{"id":14107,"date":"2026-04-27T10:35:31","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:35:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pluto-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T11:07:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T11:07:42","slug":"pluto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-pt\/pluto\/","title":{"rendered":"Pluto"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"14107\" class=\"elementor elementor-14107 elementor-1966 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto \u00e9 o deus do mundo subterr\u00e2neo e da riqueza na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana. O pr\u00f3prio nome significa \u00abo Rico\u00bb e remete para os tesouros minerais da terra. Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, Pluto \u00e9 um exemplo da ambival\u00eancia das divindades ct\u00f3nicas, simultaneamente atemorizantes e doadoras de vida, enquanto juiz dos mortos e guardi\u00e3o da terra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com compet\u00eancias bem definidas sobre for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra e fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00e3o romana desde a \u00e9poca r\u00e9gia at\u00e9 \u00e0 Antiguidade tardia, de car\u00e1cter sincretista com camadas gregas e etruscas.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do mundo subterr\u00e2neo e da morte, soberanos do al\u00e9m, ju\u00edzes dos mortos, guias das almas.\">Divindade dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-134142\" alt=\"Plut\u00e3o - deuses da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana, ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto governa o reino dos mortos juntamente com a sua esposa Proserpina. N\u00e3o \u00e9, por\u00e9m, um ser maligno, mas sim fiel ao dever e \u00e0 ordem, um senhor rigoroso do mundo subterr\u00e2neo. Os seus aspectos centrais s\u00e3o o dom\u00ednio sobre a morte, a purifica\u00e7\u00e3o pela morte, os recursos ocultos e a fertilidade subterr\u00e2nea. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> em Tarracina (Volterra) e os cultos dos Chthonii (deuses subterr\u00e2neos) atestam a amplitude da sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em s\u00edntese: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes s\u00e3o numerosas: a Eneida de Verg\u00edlio (livro 6, viagem ao mundo subterr\u00e2neo), as Metamorfoses de Ov\u00eddio, o De Natura Deorum de C\u00edcero, S\u00e9neca, inscri\u00e7\u00f5es funer\u00e1rias latinas e defixiones (t\u00e1buas de maldi\u00e7\u00e3o). A n\u00edvel secund\u00e1rio, Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Estudioso alem\u00e3o de ci\u00eancias das religi\u00f5es (1931\u20132015); obra principal Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> analisaram as liga\u00e7\u00f5es entre Pluto, Hades e as divindades subterr\u00e2neas. A sua difus\u00e3o estendeu-se pela It\u00e1lia, G\u00e1lia e \u00c1frica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura de Pluto sobreviveu ao fim da religi\u00e3o antiga. Verg\u00edlio e Ov\u00eddio fixaram o rapto de Proserpina na literatura latina, atrav\u00e9s da qual foi transmitido na Idade M\u00e9dia e no Renascimento.<\/p><p>Dante transformou Pluto numa figura do seu Inferno; Bernini criou com o Rapto de Proserpina uma das esculturas mais conhecidas do Barroco. Em 1930, o corpo celeste rec\u00e9m-descoberto na orla do sistema solar recebeu finalmente o nome do deus.<\/p><h3>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica<\/h3><p>Pluto \u00e9 o deus romano do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, da morte e da riqueza. Em contraste com o grego Hades, est\u00e1 mais estreitamente ligado ao L\u00e1cio. \u00c9 considerado necess\u00e1rio e respeitado, sem que lhe seja atribu\u00edda qualquer maldade. O seu dom\u00ednio sobre a riqueza subterr\u00e2nea associa-o \u00e0 prosperidade. Ele governa as fronteiras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era universalmente conhecido e venerado, ou respeitosamente temido, em todo o mundo romano, sem se limitar a regi\u00f5es ou locais espec\u00edficos. Tanto nos grandes centros urbanos como nas regi\u00f5es rurais perif\u00e9ricas, tanto entre as elites sociais como entre o povo simples, a import\u00e2ncia espiritual ou cultural desta entidade era reconhecida de forma consistente e universal.<\/p><p>A venera\u00e7\u00e3o do senhor do mundo subterr\u00e2neo era em Roma uma quest\u00e3o de Estado, n\u00e3o privada: os Jogos Seculares em honra de Dis Pater e Proserpina eram realizados por mandato do Senado e diziam respeito \u00e0 comunidade como um todo.<\/p><p>O grego Pluton chegou a Roma atrav\u00e9s do sul de It\u00e1lia e das suas col\u00f3nias gregas, onde se fundiu com o local Dis Pater; assim se difundiu uma imagem largamente uniforme do deus nos territ\u00f3rios sob dom\u00ednio romano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes prim\u00e1rias: Verg\u00edlio Eneida 6, Ov\u00eddio Metamorfoses 5 (rapto de Proserpina), Hor\u00e1cio Odes, Epigramas de Marcial, trag\u00e9dias de S\u00e9neca (Hercules Furens, Octavia), C\u00edcero, Apuleio Metamorfoses. Per\u00edodo: s\u00e9culo IV a.C. at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo VI d.C. Investigadores: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), Walter Burkert, Hendrik Versnel, Filippo Coarelli (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00eancia que estuda culturas do passado atrav\u00e9s de vest\u00edgios materiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>). Fontes documentais: Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, monumentos de Volsinii, Tarracina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto \u00e9 representado nas diversas fontes e tradi\u00e7\u00f5es art\u00edsticas com determinados elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos recorrentes, que se mant\u00eam relativamente constantes ao longo de d\u00e9cadas e de diferentes espa\u00e7os geogr\u00e1ficos. Estes elementos s\u00e3o profundamente codificados em termos simb\u00f3licos e revestem-se de grande significado; de modo algum s\u00e3o meramente decorativos ou escolhidos ao acaso.<\/p><p>As representa\u00e7\u00f5es de Pluto tornam leg\u00edvel o seu dom\u00ednio. O ceptro identifica-o como soberano do mundo subterr\u00e2neo; o trono ao lado de Proserpina, como rei do reino dos mortos. A cornuc\u00f3pia remete para a segunda camada de significado do nome: o grego Pluton deriva de plutos, riqueza, e alude aos tesouros e frutos da terra extra\u00eddos das suas profundezas.<\/p><p>O c\u00e3o de tr\u00eas cabe\u00e7as Kerberos ao seu lado e a carruagem com que rapta Proserpina pertencem igualmente ao repert\u00f3rio iconogr\u00e1fico fixo. Quem conhecia a linguagem visual antiga lia neles a compet\u00eancia e o estatuto do deus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era central na pr\u00e1tica religiosa, nos rituais do quotidiano e na compreens\u00e3o corrente dos romanos. As pessoas recorriam a esta entidade em situa\u00e7\u00f5es cr\u00edticas ou espec\u00edficas da vida, ou em determinadas \u00e9pocas rituais do ano, com rituais estruturados, frequentemente elaborados, ora\u00e7\u00f5es ou oferendas.<\/p><p>Em Roma, Pluto dispunha de escasso culto aut\u00f3nomo com templo pr\u00f3prio e sacerd\u00f3cio. Os ritos para as divindades do mundo subterr\u00e2neo seguiam, ainda assim, prescri\u00e7\u00f5es fixas do direito sacral romano: os sacrif\u00edcios \u00e0s divindades ct\u00f3nicas eram realizados em fossas, frequentemente de noite, e executados na maior parte das vezes sob o nome de Dis Pater, com quem Pluto se fundiu em larga medida.<\/p><p>O facto de os romanos venerarem o deus do mundo subterr\u00e2neo durante s\u00e9culos tinha raz\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas.<\/p><p>Os ritos serviam diferentes prop\u00f3sitos: destinavam-se a apaziguar os mortos e a impedir a sua intrus\u00e3o no mundo dos vivos, acompanhavam o funeral e a commemora\u00e7\u00e3o dos mortos, e nos Ludi Tarentini, os posteriores Jogos Seculares, Dis Pater e Proserpina eram invocados para afastar o infort\u00fanio da cidade e introduzir uma nova \u00e9poca.<\/p><h3>Apar\u00eancia e simbologia<\/h3><p>Pluto \u00e9 representado como um ser s\u00e9rio e majestoso, frequentemente envolto em manto escuro. Um ceptro simboliza o seu dom\u00ednio. O negro e o cinzento escuro s\u00e3o as suas cores. A papoila e o cipreste s\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por isso, subtra\u00eddo ao uso quotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrados<\/span>. Por vezes usa coroa. O solo abre-se sob os seus p\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Perfil esbo\u00e7a o dom\u00ednio de Pluto sobre seis \u00e2mbitos: a sua origem m\u00edtico-hist\u00f3rica, as pr\u00e1ticas sacerdotais e m\u00e1gicas da sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o, a sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica na arte e na simbologia, a import\u00e2ncia da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de se dirigir a uma divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria.\" tabindex=\"0\">anrufung<\/span> e do respeito pela divindade da morte, compara\u00e7\u00f5es com figuras afins de outras culturas e, por fim, uma perspectiva global sobre o seu papel c\u00f3smico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto \u00e9 a forma latina do grego Hades e deriva de divindades subterr\u00e2neas indo-europeias. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das ac\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estava enraizado na Etr\u00faria e foi adoptado por Roma. Em santu\u00e1rios it\u00e1licos (especialmente<\/p><p>Tarracina e Volsinii) os santu\u00e1rios de Pluto estavam j\u00e1 estabelecidos no s\u00e9culo V a.C. O romano Plutus (deus da prosperidade) era uma entidade distinta, mas frequentemente confundida com Pluto. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das ac\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> era menos p\u00fablico do que a devo\u00e7\u00e3o privada e a pr\u00e1tica m\u00e1gica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinat\u00e1rios<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era invocado por todos os mortais: em casos de luto, no juramento judicial (para refor\u00e7o pelo poder subterr\u00e2neo), por agricultores nas t\u00e1buas de maldi\u00e7\u00e3o (defixio) e por m\u00e1gicos na necromancia.<\/p><p>Em especial, os haruspices etruscos (ar\u00faspices) e os sacerdotes romanos dos Chthonii (sacerdotes subterr\u00e2neos) cultivavam o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das ac\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>. Nas casas privadas colocavam-se figuras de Pluto para guardar os t\u00famulos. A celebra\u00e7\u00e3o das Lemuria (9, 11 e 13 de Maio) era um rito dom\u00e9stico para apaziguar os esp\u00edritos subterr\u00e2neos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era representado como um homem barbado e s\u00e9rio, frequentemente entronizado em rochas ou cavernas, por vezes com ceptro ou serpente.<\/p><p>Os seus atributos s\u00e3o a cornuc\u00f3pia (cornucopia, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da riqueza subterr\u00e2nea), a cabe\u00e7a de papoila (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do sono e da morte), a serpente, moedas ou tesouros. Em moedas aparece entronizado ao lado de Proserpina. As l\u00e1pides sepulcrais mostram-no como juiz dos mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c2mbito de a\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de ac\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Pluto (ou Dis Pater) \u00e9 o soberano do mundo subterr\u00e2neo de Roma, irm\u00e3o de J\u00fapiter e Neptuno. \u00c9 considerado o justo administrador do al\u00e9m; a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o lhe atribui tra\u00e7os malignos. Em Roma \u00e9 invocado sem contacto visual \u2013 o suplicante vira-se e dirige-lhe a palavra.<\/p><p>A riqueza (*ploutus*, abund\u00e2ncia) est\u00e1 associada a ele porque todos os minerais e frutos da terra prov\u00eam do seu reino. \u00c9 o deus silencioso que tudo cont\u00e9m em si.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era objecto de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O acto de se dirigir a uma divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> reverente, sustentada pelo respeito perante o poder da natureza e n\u00e3o pelo temor do castigo. As <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferta a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span> consistiam em animais tingidos de negro (carneiros, touros), mel e sacrif\u00edcios de sangue.<\/p><p>As defixiones (t\u00e1buas de maldi\u00e7\u00e3o com nomes gravados) eram depositadas em t\u00famulos e templos para solicitar a Pluto justi\u00e7a ou vingan\u00e7a. As promessas feitas a Pluto eram consideradas mais vinculativas do que o juramento terreno, constituindo uma excep\u00e7\u00e3o na pr\u00e1tica religiosa romana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos de Pluto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades (grego) \u00e9 o paralelo mais directo, com fun\u00e7\u00f5es e atributos semelhantes. O etrusco Aitn\/Aita \u00e9 um proto-Pluto. No espa\u00e7o mesopot\u00e2mico, Nergal corresponde ao deus do mundo subterr\u00e2neo com fun\u00e7\u00f5es an\u00e1logas. No espa\u00e7o eg\u00edpcio, Os\u00edris encarna o dom\u00ednio sobre o al\u00e9m e o renascimento. Estas divindades partilham a ambival\u00eancia entre o terror e a necess\u00e1ria ordem c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O romano Pluto corresponde funcionalmente ao grego Hades, integrando, por\u00e9m, na pr\u00e1tica religiosa romana, refer\u00eancias ct\u00f3nicas e agr\u00edcolas adicionais. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das ac\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> sobrep\u00f5e-se ao de Dis Pater e Orcus, mas no Imp\u00e9rio \u00e9 orientado mais fortemente para a riqueza e a fertilidade do solo do que o modelo grego.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica:<\/strong> O Sheol judaico n\u00e3o \u00e9 um reino com um deus personificado, mas simplesmente o mundo dos mortos. Mais tarde (Apocal\u00edptica), s\u00e3o mencionados <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es abra\u00e2micas, um ser celeste mensageiro de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">anjos<\/span> como ju\u00edzes, mas sem equivalente a Pluto. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fus\u00e3o de concep\u00e7\u00f5es ou divindades provenientes de diferentes tradi\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismo<\/span> Hades-Pluto est\u00e1 documentado no juda\u00edsmo helen\u00edstico, mas n\u00e3o \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao corpus de escrituras sagradas can\u00f3nicas de uma religi\u00e3o; os textos n\u00e3o can\u00f3nicos s\u00e3o considerados ap\u00f3crifos.\">can\u00f3nico<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Mundo greco-romano:<\/strong> Hades \u00e9 o precursor e o paralelo de Pluto. Os romanos constru\u00edram sobre as concep\u00e7\u00f5es gregas, mas acentuaram mais a administra\u00e7\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a e a ordem. Hermes Psychopompos (guia dos mortos) \u00e9 um complemento, n\u00e3o um rival.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopot\u00e2mia:<\/strong> Nergal e Ereshkigal (deusa do mundo subterr\u00e2neo) governam juntos o reino dos mortos. Nergal partilha com Pluto o poder guerreiro e a for\u00e7a ct\u00f3nica. Ereshkigal \u00e9 uma ju\u00edza mais severa do que Proserpina.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cdndia\/\u00c1sia:<\/strong> Yama \u00e9 o deus v\u00e9dico dos mortos, que ordena a condi\u00e7\u00e3o dos falecidos. N\u00e3o existe um paralelo directo, mas a estrutura \u00e9 semelhante: ordenador do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, rigorosamente justo. No Budismo, o mundo subterr\u00e2neo \u00e9 menos personalizado, sem um equivalente a Pluto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp63e7126 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp63e7126\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9bbe5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9bbe5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dis Pater, Orcus e os nomes romanos do deus dos mortos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb0d808 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcb0d808\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75de8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp75de8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O deus romano do mundo subterr\u00e2neo surgiu sob v\u00e1rios nomes, e a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre eles \u00e9 esclarecedora para a hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es. <em>Pluto<\/em> \u00e9 em si a forma latinizada do ep\u00edteto grego <em>Plouton<\/em>, \u00abo Rico\u00bb, e chegou a Roma com a adop\u00e7\u00e3o das concep\u00e7\u00f5es gregas. A par disso, existiam designa\u00e7\u00f5es mais antigas de origem local.<\/p><p>A mais importante \u00e9 <em>Dis Pater<\/em>, \u00abo Pai Rico\u00bb. O nome <em>Dis<\/em> \u00e9 considerado uma contrac\u00e7\u00e3o de <em>dives<\/em>, \u00abrico\u00bb, sendo assim uma correspond\u00eancia latina exacta do grego Plouton. Aqui tamb\u00e9m a riqueza remete para o que jaz sob a terra: o cereal e os tesouros do solo.<\/p><p>Um terceiro nome \u00e9 <em>Orcus<\/em>, cuja origem \u00e9 controvertida; Orcus podia designar tanto o deus como o pr\u00f3prio mundo subterr\u00e2neo e um poder punitivo e intimidat\u00f3rio. De Orcus deriva, por vias indirectas, o italiano <em>orco<\/em> e, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, a palavra \u00abogre\u00bb.<\/p><p>Esta multiplicidade de nomes mostra que a concep\u00e7\u00e3o romana do deus dos mortos se alimentava de v\u00e1rias fontes: de uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o local associada a Dis Pater e Orcus, e da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> grega, que com o nome Pluto trouxe consigo a elaborada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas sobre deuses transmitidas por uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> de Hades.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o parte do princ\u00edpio de que as concep\u00e7\u00f5es romanas originais eram, na sua origem, menos personificadas e menos ricas em mitos do que as gregas. S\u00f3 atrav\u00e9s da equipara\u00e7\u00e3o com Hades-Plouton o deus romano do mundo subterr\u00e2neo adquiriu a sua forma elaborada e as suas narrativas, sobretudo o rapto de <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/proserpina\/\">Proserpina<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc860d54 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc860d54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpabb6594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpabb6594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os Ludi Tarentini e o altar no Campo de Marte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9b61d10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9b61d10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf79ffd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf79ffd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das ac\u00e7\u00f5es de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> romano pr\u00f3prio de Dis Pater e Proserpina tinha o seu centro no Campo de Marte, num lugar chamado <em>Tarentum<\/em> ou <em>Terentum<\/em>. A\u00ed se encontrava um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Local elevado ou mesa destinada a sacrif\u00edcios e actos religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> subterr\u00e2neo, que apenas era descoberto e utilizado em ocasi\u00f5es determinadas.<\/p><p>Segundo a lenda fundacional, um sabino chamado Valesius teria ali escavado e deparado com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Local elevado ou mesa destinada a sacrif\u00edcios e actos religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> ao procurar cura para os seus filhos.<\/p><p>Neste local eram celebrados os <em>Ludi Tarentini<\/em>, jogos nocturnos e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferta a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcios<\/span> para as divindades subterr\u00e2neas.<\/p><p>Desta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o desenvolveram-se os <em>Ludi Saeculares<\/em>, os Jogos Seculares, celebrados apenas uma vez em cada <em>saeculum<\/em>, um per\u00edodo de cerca de cem ou cento e dez anos, com o fundamento de que nenhum ser humano deveria assistir a eles duas vezes. Os jogos marcavam a transi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma \u00e9poca para a seguinte.<\/p><p>Particularmente bem documentados s\u00e3o os Jogos Seculares que o imperador Augusto mandou organizar no ano 17 a.C.<\/p><p>Para essa ocasi\u00e3o, Hor\u00e1cio comp\u00f4s o <em>Carmen Saeculare<\/em>, cantado por coros de rapazes e raparigas. Conserva-se uma inscri\u00e7\u00e3o que documenta o programa da festa e \u00e9 considerada uma fonte importante.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, este dado \u00e9 significativo: demonstra que Dis Pater, no culto do Estado romano, ultrapassou o papel de receptor de ritos f\u00fanebres privados. Aparece a\u00ed como um poder ligado ao curso das grandes \u00e9pocas e \u00e0 renova\u00e7\u00e3o ritual da comunidade. Os sacrif\u00edcios nocturnos e sombrios para as divindades subterr\u00e2neas faziam assim parte do repert\u00f3rio fixo do calend\u00e1rio festivo romano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp303ceab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp303ceab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40a75b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40a75b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Riqueza das profundezas: Pluto, minera\u00e7\u00e3o e fertilidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd3c2a83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd3c2a83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cdbc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cdbc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O tra\u00e7o mais saliente de Pluto \u00e9 o seu pr\u00f3prio nome: \u00abo Rico\u00bb. Esta associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre deus dos mortos e riqueza n\u00e3o \u00e9 acidental, mas a express\u00e3o de uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o coerente.<\/p><p>A terra para onde os mortos descem \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo a terra de onde o cereal brota e onde os metais e as pedras preciosas se encontram depositados. Quem governa o mundo subterr\u00e2neo governa tamb\u00e9m esses tesouros.<\/p><p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span>, Pluto estava por isso associado \u00e0 riqueza do solo, tanto \u00e0 agricultura como \u00e0 minera\u00e7\u00e3o. O deus grego <em>Plutos<\/em>, uma personifica\u00e7\u00e3o da riqueza em sentido estrito, deve ser distinguido de Plouton, mas os dois nomes s\u00e3o t\u00e3o pr\u00f3ximos que j\u00e1 na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span> eram confundidos.<\/p><p>A estreita liga\u00e7\u00e3o do deus do mundo subterr\u00e2neo a Proserpina, que surge ela pr\u00f3pria como deusa da vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o, refor\u00e7a este aspecto: o seu subir e descer anual est\u00e1 associado ao crescimento e ao decl\u00ednio dos frutos do campo.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, este dado ilustra que os romanos e os gregos n\u00e3o concebiam a morte e a fertilidade como puros opostos. A mesma terra que devora tamb\u00e9m faz brotar. O deus dos mortos \u00e9 por isso mais do que uma figura atemorizante: \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo o garante de um ciclo de que os vivos dependem.<\/p><p>Na arte pl\u00e1stica, Pluto era ocasionalmente representado com uma cornuc\u00f3pia, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da abund\u00e2ncia, tornando vis\u00edvel este lado positivo. Nos sacrif\u00edcios que lhe eram dirigidos, aplicavam-se, ainda assim, as formas habituais para as divindades ct\u00f3nicas: animais escuros, sangue derramado para dentro da terra, uma atitude ritual s\u00e9ria e voltada para as profundezas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7308312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7308312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3e9d09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3e9d09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De deus a planeta an\u00e3o: a hist\u00f3ria moderna do nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72760ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp72760ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64c91ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64c91ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>O nome Pluto conheceu no s\u00e9culo XX uma segunda carreira, bem distante da religi\u00e3o antiga. Quando em 1930, no Observat\u00f3rio Lowell, no Arizona, foi descoberto um novo corpo celeste para al\u00e9m de Neptuno, procurou-se um nome.<\/span><\/p><p>A proposta partiu de Venetia Burney, uma rapariga de onze anos de Oxford que se interessava pela <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas sobre deuses transmitidas por uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span>. O nome de um deus do mundo subterr\u00e2neo sombrio e distante parecia adequado a um corpo celeste frio e long\u00ednquo.<\/p><p>A proposta vingou tamb\u00e9m porque as duas primeiras letras do nome, P e L, eram simultaneamente as iniciais de Percival Lowell, o fundador do observat\u00f3rio que durante muito tempo havia procurado um tal planeta.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> astron\u00f3mico do corpo celeste re\u00fane estas duas letras. Pluto foi inicialmente considerado o nono planeta do sistema solar. Em 2006, foi reclassificado pela Uni\u00e3o Astron\u00f3mica Internacional como planeta an\u00e3o, uma decis\u00e3o que suscitou reac\u00e7\u00f5es invulgarmente intensas junto do p\u00fablico.<\/span><\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, este epis\u00f3dio \u00e9 um exemplo da persist\u00eancia dos nomes de deuses antigos na linguagem cient\u00edfica moderna.<\/p><p>\u00c0 semelhan\u00e7a dos planetas J\u00fapiter, Marte, V\u00e9nus e Neptuno, tamb\u00e9m este corpo celeste porta o nome de um deus romano, e com ele migrou todo um campo conceptual: o maior sat\u00e9lite de Pluto chama-se Caronte, em alus\u00e3o ao barqueiro do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, e outros sat\u00e9lites t\u00eam nomes como Estige e Kerberos.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> geografia do al\u00e9m, despida do seu conte\u00fado religioso, tornou-se assim um reservat\u00f3rio para a nomenclatura astron\u00f3mica. O deus dos mortos dos romanos \u00e9 hoje conhecido pela maioria das pessoas sobretudo como um distante corpo de gelo na orla do sistema solar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liga\u00e7\u00f5es complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/rom\/\">Roma, cultura<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/proserpina\/\">Proserpina, esposa, rainha do mundo subterr\u00e2neo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/hades\/\">Hades, correspond\u00eancia grega<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Turcan, Robert: <em>The Cults of the Roman Empire<\/em>. Blackwell Publishers, 1996.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enquanto <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no \u00e2mbito de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span><\/em> da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o romana, Pluto funde o grego Hades com antigas concep\u00e7\u00f5es it\u00e1licas sobre a riqueza da terra e governa o reino dos mortos, os tesouros do subsolo e as camadas subterr\u00e2neas do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1737,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pluto","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pluto \u2013 deus romano do mundo subterr\u00e2neo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o escrita relativa a Pluto remonta v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos ao passado, existindo muito provavelmente tradi\u00e7\u00f5es orais ainda mais antigas 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