{"id":14285,"date":"2026-05-13T20:20:32","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wakan-tanka-2\/"},"modified":"2026-09-09T17:37:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T17:37:25","slug":"wakan-tanka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-pt\/wakan-tanka\/","title":{"rendered":"Wakan Tanka \u2013 o grande poder sagrado dos lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"14285\" class=\"elementor elementor-14285 elementor-2584 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka, grande poder sagrado e ser supremo da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka (Lakota: <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em>, Grande Poder Sagrado) \u00e9, na compreens\u00e3o religiosa dos Lakota e da fam\u00edlia lingu\u00edstica Sioux mais alargada, a realidade numinosa suprema e abrangente. \u00c9 menos uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no seio de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> personalizada no sentido ocidental do que um poder sagrado que tudo permeia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Criador da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Native American.\">Criador<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/native-american\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Poder sagrado supremo.\">Poder sagrado supremo<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-134024\" alt=\"Wakan Tanka - deuses da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o nativo-americana, ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o na religi\u00e3o Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka ocupa o centro do universo religioso dos Lakota, Dakota e Nakota, os tr\u00eas ramos principais da fam\u00edlia lingu\u00edstica Sioux.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio do Deus monote\u00edsta das religi\u00f5es abra\u00e2micas, Wakan Tanka n\u00e3o \u00e9 um ser supremo claramente personalizado, com vontade pr\u00f3pria, biografia pr\u00f3pria e voz pr\u00f3pria, mas antes o poder sagrado que tudo permeia (<em>wakan<\/em>), presente em tudo o que \u00e9 vivo e n\u00e3o vivo.<\/p><p>O te\u00f3logo Lakota Black Elk, nos seus discursos registados, sobretudo na obra compilada por John Neihardt <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932), referiu-se a Wakan Tanka como <em>Wakan Tanka unsi unkila<\/em> (o Grande Sagrado que tem compaix\u00e3o por n\u00f3s).<\/p><p>O estudioso Lakota das religi\u00f5es Vine Deloria Jr. demonstrou em <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973) que a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o simples de Wakan Tanka como <em>Great Spirit<\/em>, corrente na literatura popular desde o s\u00e9culo XIX, falha o significado genu\u00edno.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista estrutural, Wakan Tanka pertence \u00e0 classe dos <em>seres supremos omnipotentes<\/em> de alcance pan-religioso, mas \u00e9 fortemente marcado pela compreens\u00e3o Lakota do poder sagrado <em>wakan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Os Lakota conhecem uma multiplicidade de seres wakan (compar\u00e1veis aos senhores das montanhas Apu dos <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/anden-inka\/\">Andes<\/a> incas): as Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es, os seres do Trov\u00e3o (ver <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>), os esp\u00edritos dos animais, os esp\u00edritos dos antepassados \u2013 todos s\u00e3o <em>wakan<\/em>, todos fazem parte do \u00fanico poder sagrado abrangente.<\/p><p>Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> monote\u00edsta ocidental, um aspecto importante da conce\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia de uma atribui\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e9nero inequ\u00edvoca. Wakan Tanka n\u00e3o \u00e9 nem masculino nem feminino; os aspetos wakan personalizados dividem-se antes em seres masculinos, femininos e andr\u00f3ginos.<\/p><p>Esta neutralidade de g\u00e9nero da realidade suprema constitui uma diferen\u00e7a genu\u00edna face \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaico-crist\u00e3-isl\u00e2mica, com a sua imagem de Deus-Pai masculino, e tem merecido aten\u00e7\u00e3o repetida na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que investiga as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> comparativa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O conceito Lakota <em>wakan<\/em> \u00e9 um dos termos centrais da filosofia religiosa da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Sioux. Significa literalmente <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por isso, subtra\u00eddo ao uso quotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">&#8216;sagrado&#8217;<\/span><\/em>, <em>&#8216;misterioso&#8217;<\/em> ou <em>&#8216;n\u00e3o completamente compreens\u00edvel&#8217;<\/em> e \u00e9 utilizado para todo o espectro daquilo que designar\u00edamos como <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que designa o tremendum e o sublime do sagrado; conceito da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">&#8216;numinoso&#8217;<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>O linguista Lakota Stephen Riggs compilou no seu dicion\u00e1rio Lakota-Ingl\u00eas (1852) uma not\u00e1vel lista de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de wakan, desde a mulher no puerp\u00e9rio ao raio, desde a bolsa de tabaco do curandeiro at\u00e9 \u00e0 morte de um cavalo amado.<\/p><p>O complemento <em>thanka<\/em> ou <em>tanka<\/em> significa <em>&#8216;grande&#8217;<\/em> no sentido de abrangente, que tudo cont\u00e9m.<\/p><p>Assim, Wakan Thanka \u00e9 o <em>&#8216;poder sagrado abrangente que tudo cont\u00e9m&#8217;<\/em>. Nos textos teol\u00f3gicos Lakota distingue-se entre <em>wakan kin<\/em> (o sagrado em geral) e <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em> (o \u00fanico sagrado abrangente), sendo a diferen\u00e7a n\u00e3o num\u00e9rica (um contra muitos), mas qualitativa (parte contra todo).<\/p><p>Uma importante diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica foi feita pelo curandeiro Lakota Sword (Sword&#8217;s Account) na d\u00e9cada de 1890, em conversas com o antrop\u00f3logo James Walker: ele falou de dezasseis aspetos wakan distintos que, em conjunto, formam a unidade de Wakan Tanka. Esta lista encontra-se sistematicamente documentada na obra de James Walker, <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980, publicado postumamente).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estruturas Teol\u00f3gicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A estrutura teol\u00f3gica de Wakan Tanka \u00e9, segundo os curandeiros Lakota documentados por James Walker (Sword, Finger, Bad Wound, No Flesh), consideravelmente mais complexa do que a simples conce\u00e7\u00e3o de <em>Great Spirit<\/em> da literatura popular. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota distingue dezasseis aspetos wakan, hierarquicamente organizados em quatro grupos de quatro aspetos cada.<\/p><p>Os quatro superiores (<em>Wakan akantu<\/em>) compreendem: <em>Wi<\/em> (o Sol), <em>Skan<\/em> (o Movimento, energia c\u00f3smica), <em>Maka<\/em> (a Terra) e <em>Inyan<\/em> (a Pedra, a mat\u00e9ria primordial). O segundo grupo (<em>Wakan kolaya<\/em>) engloba os aspetos companheiros a eles associados: a Lua (Hanwi), o Vento (Tate), a Beleza (Wohpe) e o P\u00e1ssaro do Trov\u00e3o (Wakinyan).<\/p><p>O terceiro grupo (<em>Wakan kuya<\/em>) s\u00e3o os aspetos subordinados: o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do B\u00fafalo (Tatanka), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do Urso (Hununpa), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> dos Quatro Ventos (Tate) e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do Redemoinho (Yumni). O quarto grupo (<em>Wakan lakolapi<\/em>) s\u00e3o os esp\u00edritos auxiliares: o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> (Niya), a Sombra (Nagi), o Sopro de Vida (Naula) e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> Irm\u00e3 (Sicun).<\/p><p>Esta estrutura de dezasseis aspetos \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o genu\u00edna de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> que n\u00e3o corresponde \u00e0 suposi\u00e7\u00e3o superficial de uma religi\u00e3o Lakota uniformemente monote\u00edsta. Vine Deloria Jr. e o estudioso Lakota das religi\u00f5es Joseph Epes Brown salientaram repetidamente, nas suas obras, a import\u00e2ncia desta complexidade estrutural.<\/p><p>Os textos de Sword-Walker s\u00e3o metodologicamente complexos de avaliar. James Walker foi m\u00e9dico da reserva em Pine Ridge entre 1896 e 1914 e, nesse per\u00edodo, conduziu extensas conversas com os \u00faltimos curandeiros Lakota da gera\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9-reserva.<\/p><p>Os registos constituem uma das mais importantes fontes prim\u00e1rias, mas encontram-se parcialmente distorcidos pelos pr\u00f3prios antecedentes teol\u00f3gicos de Walker (era m\u00e9dico com forma\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental) e pelas dificuldades de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente, em particular Raymond DeMallie e Vine Deloria Jr., discutiu sistematicamente estes problemas metodol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> mitol\u00f3gica em torno de Wakan Tanka \u00e9, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com muitas outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas, notavelmente escassa em narrativas personalizadas.<\/p><p>Isso deve-se ao facto de Wakan Tanka n\u00e3o ser em si uma figura que age, mas a realidade de fundo em que as figuras atuantes surgem. A abund\u00e2ncia mitol\u00f3gica da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota diz respeito, por isso, mais aos aspetos wakan individuais do que a Wakan Tanka em si.<\/p><p>Uma constela\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00edtica central \u00e9 o aparecimento de <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/white-buffalo-calf-woman\/\">White Buffalo Calf Woman<\/a>, que, por mandato de Wakan Tanka, trouxe \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota os sete ritos sagrados (ver abaixo) e o cachimbo sagrado <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Esta narrativa, transmitida em especial por Black Elk, \u00e9 a hist\u00f3ria fundacional central da religi\u00e3o Lakota e \u00e9 recontada em quase todas as sess\u00f5es de Sweat Lodge e Vision Quest.<\/p><p>Uma segunda constela\u00e7\u00e3o narrativa abrange os mitos cosmog\u00f3nicos em torno dos av\u00f3s <em>tunkasila<\/em> (ver <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\/\">Tunkasila<\/a>) e da serpente aqu\u00e1tica <em>uncegila<\/em>. Estes mitos est\u00e3o conservados nos textos registados por George Bushotter no final do s\u00e9culo XIX e foram sistematicamente descritos pelo antrop\u00f3logo James Howard em <em>The Dakota or Sioux Indians<\/em> (1980).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sete ritos sagrados<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota conhece sete grandes ritos sagrados (<em>Owanka wakan<\/em>), todos realizados em refer\u00eancia a Wakan Tanka e atribu\u00eddos \u00e0 Mulher-Bezerro-B\u00fafalo-Branco. Est\u00e3o sistematicamente descritos na obra de Black Elk e Joseph Epes Brown <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953).<\/p><p>Os sete ritos compreendem as seguintes formas. Em primeiro lugar, o Inipi, a cabana de suor purificadora, que serve de prepara\u00e7\u00e3o ritual para todos os outros ritos. Em segundo lugar, o Hanblechiyapi, a Busca da Vis\u00e3o: um jovem ou adulto procura, sozinho nas montanhas ou num outeiro, receber uma vis\u00e3o durante v\u00e1rios dias e noites sem comer nem beber. Em terceiro lugar, o Wanagi Yuhapi, o Guardar da Alma (rito de luto), e em quarto lugar, o Hunkapi, o Fazer-Parentes (ado\u00e7\u00e3o). Em quinto lugar, o Ishna Ta Awi Cha Lowan, a inicia\u00e7\u00e3o pubert\u00e1ria das jovens mulheres. Em sexto lugar, o Tapa Wankayeyapi, o Lan\u00e7ar da Bola, uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o l\u00fadica da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00f3smica. Em s\u00e9timo lugar, o Wiwanyag Wachipi, a Dan\u00e7a do Sol.<\/p><p>Este \u00faltimo, a Dan\u00e7a do Sol, \u00e9 a pr\u00e1tica Lakota mais espetacular e religiosamente intensa. Nela, os praticantes dan\u00e7am durante v\u00e1rios dias, sem comer nem beber, em c\u00edrculo em torno de uma \u00e1rvore sagrada, alguns deles com espetos de osso atravessados na musculatura peitoral, presos \u00e0 \u00e1rvore por correias de couro.<\/p><p>A dan\u00e7a termina quando os espetos rasgam a musculatura peitoral e o praticante \u00e9 arrancado da liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 \u00e1rvore. Esta experi\u00eancia f\u00edsica \u00e9 entendida como o mais elevado <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar agradecimento, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcio<\/span> para Wakan Tanka e como porta de acesso \u00e0 vis\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Os sete ritos sagrados s\u00e3o praticados nas comunidades das reservas modernas com frequ\u00eancia vari\u00e1vel. O Inipi (cabana de suor) \u00e9 realizado regularmente em quase todos os lares da reserva; o Hanblechiyapi (Vision Quest) tem lugar em inicia\u00e7\u00f5es e em situa\u00e7\u00f5es especiais de vida; o Wiwanyag Wachipi (Dan\u00e7a do Sol) realiza-se anualmente nas maiores assembleias das reservas e conta-se entre os mais importantes eventos religiosos coletivos dos povos Sioux.<\/p><p>Os restantes ritos tornaram-se parcialmente mais raros, mas est\u00e3o a ser ativamente reativados por um movimento crescente de renova\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa ind\u00edgena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e tradi\u00e7\u00e3o apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota n\u00e3o conhece uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A invoca\u00e7\u00e3o suplicante ou conjurat\u00f3ria de uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> direta de Wakan Tanka em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de necessidade aguda, pois Wakan Tanka, enquanto realidade supra-abrangente, \u00e9 demasiado geral para ser diretamente competente em situa\u00e7\u00f5es individuais de vida. A venera\u00e7\u00e3o de car\u00e1ter protetor dirige-se antes aos aspetos wakan individuais, aos Quatro Ventos, ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> do B\u00fafalo, ao P\u00e1ssaro do Trov\u00e3o.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1ticas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o concretas incluem o uso de uma bolsa medicinal (<em>chanli<\/em>) com pedras especiais, penas, ra\u00edzes e objetos medicinais pessoais, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A invoca\u00e7\u00e3o suplicante ou conjurat\u00f3ria de uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> dos Quatro Ventos nas quatro dire\u00e7\u00f5es em cada ocasi\u00e3o ritual, a purifica\u00e7\u00e3o por fumiga\u00e7\u00e3o com s\u00e1lvia-de-b\u00fafalo (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, frequentemente com um n\u00facleo hist\u00f3rico e tra\u00e7os maravilhosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">sage<\/span>), cedro (Cedar) ou capim-doce (Sweetgrass), e o uso ritual do cachimbo sagrado <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>.<em>O tabaco (<\/em>kinnikinnick<\/p><p>) \u00e9 colocado no cachimbo em rela\u00e7\u00e3o com os Quatro Ventos, com a Terra e o C\u00e9u e com os antepassados; o ato de fumar o cachimbo torna-se em si uma forma de ora\u00e7\u00e3o wakan.<\/p><p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o apotropaica, os escudos Lakota desempenham um papel especial. Os guerreiros usavam pinturas nos seus escudos, recebidas em vis\u00e3o e associadas ao poder wakan de um determinado animal ou ser.<em>Estas pinturas nos escudos n\u00e3o eram meras decora\u00e7\u00f5es est\u00e9ticas, mas objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o rituais eficazes. Joseph Epes Brown descreveu sistematicamente a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos escudos Lakota em <\/em>The Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\" (1982).\" tabindex=\"0\">Wakan Tanka tem sido frequentemente citado na literatura comparativa da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es como exemplo americano de uma <\/span>teologia<em> de ser supremo pan-espiritualista. S\u00e3o estruturalmente compar\u00e1veis o <\/em>mana<em> polin\u00e9sio, o <\/em>mana<em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\"> melan\u00e9sio, o <\/span><\/em>qi<em> chin\u00eas, o <\/em>brahman<em> indiano e o <\/em>nyama<em> ou <\/em>.<\/p><p>nyam<\/p><p> da \u00c1frica Ocidental.<em>\u00c9 importante sublinhar que Wakan Tanka n\u00e3o \u00e9 um pante\u00edsmo em sentido estrito: os Lakota distinguem entre os aspetos wakan individuais e o pr\u00f3prio Wakan Tanka, sem que sejam id\u00eanticos entre si.<\/em>A investigadora das religi\u00f5es Aase Hultkrantz demonstrou em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Na conce\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa, a for\u00e7a vital atuante que percorre tudo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/span> (1981) esta diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o de forma sistem\u00e1tica, mostrando que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota n\u00e3o corresponde nem ao estrito <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cren\u00e7a num \u00fanico Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">monote\u00edsmo<\/span>.<\/p><p> nem ao pante\u00edsmo cl\u00e1ssico, mas a uma <em>teologia<\/em> panente\u00edsta aut\u00f3noma.<em>No interior das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es dos \u00edndios norte-americanos, Wakan Tanka apresenta estreitas afinidades com o <\/em>Manitou<em> algonquino, o <\/em>Maheo<\/p><p> Cheyenne, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Yusen<\/span> Apache, o criador Navajo e o criador Pueblo. Em todos estes casos, trata-se de conceitos de ser supremo que fundamentam um poder sagrado que tudo permeia.<\/p><p>Uma observa\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa not\u00e1vel diz respeito \u00e0 continuidade da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota mesmo na di\u00e1spora Sioux mais alargada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rece\u00e7\u00e3o e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Conce\u00e7\u00e3o segundo a qual tamb\u00e9m animais, plantas e coisas possuem alma.<em>A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.<\/em>A religi\u00e3o Lakota encontra-se, desde a cristianiza\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada dos \u00edndios das reservas no s\u00e9culo XIX e sobretudo ap\u00f3s a supress\u00e3o violenta da Dan\u00e7a do Sol (proibida em 1881, reautorizada em 1934) pelo governo dos EUA, numa fase complexa de renascimento.<\/p><p>Desde a reautoriza\u00e7\u00e3o da Dan\u00e7a do Sol em 1934 e do reconhecimento mais amplo das religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas pelo <\/p><p>American Indian Religious Freedom Act<em> (1978), a religi\u00e3o Lakota conheceu um consider\u00e1vel impulso.<\/em>, 1973; <em>No discurso acad\u00e9mico, o debate em torno de Wakan Tanka desempenhou um papel importante na desconstru\u00e7\u00e3o das descri\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas de car\u00e1ter mission\u00e1rio.<\/em>Vine Deloria Jr. (<em>God Is Red<\/em>, <em>The World We Used to Live In<\/em>, 2006), George Tinker (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Os Mdewakanton-Dakota do Minnesota, os Yankton-Sioux de Dakota do Sul e os Assiniboine de Montana e Saskatchewan desenvolveram cada um as suas pr\u00f3prias tradi\u00e7\u00f5es Wakan Tanka, que diferem em pormenores, mas partilham a linha estrutural principal da \" tabindex=\"0\">American Indian Liberation<\/span>, 2008) e o te\u00f3logo Lakota Charles Eastman (<\/p><p>The Soul of the Indian<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"teologia\" tabindex=\"0\">, 1911) afirmaram a <\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\" Lakota. Esta continuidade pan-Sioux foi sistematicamente descrita pelo antrop\u00f3logo Raymond DeMallie nos seus extensos estudos sobre os Sioux.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\"> genuinamente Lakota contra as redu\u00e7\u00f5es da miss\u00e3o crist\u00e3.<\/span>Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, Wakan Tanka \u00e9 um exemplo importante de que a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o tipol\u00f3gica simples das religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas (<\/p><p>animismo<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conce\u00e7\u00e3o segundo a qual tamb\u00e9m animais, plantas e coisas possuem alma.\" tabindex=\"0\">, <\/span>polite\u00edsmo<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cren\u00e7a em v\u00e1rios deuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">, <\/span>monote\u00edsmo<\/p><p>) falha habitualmente a riqueza teol\u00f3gica da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o em quest\u00e3o.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cren\u00e7a num \u00fanico Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">A <\/span>teologia<\/p><p> Lakota genu\u00edna n\u00e3o \u00e9 nem <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A sele\u00e7\u00e3o seguinte apresenta obras centrais da religi\u00e3o Lakota e da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os povos ind\u00edgenas norte-americanos, fundamentais para a compreens\u00e3o de Wakan Tanka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8c5672 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c8c5672\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d052194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d052194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O problema da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o de Wakan Tanka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac2c6c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ac2c6c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c442efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2c442efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No s\u00e9culo XXI, a <em>teologia<\/em> Lakota encontrou igualmente lugar no di\u00e1logo inter-religioso. Sacerdotes Lakota como Arvol Looking Horse, atual guardi\u00e3o da 19.\u00aa gera\u00e7\u00e3o do sagrado cachimbo White-Buffalo-Calf, representam a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota em assembleias da ONU, encontros de religi\u00f5es mundiais e confer\u00eancias ecum\u00e9nicas.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\" nem pante\u00edsmo, mas uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o filos\u00f3fico-religiosa aut\u00f3noma que merece o seu lugar na hist\u00f3ria comparada das religi\u00f5es. A rela\u00e7\u00e3o do iWell Guard com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota \u00e9 explicitamente de observa\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa, sem promessas de efic\u00e1cia.\" tabindex=\"0\">Estas participa\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais conduziram a um crescente reconhecimento global da religi\u00e3o Lakota, mas ao mesmo tempo favoreceram tend\u00eancias problem\u00e1ticas de apropria\u00e7\u00e3o espiritual por grupos ocidentais da Nova Era, contra as quais o Conselho de Anci\u00e3os Lakota protestou oficialmente de forma repetida desde 1993.<\/span>A seguinte sele\u00e7\u00e3o elenca obras centrais sobre a religi\u00e3o Lakota e a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os \u00edndios norte-americanos, fundamentais para a compreens\u00e3o de Wakan Tanka.<\/p><p>Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui capacidade de a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.<em>A express\u00e3o <\/em>Wakan Tanka<em> prov\u00e9m das l\u00ednguas dos Lakota, Dakota e Nakota e tem sido habitualmente traduzida na literatura angl\u00f3fona como &#8216;Grande <\/em>Esp\u00edrito&#8217;<\/p><p> ou &#8216;Grande Mist\u00e9rio&#8217;.<em>Ambas as tradu\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o problem\u00e1ticas. <\/em>Wakan<\/p><p> designa uma qualidade do sagrado, do misterioso ou do que est\u00e1 imbu\u00eddo de uma for\u00e7a especial, e <\/p><p>tanka<em> significa grande. A combina\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o pode ser traduzida sem perda para um \u00fanico nome divino.<\/em>A literatura mission\u00e1ria e etnogr\u00e1fica precoce tendia a compreender <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> como designa\u00e7\u00e3o de um \u00fanico Deus supremo correspondente ao Deus crist\u00e3o. Esta leitura foi refor\u00e7ada pelo trabalho de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o dos mission\u00e1rios, que necessitavam de um termo para o Deus crist\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do s\u00e9culo XX corrigiu esta imagem. O etn\u00f3grafo James R. Walker, que trabalhou com especialistas religiosos Lakota na Reserva de Pine Ridge no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX, tra\u00e7ou um quadro consideravelmente mais complexo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699683a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2699683a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28de6a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28de6a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka no tempo das reservas e no ressurgimento da religi\u00e3o Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22c559d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22c559d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22475154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22475154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segundo os registos de Walker, elaborados em conjunto com informantes Lakota como George Sword, <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> n\u00e3o \u00e9 um ser \u00fanico, mas uma designa\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva para uma multiplicidade de poderes e seres sagrados que podem ser simultaneamente concebidos como unidade. O material de Walker fala de v\u00e1rios aspetos ou classes do sagrado que, na sua totalidade, formam <\/p><p>Wakan Tanka<\/p><p>.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o debate ainda hoje em que medida a apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica de Walker reflete com exatid\u00e3o as conce\u00e7\u00f5es dos seus informantes e em que medida introduz no material uma ordena\u00e7\u00e3o que n\u00e3o era assim consistente. O que se pode afirmar \u00e9 que uma simples equipara\u00e7\u00e3o a um Deus monote\u00edsta n\u00e3o faz jus \u00e0s fontes.<\/p><p>Os registos sobre <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> foram produzidos sobretudo numa \u00e9poca de press\u00e3o massiva sobre a religi\u00e3o Lakota. Ap\u00f3s a derrota e a transfer\u00eancia para reservas, o governo dos EUA proibiu a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1880 cerim\u00f3nias centrais, entre elas a Dan\u00e7a do Sol.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1tica religiosa decorreu em parte de forma encoberta. A atividade de recolha de James R. Walker coincidiu precisamente com esta fase, o que significa que os seus informantes transmitiram o seu conhecimento nas condi\u00e7\u00f5es da persegui\u00e7\u00e3o.<em>Esta circunst\u00e2ncia marca o estado das fontes. Alguns especialistas religiosos transmitiram deliberadamente o seu saber, receando que de outra forma se perdesse. Outros conte\u00fados foram retidos.<\/em>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o deve, por isso, considerar que as descri\u00e7\u00f5es transmitidas cont\u00eam tanto lacunas como sele\u00e7\u00e3o consciente. Acresce a influ\u00eancia do Cristianismo, que muitos Lakota adotaram ao longo do s\u00e9culo XX, por vezes a par da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Wakan Tanka<em> s\u00e3o componentes fixos do discurso religioso.<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Ao mesmo tempo, existem dentro das comunidades Lakota debates sobre como a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser transmitida e quem est\u00e1 habilitado a faz\u00ea-lo, bem como cr\u00edticas \u00e0 apropria\u00e7\u00e3o dos conceitos por correntes esot\u00e9ricas n\u00e3o ind\u00edgenas. Para a apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica decorre daqui que <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> (1932)<\/li><li> n\u00e3o \u00e9 um tema hist\u00f3rico encerrado, mas um ponto de refer\u00eancia vivo e por vezes contestado da identidade Lakota contempor\u00e2nea.<em>Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Desde a d\u00e9cada de 1970, no \u00e2mbito do American Indian Movement e de movimentos mais amplos de direitos civis ind\u00edgenas, observa-se um claro revigoramento da religi\u00e3o Lakota. A Dan\u00e7a do Sol volta a ser realizada publicamente, e conceitos como \" tabindex=\"0\">Joseph Epes Brown: <\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>The Sacred Pipe<em>John Neihardt: <\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Black Elk Speaks<em>James Walker: <\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Lakota Belief and <em>Ritual<\/em> (1911)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (2008)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Aase Hultkrantz: <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-wakan-tanka\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard d\u00e1 continuidade \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-pt\/native-american\/\">Nativos Americanos<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 camadas, ouro maci\u00e7o, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/pt-pt\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\">George Tinker: <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p>American Indian LiberationConceitos-chave relacionados: Wakan Tanka Lakota Sioux Sweat Lodge Sun Dance Black Elk Vision Quest Chanunpa.O iWell Guard inscreve-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural-hist\u00f3rica dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da <\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. 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Sem promessas de cura.","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Wakan Tanka, ser supremo dos Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Wakan Tanka, a grande for\u00e7a sagrada dos Lakota, designa menos uma divindade personificada do que o sagrado que tudo permeia.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[940],"class_list":["post-14285","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lakota"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Wakan Tanka, ser supremo dos Lakota<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wakan Tanka, a grande for\u00e7a sagrada dos Lakota, designa menos uma divindade personificada do que o sagrado que tudo permeia.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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