{"id":13996,"date":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/upyr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T11:04:36","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T11:04:36","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-pt\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"13996\" class=\"elementor elementor-13996 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, dem\u00f3nio da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eslava<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia prejudicial ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f3nio<\/span> da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eslava.<\/p><p>O revenente eslavo, antepassado primordial da figura moderna do vampiro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dem\u00f3nio \/ Dem\u00f3nia: Ser sobrenatural com efeito geralmente prejudicial ou ambivalente. Situa-se entre os deuses e os homens, provoca doen\u00e7as, tenta\u00e7\u00e3o ou desgra\u00e7a, e \u00e9 afastado por meio de conjura\u00e7\u00f5es, apotropaica e rituais.\">Dem\u00f3nio<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/slawisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia eslava e religi\u00e3o popular, com sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 a partir do s\u00e9culo X.\">Eslavo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-134165\" alt=\"Upyr - dem\u00f3nios da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eslava, ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Upyr \u00e9 a figura central do revenente na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida atrav\u00e9s de costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span>, e o antecessor hist\u00f3rico imediato da figura moderna do vampiro. Um falecido que se levanta da sepultura, suga o sangue dos vivos, dizima primeiro a pr\u00f3pria fam\u00edlia e depois a aldeia, e s\u00f3 pode ser definitivamente sepultado atrav\u00e9s de ritos espec\u00edficos.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio do Draugr n\u00f3rdico, o Upyr \u00e9 mais \u00e1gil, ataca de noite e pode mover-se livremente fora do cemit\u00e9rio.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eslava do Upyr \u00e9 central para a hist\u00f3ria europeia do vampiro. Atrav\u00e9s de relatos de viagem provenientes dos Balc\u00e3s no s\u00e9culo XVIII (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, o caso austr\u00edaco de Arnod Paole), o fen\u00f3meno torna-se conhecido na Europa Ocidental.<\/p><p>A partir da\u00ed desenvolve-se, por via de Polidori, Le Fanu e Bram Stoker, a literatura moderna sobre vampiros. Variantes regionais: eslavo oriental <em>Upyr<\/em>, polaco <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, romeno <em>Strigoi<\/em>, eslavo meridional <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vis\u00e3o geral r\u00e1pida: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Revenente eslavo, precursor do vampiro<br>Origem: Mortos n\u00e3o baptizados, suicidas, amaldi\u00e7oados, excomungados<br>Textos: actas eclesi\u00e1sticas eslavas (a partir do s\u00e9c. XI), relatos balc\u00e2nicos do s\u00e9c. XVIII, Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Per\u00edodo: da Idade M\u00e9dia at\u00e9 ao presente<br>Protec\u00e7\u00e3o: estaca de madeira de \u00e1lamo tremedor, decapita\u00e7\u00e3o, crema\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Primeiros registos escritos em documentos eclesi\u00e1sticos eslavos do s\u00e9culo XI. Relatos abundantes no s\u00e9culo XVIII (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 sobre Arnod Paole; outras investiga\u00e7\u00f5es habsburgicas). Recep\u00e7\u00e3o liter\u00e1ria: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espa\u00e7o cultural eslavo, da R\u00fassia aos Balc\u00e3s, com uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> particularmente densa na S\u00e9rvia, Bulg\u00e1ria, Rom\u00e9nia (Strigoi) e Pol\u00f3nia. Atrav\u00e9s da coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o habsburgica e da recep\u00e7\u00e3o liter\u00e1ria, estendeu-se \u00e0 Europa Ocidental e ao mundo inteiro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Actas eclesi\u00e1sticas eslavas, protocolos habsburgicos de exuma\u00e7\u00e3o (s\u00e9c. XVIII), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci \u00abThe Vampire in Roumania\u00bb (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), folklor\u00edstica balc\u00e2nica e eslava moderna.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Russo:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Polaco: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Checo\/Eslovaco: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Romeno: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (do lat. <em>strix<\/em>, n\u00e3o eslavo, mas no mesmo campo sem\u00e2ntico).<br>Eslavo meridional: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; em s\u00e9rvio tamb\u00e9m <em>Vampir<\/em>, fonte lexical do termo internacionalmente conhecido.<br>Ucraniano: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>A forma s\u00e9rvia <em>Vampir<\/em> aparece nos protocolos habsburgicos do s\u00e9culo XVIII e a partir da\u00ed \u00e9 difundida mundialmente pela imprensa austr\u00edaca e alem\u00e3. O artigo \u00abVampyr\u00bb no dicion\u00e1rio franc\u00eas Tr\u00e9voux (1721) \u00e9 um dos primeiros registos do termo consagrado internacionalmente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Ap\u00f3s a exuma\u00e7\u00e3o, apresenta-se surpreendentemente fresco: rosto vermelho, sangue n\u00e3o coagulado no cora\u00e7\u00e3o, unhas e cabelos crescidos, boca manchada de sangue. Do ponto de vista etnogr\u00e1fico, isto \u00e9 explic\u00e1vel pelos processos naturais de decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o; para os contempor\u00e2neos, era prova da actividade vamp\u00edrica. Em actividade nocturna: figura sombria, por vezes como animal (lobo, c\u00e3o), por vezes como n\u00e9voa.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamento<\/strong><\/p><p>Abandona a sepultura de noite, ataca primeiro os familiares (da\u00ed \u00abprimeiro a pr\u00f3pria fam\u00edlia\u00bb), depois a aldeia. Suga sangue, provoca esgotamento, doen\u00e7a e morte. Quem morre por mordida de Upyr torna-se ele pr\u00f3prio um Upyr. Aldeias afectadas sofrem verdadeiras s\u00e9ries de mortes.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c2mbito de ac\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>A pr\u00f3pria aldeia e os lugares circundantes. Pode por vezes deslocar-se mais longe quando a \u00e1rea fica deserta. Dias de fronteira (Jurjevden, Natal, Epifania) s\u00e3o per\u00edodos de actividade acrescida.<\/p><p><strong>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa popular, torna-se Upyr a pessoa que morre sem baptismo, por suic\u00eddio, excomungada, amaldi\u00e7oada ou como feiticeira. Tamb\u00e9m os indiv\u00edduos nascidos com \u00abdois cora\u00e7\u00f5es\u00bb ou \u00abduas almas\u00bb s\u00e3o considerados em risco. O desenvolvimento do revenente eslavo para o vampiro moderno processa-se ao longo de s\u00e9culos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes do Upyr de relance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pessoas n\u00e3o baptizadas, suicidas, amaldi\u00e7oadas, excomungadas ou falecidas como feiticeiras. Surge em caso de sepultura incorrecta ou de falha moral em vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relativo a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primeiro a pr\u00f3pria fam\u00edlia, depois a aldeia. Cada pessoa que morre por mordida de Upyr torna-se ela pr\u00f3pria um Upyr, propaga\u00e7\u00e3o semelhante a uma epidemia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s a exuma\u00e7\u00e3o: vermelho, inchado, com sangue n\u00e3o coagulado e unhas crescidas. \u00c0 noite: figura sombria, como animal (lobo, c\u00e3o) ou n\u00e9voa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Suga o sangue dos vivos, provoca esgotamento, doen\u00e7a e morte. S\u00e9ries de mortes em aldeia. Propaga\u00e7\u00e3o por transmiss\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s da mordida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defesa contra o Upyr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exuma\u00e7\u00e3o e perfura\u00e7\u00e3o com estaca de madeira de \u00e1lamo tremedor, decapita\u00e7\u00e3o, crema\u00e7\u00e3o, re-enterramento com o rosto voltado para baixo. Alho, incenso, cruzes; modalidade de sepultura protectora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seres afins<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germ\u00e2nico), figura moderna do vampiro (Stoker), Strigoi romeno, Vrykolakas grego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o e combate aos vampiros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sepultura preventiva<\/strong><\/p><p>Quem \u00e9 considerado em risco de se tornar Upyr (suic\u00eddio, falta de baptismo, excomunh\u00e3o) \u00e9 sepultado com cuidado especial: rosto voltado para baixo, dedos grandes dos p\u00e9s amarrados, boca preenchida com uma pedra, sepultura coberta com uma foice (para que o revenente se decapitasse a si pr\u00f3prio caso tentasse levantar-se).<\/p><p><strong>Em caso de suspeita<\/strong><\/p><p>Uma s\u00e9rie de mortes na aldeia desencadeia a ca\u00e7a ao vampiro. A comunidade da aldeia exuma as sepulturas suspeitas. Sinais de actividade vamp\u00edrica: cad\u00e1ver fresco, boca vermelha, sangue n\u00e3o coagulado, unhas crescidas. Em seguida: perfura\u00e7\u00e3o com estaca de madeira de \u00e1lamo tremedor, decapita\u00e7\u00e3o, crema\u00e7\u00e3o em chama viva, cinzas lan\u00e7adas ao rio. Em algumas regi\u00f5es, o cora\u00e7\u00e3o era queimado separadamente.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e protec\u00e7\u00e3o da casa<\/strong><\/p><p>Alho nas janelas e nas portas. Incenso no interior da casa. Cruz de prata junto \u00e0 cama. Protec\u00e7\u00e3o das crian\u00e7as com fios vermelhos nos pulsos. Em per\u00edodos de risco acrescido (ap\u00f3s uma s\u00e9rie de mortes na aldeia): os membros da fam\u00edlia dormem juntos, com amuletos protectores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do Upyr ao vampiro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Relat\u00f3rios habsburgicos do s\u00e9culo XVIII<\/strong><\/p><p>Em 1732, Johann Fl\u00fcckinger investiga, por ordem do ex\u00e9rcito austr\u00edaco, o caso de Arnod Paole na S\u00e9rvia e redige o relat\u00f3rio <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. O documento torna o fen\u00f3meno vamp\u00edrico conhecido em Viena, Paris e Londres. Um debate sobre o vampiro abala o mundo intelectual iluminista.<\/p><p><strong>Nascimento liter\u00e1rio<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) introduz a figura na literatura de sal\u00e3o. <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) de Sheridan Le Fanu estabelece a vampira feminina. <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) de Bram Stoker torna-se a figura central da literatura moderna sobre vampiros, explicitamente situado nas margens romeno-eslavas.<\/p><p><strong>Continua\u00e7\u00e3o moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> do Upyr mant\u00e9m-se activo na literatura romena, polaca e eslava (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>Die Jakobsb\u00fccher<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows e in\u00fameras outras adapta\u00e7\u00f5es assentam directa ou indirectamente na figura eslava original, frequentemente sem reconhecer essa origem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Upyr nos primeiros testemunhos escritos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo <em>upyr<\/em> figura entre as palavras mais antigas atestadas da cren\u00e7a eslava no vampiro. Um dos registos mais citados encontra-se num manuscrito antigo-russo, no qual um copista usa como apelido ou alcunha <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, que significa aproximadamente &#8216;o Upir mau&#8217;.<\/p><p>A data\u00e7\u00e3o deste registo no s\u00e9culo XI \u00e9 debatida na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00e9mica, mas \u00e9 considerado um dos mais antigos ind\u00edcios de que a palavra j\u00e1 era corrente no espa\u00e7o eslavo oriental numa \u00e9poca remota.<\/p><p>Um outro registo importante \u00e9 um serm\u00e3o em eslavo eclesi\u00e1stico antigo contra pr\u00e1ticas pag\u00e3s, que censura os sacrif\u00edcios oferecidos a <em>upyri<\/em> e a <em>beregini<\/em>. Este texto coloca o Upyr numa mesma categoria com outros seres espirituais aos quais o povo comum oferecia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferta a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcios<\/span>.<\/p><p>Daqui se pode concluir que o Upyr n\u00e3o era originalmente apenas o revenente sugador de sangue da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> mais tardia, mas parte de um espectro mais amplo de seres espirituais que recebiam venera\u00e7\u00e3o cultual.<\/p><p>Estes registos precoces s\u00e3o linguisticamente elucidativos, mas parcos em conte\u00fado. Mencionam a palavra, mas mal descrevem o ser. A imagem detalhada do Upyr como revenente que abandona de noite a sua sepultura prov\u00e9m de fontes consideravelmente mais tardias, sobretudo da \u00c9poca Moderna e dos registos etnogr\u00e1ficos do s\u00e9culo XIX.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00e9mica recomenda por isso cautela: n\u00e3o \u00e9 l\u00edcito projectar retrospectivamente, sem an\u00e1lise cr\u00edtica, a imagem posterior e plenamente desenvolvida do vampiro nos registos medievais. O que \u00e9 certo \u00e9 apenas que a palavra \u00e9 antiga e que designou desde o in\u00edcio um ser temido, associado ao culto dos mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A etimologia de uma palavra controversa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A origem da palavra <em>upyr<\/em> pertence \u00e0s quest\u00f5es n\u00e3o resolvidas da lingu\u00edstica eslava. V\u00e1rias interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es coexistem sem que nenhuma tenha prevalecido de forma definitiva.<\/p><p>Uma proposta frequente decomp\u00f5e a palavra num prefixo de nega\u00e7\u00e3o ou intensifica\u00e7\u00e3o e num radical relacionado com voo ou com penas, o que interpretaria o Upyr como um ser capaz de voar ou de agitar asas.<\/p><p>Uma outra proposta associa o radical a uma palavra que designa incha\u00e7o ou distens\u00e3o, o que corresponderia \u00e0 imagem, bem atestada etnograficamente, do cad\u00e1ver vamp\u00edrico repleto e n\u00e3o decomposto.<\/p><p>A clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 dificultada pelo facto de a palavra ocorrer em quase todas as l\u00ednguas eslavas, cada uma com varia\u00e7\u00f5es fon\u00e9ticas.<\/p><p>A forma eslava meridional <em>vampir<\/em> \u00e9 aquela que, por via do alem\u00e3o e do franc\u00eas no s\u00e9culo XVIII, chegou \u00e0s l\u00ednguas da Europa Ocidental e a\u00ed se tornou a palavra internacional para toda esta classe de seres. O polaco <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, o ucraniano <em>upyr<\/em>, o russo <em>upyr<\/em> e outras formas pertencem ao mesmo radical.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica v\u00ea nesta ampla distribui\u00e7\u00e3o um argumento a favor de que a palavra e o conceito por ela designado j\u00e1 existiam em \u00e9poca eslava primitiva. Qual das etimologias propostas \u00e9 a correcta permanece em aberto, e alguns investigadores consideram mesmo a palavra um empr\u00e9stimo de uma l\u00edngua n\u00e3o eslava, o que complica ainda mais a situa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Importante para a an\u00e1lise em ci\u00eancias das religi\u00f5es \u00e9 a constata\u00e7\u00e3o de que o pr\u00f3prio nome constitui j\u00e1 um legado antigo e de dif\u00edcil decifra\u00e7\u00e3o, e n\u00e3o uma cria\u00e7\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida atrav\u00e9s de costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Upyr e o debate europeu sobre vampiros do s\u00e9culo XVIII<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A cren\u00e7a eslava no vampiro entrou no campo de vis\u00e3o da erudi\u00e7\u00e3o da Europa Ocidental no s\u00e9culo XVIII, e o Upyr \u2013 bem como os seus parentes eslavos meridionais \u2013 ocupavam o centro das aten\u00e7\u00f5es. O ponto de partida foram v\u00e1rios casos que causaram sensa\u00e7\u00e3o nas zonas fronteiri\u00e7as habsburgicas dos Balc\u00e3s.<\/p><p>Tornaram-se particularmente conhecidos o caso de Arnold Paole e o caso de Petar Blagojevi\u0107 nos anos 1720 e 1730, nos quais autoridades austr\u00edacas e m\u00e9dicos militares redigiram relat\u00f3rios oficiais de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre alegados vampiros.<\/p><p>Estes relat\u00f3rios foram impressos na Europa e desencadearam um amplo debate acad\u00e9mico. M\u00e9dicos, te\u00f3logos e fil\u00f3sofos discutiram se os vampiros existiam, como explicar os fen\u00f3menos descritos e que posi\u00e7\u00e3o deveriam adoptar a Igreja e o Estado.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O beneditino Augustin Calmet publicou em 1746 um tratado muito lido, no qual reuniu e examinou criticamente o material sem chegar a um ju\u00edzo claro. A filosofia iluminista reagiu com maior firmeza e usou a cren\u00e7a nos vampiros como exemplo de supersti\u00e7\u00e3o e credulidade eclesi\u00e1stica.<\/span><\/p><p>Para a an\u00e1lise em ci\u00eancias das religi\u00f5es, este epis\u00f3dio \u00e9 significativo em dois aspectos. Em primeiro lugar, forneceu algumas das descri\u00e7\u00f5es mais detalhadas e antigas da concep\u00e7\u00e3o eslava do vampiro, incluindo as pr\u00e1ticas de exuma\u00e7\u00e3o e de empalamento.<\/p><p>Em segundo lugar, revela o momento em que uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cren\u00e7as e pr\u00e1ticas religiosas difundidas no quotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">cren\u00e7a popular<\/span> regional se tornou objecto de discuss\u00e3o em toda a Europa, abrindo assim o caminho para a literatura e, por fim, para a cultura popular moderna. O vampiro liter\u00e1rio do s\u00e9culo XIX, desde o conto de John Polidori at\u00e9 ao <em>Dracula<\/em> de Bram Stoker, seria inconceb\u00edvel sem este debate do s\u00e9culo XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liga\u00e7\u00f5es complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liga\u00e7\u00f5es internas recomendadas:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/slawisch\/\">Eslavo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/baba-jaga\/\">Baba Iaga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/leshy\/\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/kikimora\/\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> (precursor)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-pt\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a> (revenente germ\u00e2nico)<\/li><li>Moderno: Bram Stoker, literatura sobre vampiros<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Uma selec\u00e7\u00e3o de obras fundamentais sobre o Upyr\/vampiro:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida atrav\u00e9s de costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u00abThe Vampire in Roumania.\u00bb In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida atrav\u00e9s de costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Outras obras de refer\u00eancia no <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/literatur\/\">\u00edndice bibliogr\u00e1fico<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">A pr\u00e1tica de protec\u00e7\u00e3o aqui descrita constitui uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica de tradi\u00e7\u00f5es hist\u00f3ricas. O iWell Guard insere-se nesta linha hist\u00f3rico-cultural de objectos de protec\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis e representa uma forma contempor\u00e2nea da mesma. <a href=\"\/pt-pt\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Saiba mais sobre o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr \u2013 Dem\u00f3nio da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eslava | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, revenente eslavo e antepassado primordial da figura moderna do vampiro \u2013 rituais funer\u00e1rios, medidas de protec\u00e7\u00e3o e a hist\u00f3ria da 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