bb ou \u00abimagem aterradora\u00bb.<\/p><p>O comedi\u00f3grafo Plauto intitula a sua pe\u00e7a sobre uma casa assombrada <em>Mostellaria<\/em> a partir de <em>mostellum<\/em>, uma pequena criatura monstruosa; ainda assim, o pr\u00f3prio tema mostra que a ideia do morto inquieto que assombra uma casa estava firmemente enraizada no pensamento quotidiano romano.<\/p><p>Os autores crist\u00e3os da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre a Antiguidade e a Idade M\u00e9dia, aproximadamente do s\u00e9culo III ao s\u00e9culo VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade Tardia<\/span> retomaram o termo para categorizar ou desacreditar conce\u00e7\u00f5es pag\u00e3s de esp\u00edritos. Agostinho serve-se dele, como j\u00e1 referido, no \u00e2mbito de uma sistematiza\u00e7\u00e3o demonol\u00f3gica. Em conjunto, emerge uma imagem em que os Lemures est\u00e3o presentes na literatura sobretudo como elemento de atmosfera e como voc\u00e1bulo erudito, mais do que como objeto de narrativas elaboradas.<\/p><p>Esta situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes obriga a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o a reconstruir o significado religioso dos Lemures quase exclusivamente a partir do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> e do calend\u00e1rio. Mortos inquietos compar\u00e1veis de outras culturas s\u00e3o tratados nas entradas dedicadas a figuras afins, como as <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/larvae\/\">Larvae<\/a> e os <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/manen\/\">Manes<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe936fb5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe936fb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbbdd01e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbbdd01e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hist\u00f3ria da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o: da cren\u00e7a em esp\u00edritos \u00e0 ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6409ee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6409ee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cped34b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cped34b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O estudo cient\u00edfico dos Lemures est\u00e1 intimamente ligado ao desenvolvimento da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> do s\u00e9culo XIX e do in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>Na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga, os Lemures eram considerados prova de uma suposta \u00abcren\u00e7a em esp\u00edritos\u00bb primitiva e pr\u00e9-divina, a partir da qual a religi\u00e3o superior se teria desenvolvido. Esta vis\u00e3o evolucionista marcou, por exemplo, os trabalhos no \u00e2mbito de Edward Burnett Tylor e do seu conceito de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cren\u00e7a segundo a qual tamb\u00e9m animais, plantas e objetos possuem uma alma.\" tabindex=\"0\">animismo<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Para a religi\u00e3o romana em particular, foram determinantes os estudos de Georg Wissowa, cujo manual <em>Religion und Kultus der R\u00f6mer<\/em> (1902, segunda edi\u00e7\u00e3o 1912) integrou a Lemuria no calend\u00e1rio fixo da religi\u00e3o estatal romana. Wissowa e os seus sucessores sublinharam o car\u00e1cter ritual e formulaico e advertiram contra a deriva\u00e7\u00e3o dos Lemures de uma doutrina escatol\u00f3gica elaborada.<\/span><\/p><p>Investigadores posteriores, como Kurt Latte em <em>R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte<\/em> (1960), diferenciaram ainda mais o quadro e integraram as festas dos mortos na religi\u00e3o dom\u00e9stica e na fun\u00e7\u00e3o social do culto aos antepassados.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente, por exemplo no \u00e2mbito dos trabalhos de John Scheid sobre a pr\u00e1tica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferenda<\/span> e da festa em Roma, coloca menos \u00eanfase na quest\u00e3o da \u00abcren\u00e7a\u00bb do que na l\u00f3gica ritual: o que fazia o chefe de fam\u00edlia e que ordem social e calend\u00e1rica estabelecia com isso.<\/p><p>Permanece em aberto at\u00e9 hoje a quest\u00e3o da antiguidade e da difus\u00e3o original do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> descrito por Ov\u00eddio. Uma vez que Ov\u00eddio \u00e9 a \u00fanica fonte cont\u00ednua e trabalha literariamente, n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel determinar com seguran\u00e7a quanto representa pr\u00e1tica vivida e quanto representa reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o erudita da \u00e9poca augustana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp192c1c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp192c1c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec649d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec649d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Lemuria no calend\u00e1rio festivo romano e a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o social<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1fd7767 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1fd7767\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp947f508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp947f508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>Lemuria<\/em> n\u00e3o era um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o regularmente repetida numa comunidade, transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> isolado, mas parte integrante de um calend\u00e1rio festivo estruturado que organizava a rela\u00e7\u00e3o romana com os mortos em dois polos.<\/p><p>Em fevereiro situavam-se as <em>Parentalia<\/em>, um per\u00edodo de aten\u00e7\u00e3o pac\u00edfica e cuidadosa aos pr\u00f3prios falecidos, encerrado pelas <em>Feralia<\/em>. A <em>Lemuria<\/em> de maio constitu\u00eda o contraponto: n\u00e3o se tratava aqui de cuidado, mas de repulsa e separa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O calend\u00e1rio romano marcava os tr\u00eas dias da Lemuria como <em>nefasti<\/em>, ou seja, dias em que os neg\u00f3cios p\u00fablicos estavam suspensos. As fontes referem tamb\u00e9m que durante a Lemuria os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um edif\u00edcio destinado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> permaneciam fechados e n\u00e3o havia casamentos; maio era por isso considerado um m\u00eas desfavor\u00e1vel para casar, uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Designa\u00e7\u00e3o depreciativa para cren\u00e7as consideradas infundadamente religiosas.\" tabindex=\"0\">supersti\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> que perdurou em parte at\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9poca moderna.<\/p><p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o social da festa \u00e9 bem compreens\u00edvel. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> era assunto da casa, n\u00e3o do Estado, e era realizado pelo <em>pater fam\u00edlias<\/em> em representa\u00e7\u00e3o de toda a comunidade familiar.<\/p><p>Com isso, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> confirmava todos os anos o papel do chefe de fam\u00edlia como autoridade religiosa e tra\u00e7ava simultaneamente uma fronteira clara entre os habitantes vivos da casa e os mortos n\u00e3o integrados.<\/p><p>Quem havia sido sepultado devidamente e era recordado pelos descendentes pertencia aos <em>manes<\/em> e, portanto, continuava a fazer parte da fam\u00edlia; quem n\u00e3o o era, era simbolicamente expulso de casa, ano ap\u00f3s ano, como <em>lemur<\/em>.<\/p><p>A Lemuria exercia assim um duplo trabalho de ordena\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 temporal no calend\u00e1rio e social na rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre vivos e mortos. Esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> e estrutura social \u00e9 mais central para a compreens\u00e3o da religi\u00e3o dom\u00e9stica romana do que qualquer especula\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a apar\u00eancia dos pr\u00f3prios Lemures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liga\u00e7\u00f5es complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liga\u00e7\u00f5es internas recomendadas:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/rom\/\">Roma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/larvae\/\">Larvae<\/a> (parentes pr\u00f3ximos)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (paralelo mesopot\u00e2mico)<\/li><li>Parentalia e Lemuria (calend\u00e1rio festivo)<\/li><li>Wiederg\u00e4nger e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cren\u00e7as e pr\u00e1ticas religiosas difundidas no quotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">cren\u00e7a popular<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Uma sele\u00e7\u00e3o de obras centrais sobre os Lemures e o culto romano dos mortos:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>Religion et pi\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 Rome<\/em>. Paris 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.jhu.edu\/books\/title\/1410\/death-and-burial-roman-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Death and Burial in the Roman World<\/a><\/em>. London 1971.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Fantham, Elaine: <em>Ovid: Fasti, Book IV<\/em>. Cambridge 1998 (com coment\u00e1rio ao livro V).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dumezil, Georges: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.payot-rivages.fr\/payot\/livre\/la-religion-romaine-archa%C3%AFque-9782228892971\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">La religion romaine archa\u00efque<\/a><\/em>. Paris 1966.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Literatura de refer\u00eancia (Roma):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Walde, Christine (org.)<\/strong>: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a. C. a 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas transmitidas de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span>. Pessoas, temas, motivos. Stuttgart 2008.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Outras obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/literatur\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-lemures-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-lemures-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-lemures\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-lemures-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-lemures-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">A pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o aqui descrita constitui uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa de tradi\u00e7\u00f5es hist\u00f3ricas. O iWell Guard baseia-se nesta linha hist\u00f3rico-cultural de objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis e representa uma forma contempor\u00e2nea da mesma.<a href=\"\/pt-pt\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1644,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lemures","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lemures \u2013 Esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Os Lemures s\u00e3o os esp\u00edritos dos mortos inquietos ou malignos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana. Ao contr\u00e1rio dos manes","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[343,29,25,61,953],"class_list":["post-14668","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-espiritos","category-geister","category-kulturen","category-rom","category-roma"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lemures \u2013 Esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Os Lemures s\u00e3o os esp\u00edritos dos mortos inquietos ou malignos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana. 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