{"id":40145,"date":"2026-07-28T20:29:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T20:29:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shiva-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T20:29:58","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T20:29:58","slug":"shiva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/shiva\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"40145\" class=\"elementor elementor-40145 elementor-1994\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9 o deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta.<\/p><p><strong>O destruidor e renovador, o deus dan\u00e7arino da medita\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas, for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado por cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templ\u00e1rias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hinduismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mundos divinos, as\u00faricos e protetores do hindu\u00edsmo, do v\u00e9dico ao t\u00e2ntrico.\">Hindu\u00edsmo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1729\" alt=\"Shiva \u2013 hinduistischer Hochgott der Zerst\u00f6rung und Erneuerung\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9 uma das tr\u00eas divindades da Trimurti, aquela tr\u00edade c\u00f3smica que cria, sustenta e destr\u00f3i o universo. Com o seu terceiro olho, que transforma mundos em cinza, com o tridente na m\u00e3o e serpentes em volta do pesco\u00e7o, Shiva dan\u00e7a o *Nataraja*, a Dan\u00e7a C\u00f3smica, que subverte o tempo, o espa\u00e7o e a mat\u00e9ria.<\/p><p>Um deus dos extremos: o asceta selvagem na caverna do Himalaia, e ao mesmo tempo o esposo amoroso de Parvati e pai de Ganesha. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu, \u00e9 venerado simultaneamente como destruidor e renovador do cosmos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Shiva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal do hindu\u00edsmo, destruidor e transformador (Trimurti), patrono dos ascetas<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Hindu\u00edsmo (em especial o Shaivismo, uma das duas maiores confiss\u00f5es hindu\u00edstas)<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: Destrui\u00e7\u00e3o e reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o do universo, dan\u00e7a c\u00f3smica, Yoga, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religioso-ritual no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, com doutrina das polaridades energ\u00e9ticas.\">Tantra<\/span><br>Atributos principais: Trishula (tridente), Damaru (tambor), terceiro olho, serpentes, crescente lunar, saiote de pele de tigre<br>Locais de culto principais: Varanasi (Kashi-Vishwanath), Mt. Kailash (Tibet), Kedarnath, Rameswaram, os 12 Jyotirlingas<br>Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es principais: Nataraja (dan\u00e7arino c\u00f3smico), Bhairava (irado), Ardhanarishvara (andr\u00f3gino), Lingam (s\u00edmbolo informe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00edmbolo<\/span>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva se desenvolve a partir do deus v\u00e9dico da tempestade e da cura <em>Rudra<\/em> (Rigveda, 1200-900 a.C.); nos hinos v\u00e9dicos, Rudra \u00e9 ainda uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> perif\u00e9rica e temida. Ascens\u00e3o a divindade principal nas <em>Pur\u00e2nas<\/em> (em especial no <em>\u015aaiva Pur\u00e2na<\/em> e no <em>Linga Pur\u00e2na<\/em>, s\u00e9cs. IV-X d.C.).<\/p><p>Per\u00edodo de maior florescimento das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e2ntricas Shaiva a partir do s\u00e9culo VIII (K\u00e2p\u00e2lika, K\u00e2l\u00e2mukha, Shaiva-Siddh\u00e2nta, escola Trikasamb \u00e2ntha do Shaivismo da Caxemira com Abhinavagupta). Na regi\u00e3o tamil, o importante corpus Bhakti dos <em>N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs<\/em> (s\u00e9cs. VI-IX). Atualmente, uma das tr\u00eas principais divindades hindu\u00edstas, a par de Vishnu e Devi; a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Shaiva abrange cerca de um ter\u00e7o de todos os hindu\u00edstas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Locais de culto principais: <strong>Varanasi<\/strong> (Kashi, com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> Kashi-Vishwanath, um dos lugares mais sagrados do hindu\u00edsmo, onde a morte \u00e9 considerada a entrada direta no Mok\u1e63a), <strong>Mt. Kailash<\/strong> (no Tibete ocidental, a sua resid\u00eancia m\u00edtica), <strong>Kedarnath<\/strong> (Uttarakhand, Himalaia), <strong>Rameswaram<\/strong> (Tamil Nadu, um dos quatro locais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o Char Dham).<\/p><p>Os <em>Doze Jyotirlingas<\/em> formam uma cadeia principal de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma pessoa que realiza uma viagem de car\u00e1ter religioso a um lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> que abrange geograficamente toda a \u00cdndia: Somnath, Mallikarjuna, Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), Omkareshwar, Kedarnath, Bhimashankar, Kashi-Vishwanath, Trimbakeshwar, Vaidyanath, Nageshwar, Rameshwar, Ghushmeshwar. Na regi\u00e3o tamil, <strong>Chidambaram<\/strong> \u00e9 o centro teol\u00f3gico da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Shaiva tamil, enquanto centro de culto do Nataraja. Internacionalmente, em todo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> hindu\u00edsta com venera\u00e7\u00e3o do Lingam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes centrais: <em>Rigveda<\/em> (hinos a Rudra, em especial Rg.V. 2.33), o <em>\u015aaiva Pur\u00e2na<\/em>, <em>Linga Pur\u00e2na<\/em>, <em>Skanda Pur\u00e2na<\/em>, <em>K\u00fbrma Pur\u00e2na<\/em>. Textos t\u00e2ntricos: <em>Vij\u00f1\u00e2na Bhairava T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>M\u00e2linivijayottara T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Svacchanda T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Netra T\u00e2ntra<\/em>. Bhakti tamil: <em>Tev\u00e2ram<\/em> dos tr\u00eas N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs (Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar) e <em>Tiruv\u00e2cakam<\/em> de Manikkav\u00e2cakar.<\/p><p>Shaivismo da Caxemira: <em>Tantr\u00e2loka<\/em> de Abhinavagupta. Literatura secund\u00e1ria: Doniger, <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em> (cl\u00e1ssico); Sanderson, <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>; Kramrisch, <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9 representado como um deus de garganta azul, frequentemente nu ou coberto com pele de tigre, o cabelo apanhado num coque do qual desce um crescente lunar e o rio Ganga. O seu terceiro olho, vertical na testa, transforma-se numa arma na hora da c\u00f3lera.<\/p><p>No cabelo de Shiva habitam a lua e a pr\u00f3pria Ganga. Ele porta um tridente (Trishula), um pequeno tambor (Damaru) e serpentes como adorno. O Lingam, uma forma abstrata e f\u00e1lica, \u00e9 o seu principal s\u00edmbolo de venera\u00e7\u00e3o. A cinza (Vibhuti) na sua pele remete para a ren\u00fancia e a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva representa a consci\u00eancia c\u00f3smica que destr\u00f3i criativamente para renovar. A sua dan\u00e7a <em>Nataraja<\/em> n\u00e3o \u00e9 cruel, mas necess\u00e1ria: sem destrui\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o h\u00e1 renascimento. Na medita\u00e7\u00e3o, yogis e ascetas s\u00e3o identificados com Shiva; <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo \u00e9 proferida de forma repetida.\">mantra<\/span> central do Shaivismo.<\/p><p>Shivaratri, a &#8220;Noite de Shiva&#8221;, \u00e9 celebrada anualmente com vig\u00edlias noturnas, festividades e a prociss\u00e3o do Lingam. Os lingas em templos como o de Varanasi s\u00e3o centros de venera\u00e7\u00e3o intensa e de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de \u015aiva em resumo. Os campos a seguir resumem a origem, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o, a apar\u00eancia, a venera\u00e7\u00e3o, os s\u00edmbolos e os paralelos culturais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva emerge, numa tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, do pr\u00f3prio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, o ser absoluto, informe e sem atributos; refletido nas Upanishads como fundamento de todas as manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es.\">Brahman<\/span> incriado; em outra, \u00e9 filho da cria\u00e7\u00e3o de Brahma. Esposo de <em>Parvati<\/em>, tamb\u00e9m nos aspectos de <em>Sati<\/em> (primeira esposa), <em>Durga<\/em> (guerreira), <em>Kali<\/em> (destruidora furiosa). Pai do elefante-cabe\u00e7a <em>Ganesha<\/em> e do deus da guerra <em>Skanda\/Murugan\/Kartikeya<\/em>. Morada: <em>Mt. Kailash<\/em> no Himalaia.<\/p><p>Mistura de car\u00e1ter \u00fanica na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> mundial: ao mesmo tempo asceta (<em>Mah\u00e2yog\u00ee<\/em>, que medita por eras) e dan\u00e7arino ext\u00e1tico (<em>Nataraja<\/em>); ao mesmo tempo deus irado e destruidor (aspecto Bhairava) e homem de fam\u00edlia gentil e compassivo (com Parvati e os filhos).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objeto de atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Destruidor no conceito da Trimurti, mas a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o como <em>re-cria\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria<\/em>: no final de cada Mah\u00e2-Yuga, Shiva destr\u00f3i o universo atrav\u00e9s da sua dan\u00e7a c\u00f3smica (T\u00e2ndava), e da cinza ergue-se o mundo seguinte. Patrono dos <em>ascetas<\/em> (<em>Sannyasi<\/em>, S\u00e2dhus, Aghoris), Yogis, Tantrikas.<\/p><p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Bhakti, destinat\u00e1rio do amor divino pessoal (os N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs tamis como os mais c\u00e9lebres poetas Bhakti Shaivas). No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> do Lingam \u00e9 venerado como aspecto energ\u00e9tico informe; o <em>Lingam<\/em> (com a <em>Yoni<\/em> como base) simboliza a energia criadora incriada. No Shaivismo da Caxemira, a mais elevada realidade da consci\u00eancia (<em>Param\u00e2\u015biva<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De forma antropom\u00f3rfica, como figura masculina asc\u00e9tica de pele azul-acinzentada (na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica: coberto de cinza, &#8220;branco como a neve do Kailash&#8221;). <em>Terceiro olho<\/em> na testa (olho da percep\u00e7\u00e3o superior, com o qual queima Kama, o deus do amor). <em>Crescente lunar<\/em> no cabelo emaranhado (<em>jata<\/em>), que apanha a corrente do Ganges (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Ganga-Avatara\u1e47a). <em>Serpentes<\/em> em volta do pesco\u00e7o e como adorno sagrado.<\/p><p><em>Trishula<\/em> (tridente) e <em>Damaru<\/em> (tambor de ampulheta, cujo som cria o universo). <em>Saiote de pele de tigre<\/em>. Na forma <strong>Nataraja<\/strong> como figura a dan\u00e7ar cosmicamente num c\u00edrculo de fogo (<em>prabh\u00e2ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/em>): a perna direita eleva-se, a esquerda esmaga o an\u00e3o-dem\u00f4nio Apasm\u00e2ra (a ignor\u00e2ncia). Na forma <strong>Ardhanarishvara<\/strong>, andr\u00f3gino, uma metade Shiva, a outra Parvati. Na forma <strong>Bhairava<\/strong>, irado, com adorno de cr\u00e2nios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Shiva \u00e9 invocado diariamente por centenas de milh\u00f5es de hindu\u00edstas. Principais festividades: <em>Maha-Shivaratri<\/em> (&#8220;grande noite de Shiva&#8221;, fevereiro\/mar\u00e7o, uma das maiores festividades hindu\u00edstas, passada em vig\u00edlia nos templos com rituais de Lingam-Abhi\u1e63eka), <em>K\u00e2rttika Pur\u1e47im\u00e2<\/em>, <em>Pradosha Vrata<\/em> (jejum bimensal no 13.\u00ba dia lunar).<\/p><p>Em Varanasi, morrer \u00e9 considerado a entrada direta no Mok\u1e63a por meio da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> di\u00e1ria de Shiva ao ouvido do moribundo. Pr\u00e1ticas t\u00e2ntricas nas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es Aghori e K\u00e2p\u00e2lika (ascese extrema, ritos funer\u00e1rios).<\/p><p>A venera\u00e7\u00e3o do Lingam \u00e9 central em todo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Shiva; o Lingam \u00e9 lavado com \u00e1gua, leite, mel, leite de coco e ghee (<em>Pa\u00f1c\u00e2m\u1e5bta<\/em>-Abhi\u1e63eka). Em Chidambaram, os Dik\u1e63itar-Br\u00e2hmins realizam o mesmo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> do Nataraja h\u00e1 mais de 1000 anos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trishula (tridente), Damaru (tambor de ampulheta), terceiro olho, crescente lunar no cabelo emaranhado, colar de serpentes (em especial Vasuki), saiote de pele de tigre, <em>Lingam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de energia informe, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de Shiva mais importante de todos), touro <em>Nandi<\/em> (animal de montaria, sempre \u00e0 entrada dos templos de Shiva), <em>vibh\u00fbti<\/em> (cinza sagrada, em tr\u00eas tra\u00e7os horizontais na testa), <em>Rudr\u00e2k\u1e63a<\/em> (ros\u00e1rio de sementes da \u00e1rvore sagrada).<\/p><p>Plantas sagradas: <em>\u00e1rvore Bilva<\/em> (Aegle marmelos, cujas folhas s\u00e3o consideradas particularmente caras a Shiva), Datura, \u00e1rvore Banyan. Cinza sagrada proveniente de locais de crema\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Rudra<\/em> (precursor v\u00e9dico), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (aspecto irado, p\u00e1gina pr\u00f3pria), <em>Mahakala<\/em> (budismo, adapta\u00e7\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Ve\u00edculo de Diamante'; forma t\u00e2ntrica do Budismo Mahayana, primariamente no Tibete, com a pr\u00e1tica Yidam e a t\u00e9cnica de mantra no centro.\">Vajrayana<\/span> como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> protetora irada), <em>Pashupati<\/em> (poss\u00edvel precursor do Vale do Indo em selos pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3ricos de Mohenjo-Daro), <em>Dionysos<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia, aspecto ext\u00e1tico-destruidor, dan\u00e7a, tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do vinho), <em>Hades-Plouton<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia, duplo aspecto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente \u00e0 terra ou ao mundo inferior; na religi\u00e3o antiga, os deuses e esp\u00edritos das profundezas (Hades, Er\u00ednias, Dem\u00e9ter chthonia).\">ct\u00f4nico<\/span>-f\u00e9rtil), <em>Wotan-Odin<\/em> (germ\u00e2nico, rei-yogi de um olho), <em>Cernunnos<\/em> (c\u00e9ltico, deus asceta do bosque com chifres). Funcionalmente: todas as divindades supremas destruidoras-renovadoras e todas as divindades-mestres asc\u00e9tico-t\u00e2ntricas partilham aspectos de Shiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais de venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Shiva \u00e9, a par de Vishnu, a principal divindade do hindu\u00edsmo (Trimurti). A venera\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria inclui o <em>abhisheka<\/em> (banho do Linga com leite, mel, iogurte, ghee e \u00e1gua, o <em>panchamrita<\/em>) e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferenda<\/span> de folhas de Bilva ao Linga.<\/p><p>Mahashivaratri (no m\u00eas de Phalguna, fevereiro\/mar\u00e7o) \u00e9 o seu principal festival, com vig\u00edlia noturna e jejum (cf. Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>). O seu mais importante destino de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 Varanasi (Kashi Vishvanath); os doze santu\u00e1rios Jyotirlinga (Somnath, Mahakaleshwar, Kedarnath, etc.) marcam a pr\u00e1tica devocional regional.<\/p><p><strong>Mantras e invoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p><p>O Mahamrityunjaya-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada repetida no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> (Rigveda 7.59.12), &#8220;Om Tryambakam Yajamahe&#8221;, \u00e9 o mantra de cura e prote\u00e7\u00e3o mais c\u00e9lebre da \u00cdndia. O Panchakshara-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada repetida no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> &#8220;Om Namah Shivaya&#8221; (Yajurveda) \u00e9 rezado em repeti\u00e7\u00e3o <em>japa<\/em> 108 vezes com um Rudraksha-Mala. A Shiva-Stuti do Lingapurana \u00e9 o padr\u00e3o lit\u00fargico.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Ros\u00e1rio de Rudraksha (sementes do fruto do Eleocarpus, &#8220;l\u00e1grimas de Shiva&#8221;) em cadeias de mala de 27\/54\/108 contas. O Vibhuti (cinza sagrada) \u00e9 aplicado na testa em tr\u00eas tra\u00e7os horizontais (<em>tripundra<\/em>). O Trishula (tridente), o Damaru (tambor de ampulheta) e o pr\u00f3prio Linga como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural de apotropaico: objetos e sinais destinados a afastar o mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaicos<\/span> ic\u00f4nicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O papel de Shiva como destruidor e renovador se assemelha ao de Chronos dos gregos ou ao de Loki da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> n\u00f3rdica, deuses da dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o. A sua ascese recorda o Hermes Trismegistos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o alqu\u00edmica.<\/p><p>Em movimentos esot\u00e9ricos modernos, Shiva \u00e9 frequentemente entendido como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o interior e for\u00e7a espiritual. O <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo \u00e9 proferida de forma repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> est\u00e1 enraizado em c\u00edrculos de Yoga em todo o mundo.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4973181 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4973181\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e313a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e313a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva como Nataraja: a dan\u00e7a do mundo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6fd70e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6fd70e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc5206b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc5206b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma das formas mais conhecidas e teologicamente densas de Shiva \u00e9 <em>Nataraja<\/em>, o Rei da Dan\u00e7a. Esta forma foi particularmente desenvolvida no sul da \u00cdndia e encontrou a sua express\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica cl\u00e1ssica na arte em bronze da dinastia Chola, entre os s\u00e9culos IX e XIII. As bronzes de Nataraja pertencem \u00e0s obras mais significativas da hist\u00f3ria da arte indiana.<\/p><p>A representa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma imagem teol\u00f3gica cuidadosamente composta. Shiva dan\u00e7a no interior de um c\u00edrculo de chamas que designa o universo. Sob o seu p\u00e9 direito, esmaga um an\u00e3o que personifica a ignor\u00e2ncia. Uma das suas m\u00e3os segura um pequeno tambor, cujo ritmo marca o compasso da cria\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Uma outra m\u00e3o segura uma chama, o sinal da dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o e da destrui\u00e7\u00e3o. Uma outra m\u00e3o mostra o gesto da aus\u00eancia de medo, e uma quarta aponta para o p\u00e9 erguido, que anuncia a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Nesta \u00fanica imagem est\u00e3o reunidas as cinco atividades de Shiva que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> hindu\u00edsta lhe atribui: cria\u00e7\u00e3o, sustenta\u00e7\u00e3o, dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o, velamento e liberta\u00e7\u00e3o. A dan\u00e7a n\u00e3o \u00e9, por isso, um mero movimento, mas a express\u00e3o do processo c\u00f3smico cont\u00ednuo em que o devir e o perecer se encontram indissoluvelmente unidos.<\/p><p>O historiador de arte Ananda Coomaraswamy desenvolveu amplamente esta interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o num ensaio muito considerado do in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX. O mais importante local de culto desta forma \u00e9 o grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Chidambaram, em Tamil Nadu, considerado o lugar onde Shiva executou esta dan\u00e7a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaeb46c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaeb46c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f80a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f80a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Lingam: o s\u00edmbolo de culto mais importante de Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp746bbf0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp746bbf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e69fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e69fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ao contr\u00e1rio de muitas outras divindades hindu\u00edstas, Shiva n\u00e3o \u00e9 venerado principalmente em forma humana no culto templar, mas na forma do <em>Lingam<\/em>, uma pedra geralmente cil\u00edndrica com a parte superior arredondada.<\/p><p>O Lingam assenta normalmente sobre uma base chamada <em>yoni<\/em>. Esta uni\u00e3o \u00e9 interpretada na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o como a intera\u00e7\u00e3o do princ\u00edpio masculino e do feminino, de Shiva e da deusa.<\/p><p>A interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do Lingam foi objeto de muitos debates. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental mais antiga entendia-o principalmente como um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> f\u00e1lico. A pr\u00f3pria tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta e parte da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente sublinham, em contrapartida, uma camada de significado mais ampla: a palavra <em>linga<\/em> significa em s\u00e2nscrito tamb\u00e9m sinal ou marca.<\/p><p>O Lingam \u00e9, portanto, o sinal de Shiva, uma forma deliberadamente n\u00e3o figurativa que exprime precisamente por isso o ilimitado e o que transcende toda a forma da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>. Uma narrativa do <em>Lingapurana<\/em> relata que Shiva apareceu como uma coluna de luz sem fim, cujo in\u00edcio e fim nem Brahma nem Vishnu conseguiram encontrar. O Lingam recorda essa coluna sem limites.<\/p><p>Os Lingams existem em in\u00fameras formas, desde os elaborados Lingams de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> at\u00e9 \u00e0s pedras naturais, n\u00e3o moldadas por m\u00e3o humana, consideradas especialmente <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por isso, subtra\u00eddo ao uso cotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagradas<\/span>, e at\u00e9 aos doze <em>Jyotirlinga<\/em>, os Lingams de luz, distribu\u00eddos pela \u00cdndia e considerados os santu\u00e1rios de Shiva mais importantes.<\/p><p>No culto templar di\u00e1rio, o Lingam \u00e9 venerado com \u00e1gua, leite, folhas da \u00e1rvore Bilva e outras oferendas. N\u00e3o \u00e9, portanto, um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> abstrato, mas o centro concreto de uma pr\u00e1tica ritual viva e cotidiana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda063b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda063b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbaddc2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbaddc2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O asceta no Kailash: os tra\u00e7os essenciais de Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8eba809 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8eba809\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7a7d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd7a7d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva re\u00fane na sua figura tra\u00e7os que \u00e0 primeira vista parecem inconcili\u00e1veis. \u00c9 o grande asceta, <em>Mahayogi<\/em>, que permanece im\u00f3vel em medita\u00e7\u00e3o no monte Kailash, no Himalaia, o corpo coberto de cinza, o cabelo erguido em cachos selvagens.<\/p><p>Ao mesmo tempo \u00e9 pai de fam\u00edlia, casado com a deusa Parvati e pai dos filhos Ganesha e Skanda. \u00c9 o senhor dos animais selvagens e dos ermos, usa uma serpente como adorno e uma pele de tigre, mas vive tamb\u00e9m no seio da sua fam\u00edlia.<\/p><p>Esta tens\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma contradi\u00e7\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimento e narrativas ao longo das gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>, mas pertence ao n\u00facleo teol\u00f3gico da figura. Shiva representa a supera\u00e7\u00e3o dos opostos comuns.<\/p><p>\u00c9 aquele que bebe veneno e n\u00e3o morre: na narrativa da agita\u00e7\u00e3o do oceano de leite, Shiva engole o veneno do mundo que amea\u00e7a destruir a cria\u00e7\u00e3o e ret\u00e9m-no na garganta, que fica azul, da\u00ed o seu ep\u00edteto <em>Nilakantha<\/em>, o de Garganta Azul.<\/p><p>Entre os seus atributos fixos contam-se o tridente, o sinal do crescente lunar no cabelo, o terceiro olho na testa cujo olhar pode consumir, e o sagrado rio Ganges, que segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimento e narrativas ao longo das gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> desce pela sua cabe\u00e7a at\u00e9 \u00e0 terra, travado pelo seu cabelo para que a for\u00e7a da \u00e1gua n\u00e3o destrua a terra.<\/p><p>O seu animal de montaria \u00e9 o touro Nandi. Nesta riqueza de tra\u00e7os, Shiva se revela como uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> que re\u00fane numa \u00fanica figura o perigoso e o protetor, o selvagem e o domado, a morte e a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3deafac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3deafac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0713c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0713c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Shaivismo: Shiva como realidade suprema<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3d59a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe3d59a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cacd33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9cacd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No seio do hindu\u00edsmo existe uma ampla corrente religiosa que venera Shiva n\u00e3o como uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> entre outras, mas como a realidade suprema: o Shaivismo. Esta corrente n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma unidade homog\u00eanea, mas abrange numerosas escolas diferenciadas regional e filosoficamente, que se foram constituindo ao longo de s\u00e9culos.<\/p><p>Uma escola importante \u00e9 o Shaivismo da Caxemira, uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o filos\u00f3fica elaborada no norte da \u00cdndia entre os s\u00e9culos IX e XI, cujo pensador mais relevante foi Abhinavagupta. Ela entende toda a realidade como o desdobramento de uma \u00fanica consci\u00eancia, identificada com Shiva.<\/p><p>Outra corrente importante \u00e9 o Shaiva Siddhanta, muito difundido no sul da \u00cdndia, que desenvolveu uma doutrina pr\u00f3pria sobre a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Deus, a alma e o mundo. Existiram tamb\u00e9m grupos asc\u00e9ticos e em parte separados da sociedade, os mais antigos j\u00e1 documentados nos primeiros s\u00e9culos da nossa era.<\/p><p>Um movimento importante no seio do Shaivismo do sul da \u00cdndia foram os Nayanar, um grupo de santos poetas da Alta Idade M\u00e9dia, cujos hinos em l\u00edngua t\u00e2mil cantam Shiva num tom de devo\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal.<\/p><p>Os seus c\u00e2nticos foram recolhidos e fazem parte at\u00e9 hoje do repert\u00f3rio lit\u00fargico dos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> de Shiva do sul da \u00cdndia. O Shaivismo demonstra que Shiva n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas uma figura mitol\u00f3gica, mas objeto de uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> e filosofia elaboradas.<\/p><p>Para os seus fi\u00e9is, ele \u00e9 o fundamento e o fim de tudo, e a diversidade das escolas atesta como esta \u00fanica convic\u00e7\u00e3o foi interpretada de formas distintas ao longo da hist\u00f3ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4286f88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4286f88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3aa6d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3aa6d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As fontes: do Rudra v\u00e9dico \u00e0 \u00e9poca dos Puranas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b6167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3b6167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfade2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfade2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura de Shiva tem uma longa pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3ria que se pode seguir nas fontes. Na literatura mais antiga, os Vedas, o nome Shiva como nome de divindade ainda n\u00e3o aparece com o significado posterior. A palavra <em>shiva<\/em> significa inicialmente prop\u00edcio, misericordioso, e surge como adjetivo.<\/p><p>Uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> v\u00e9dica, por\u00e9m, apresenta claramente tra\u00e7os que mais tarde se tornam caracter\u00edsticos de Shiva: o deus Rudra, uma figura aterradora associada \u00e0 tempestade, \u00e0 doen\u00e7a e \u00e0 natureza selvagem, que se procurava aplacar por meio de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span>. Precisamente em tais invoca\u00e7\u00f5es apaziguadoras, Rudra era contemplado com o ep\u00edteto <em>shiva<\/em>.<\/p><p>Desta raiz v\u00e9dica e, provavelmente, de outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o v\u00e9dicas, desenvolveu-se ao longo de v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos a figura cl\u00e1ssica de Shiva. Uma etapa intermedi\u00e1ria importante \u00e9 a <em>Shvetashvatara-Upanishad<\/em>, em que Rudra-Shiva j\u00e1 aparece como a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> suprema.<\/p><p>As narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas mais detalhadas encontram-se nas epop\u00e9ias, sobretudo no <em>Mahabharata<\/em>, e nas Puranas, uma extensa literatura surgida entre a Alta e a Plena Idade M\u00e9dia. Textos como o <em>Shivapurana<\/em> e o <em>Lingapurana<\/em> re\u00fanem o material mitol\u00f3gico.<\/p><p>Alguns pesquisadores sugeriram ainda a exist\u00eancia de ra\u00edzes que remontam \u00e0 cultura do Indo, invocando determinadas descobertas de selos que mostram uma figura sentada rodeada de animais. Esta interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9, contudo, muito controversa e n\u00e3o pode ser provada.<\/p><p>\u00c9 certo que a figura de Shiva \u00e9 o resultado de um longo processo em que conflu\u00edram divindades mais antigas, tradi\u00e7\u00f5es regionais e reflex\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica. Quem quiser compreender Shiva historicamente deve ter em conta esta estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o e n\u00e3o pode projetar sem mais a figura plenamente desenvolvida das Puranas para os tempos mais remotos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/ganesha\/\">Ganesha, filho (cabe\u00e7a de elefante)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, aspecto irado pr\u00f3prio<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mahakala\/\">Mahakala, adapta\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrico-budista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/kali\/\">Kali, paralela feminina irada (aspecto de Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/durga\/\">Durga, paralela feminina guerreira (aspecto de Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hinduismo\/\">Hindu\u00edsmo, panorama do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-supremas\/\">Divindades supremas, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses\/\">Deuses, panorama das classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em>. Londres 1973 (obra de refer\u00eancia).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sanderson, Alexis: <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>. In: <em>Genesis and Development of Tantrism<\/em>. T\u00f3quio 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kramrisch, Stella: <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>. Princeton 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lorenzen, David N.: <em>The K\u00e2p\u00e2likas and K\u00e2l\u00e2mukhas<\/em>. Berkeley 1972.<\/span><\/li><li>Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar: <em>Tev\u00e2ram<\/em>; Manikkav\u00e2cakar: <em>Tiruv\u00e2cakam<\/em> (Bhakti tamil, tradu\u00e7\u00f5es dispon\u00edveis).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (org.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &#8220;\u015aiva&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a9727 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52a9727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea6358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ea6358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre Shiva<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quem \u00e9 o deus Shiva no hindu\u00edsmo?<\/h3><p>Shiva \u00e9 um dos tr\u00eas principais deuses do hindu\u00edsmo, ao lado de Brahma (criador) e Vishnu (mantenedor). Shiva \u00e9 o destruidor, mas no entendimento hindu\u00edsta a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria para a renova\u00e7\u00e3o: ele dissolve o universo ao final de cada era para que possa ser criado novamente.<\/p><p>Os principais atributos de Shiva: o tridente (Trishul), o tambor (Damaru), o terceiro olho (olho do conhecimento), a serpente em volta do pesco\u00e7o (Vasuki) e o crescente lunar no cabelo. Ele medita no monte Kailash.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>O que \u00e9 a dan\u00e7a de Shiva (Nataraja)?<\/h3><p>Shiva Nataraja (Senhor da Dan\u00e7a) \u00e9 uma das formas mais importantes de Shiva, o dan\u00e7arino c\u00f3smico que, na sua dan\u00e7a Tandava, simultaneamente cria, sustenta e destr\u00f3i o universo.<\/p><p>As c\u00e9lebres esculturas em bronze da \u00e9poca Chola (s\u00e9cs. X-XII) mostram-no de quatro bra\u00e7os no anel de chamas, a dan\u00e7ar sobre o an\u00e3o Apasmara (a ignor\u00e2ncia). Cada gesto tem significado: o p\u00e9 erguido \u00e9 a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o, o an\u00e3o esmagado \u00e9 a ignor\u00e2ncia destru\u00edda. A dan\u00e7a \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma imagem ilustrativa que representa um pensamento abstrato.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do ritmo c\u00f3smico.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quem \u00e9 o deus Shiva no hindu\u00edsmo?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva \u00e9 um dos tr\u00eas principais deuses do hindu\u00edsmo, ao lado de Brahma (criador) e Vishnu (mantenedor). Shiva \u00e9 o destruidor, mas no entendimento hindu\u00edsta a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria para a renova\u00e7\u00e3o: ele dissolve o universo ao final de cada era para que possa ser criado novamente. Os principais atributos de Shiva: o tridente (Trishul), o tambor (Damaru), o terceiro olho (olho do conhecimento), a serpente em volta do pesco\u00e7o (Vasuki) e o crescente lunar no cabelo. Ele medita no monte Kailash.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"O que \u00e9 a dan\u00e7a de Shiva (Nataraja)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva Nataraja (Senhor da Dan\u00e7a) \u00e9 uma das formas mais importantes de Shiva, o dan\u00e7arino c\u00f3smico que, na sua dan\u00e7a Tandava, simultaneamente cria, sustenta e destr\u00f3i o universo. As c\u00e9lebres esculturas em bronze da \u00e9poca Chola (s\u00e9cs. X-XII) mostram-no de quatro bra\u00e7os no anel de chamas, a dan\u00e7ar sobre o an\u00e3o Apasmara (a ignor\u00e2ncia). Cada gesto tem significado: o p\u00e9 erguido \u00e9 a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o, o an\u00e3o esmagado \u00e9 a ignor\u00e2ncia destru\u00edda. 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