{"id":40103,"date":"2026-07-28T20:19:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T20:19:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ra-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T20:19:59","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T20:19:59","slug":"ra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/ra\/","title":{"rendered":"Ra"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"40103\" class=\"elementor elementor-40103 elementor-1878\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra \u00e9 um deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia.<\/p><p>Deus solar eg\u00edpcio e divindade suprema, criador da ordem e recriador di\u00e1rio do mundo. Ra ocupa o centro da religi\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia e da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span> enquanto figura m\u00e1xima do cosmos.<\/p><p>Encarna a for\u00e7a do sol, a renova\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00edclica e o combate eterno entre a luz e o caos. O seu nome \u00e9 sin\u00f4nimo de poder divino e da garantia de que o dia sucede \u00e0 noite e de que o bem triunfa sobre o mal.<\/p><p>Ra \u00e9, enquanto deus solar eg\u00edpcio, simultaneamente criador e sustentador do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas sobre for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra e fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, oferendas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templ\u00e1rias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-egipcia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia do antigo vale do Nilo, ca. 3000 a.C. at\u00e9 30 a.C.\">Egito<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-supremas\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindades supremas de um pante\u00e3o, soberania c\u00f3smica, aspecto criador ou soberano.\">Divindade suprema<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1547\" alt=\"Ra - G\u00f6tter aus der \u00c4gypten-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade suprema, deus solar, deus criador<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Egito<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: Criador da ordem, renova\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria do mundo, combate contra o caos<br>Principais atributos: Disco solar, serpente Ureu, cabe\u00e7a de falc\u00e3o, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span><br>Principais centros de culto: Heli\u00f3polis (On), Tebas (Karnak-Luxor\/Amun-Ra), Abu Gurob<br>Equivalente romano: Sol Invictus, Helios (Gr\u00e9cia)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> relativa a Ra remonta ao Imp\u00e9rio Antigo (ca. 2700-2200 a.C.), onde \u00e9 j\u00e1 venerado como divindade suprema nos <em>Textos das Pir\u00e2mides<\/em>, estendendo-se pelo Imp\u00e9rio M\u00e9dio e pelo Imp\u00e9rio Novo at\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9poca ptolemaica-romana.<\/p><p>Os principais testemunhos liter\u00e1rios s\u00e3o os <em>Textos das Pir\u00e2mides<\/em> (Imp\u00e9rio Antigo), os <em>Textos dos Sarc\u00f3fagos<\/em> (Imp\u00e9rio M\u00e9dio), o <em>Livro dos Mortos Eg\u00edpcio<\/em> (em especial o <em>Livro do Dia<\/em> e o <em>Livro da Noite<\/em>) e as <em>Litanias Solares<\/em> provenientes dos templos. As fus\u00f5es sincr\u00e9ticas com Atum e Amun intensificam-se no Imp\u00e9rio Novo e persistem at\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9poca romana.<\/p><p><strong>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em>, o deus solar, \u00e9 o princ\u00edpio c\u00f3smico estruturante do universo eg\u00edpcio e a manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria da for\u00e7a criadora. Percorre diariamente o c\u00e9u na sua barca solar, poente ao entardecer e atravessando de noite o mundo subterr\u00e2neo (<em>Duat<\/em>) num combate \u00e9pico contra a serpente <em>Apophis<\/em>, que cada dia tenta devor\u00e1-lo.<\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> encarna a natureza c\u00edclica da vida, da morte e do renascimento. Funde-se com outras divindades (<em>Amun-Ra<\/em>, <em>Ra-Horakhty<\/em>) constituindo assim uma figura multifacetada da for\u00e7a universal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra \u00e9 venerado em todo o antigo Egito, com maior express\u00e3o em Heli\u00f3polis (Iunu, eg\u00edpcio On), o mais antigo centro de culto solar, e em Tebas (com a figura sincr\u00e9tica Amun-Ra).<\/p><p>A sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o est\u00e1 ligada a uma \u00fanica cidade, atravessando a pr\u00e1tica religiosa desde o Delta at\u00e9 \u00e0 fronteira n\u00fabia. Ap\u00f3s a conquista por pot\u00eancias helen\u00edsticas e romanas, Ra \u00e9 equiparado ao grego Helios e ao romano Sol Invictus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O n\u00facleo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> \u00e9 constitu\u00eddo pelos <em>Textos das Pir\u00e2mides<\/em> de Giz\u00e9, M\u00eanfis e Abidos (5.\u00aa-6.\u00aa dinastia), que apresentam Ra j\u00e1 como deus celeste e criador. Os <em>Textos dos Sarc\u00f3fagos<\/em> do Imp\u00e9rio M\u00e9dio ampliam os mitos com ciclos c\u00f3smicos.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>O <em>Livro dos Mortos Eg\u00edpcio<\/em> (ca. 1550-1070 a.C.) descreve a viagem noturna de Ra pelo mundo subterr\u00e2neo numa linguagem imag\u00e9tica rica. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Inscri\u00e7\u00f5es em templos<\/span>, pinturas funer\u00e1rias e coment\u00e1rios sacerdotais em bibliotecas templ\u00e1rias (p. ex. Edfu, Dendera) elucidam os sincretismos e a vida ritual cotidiana.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designa\u00e7\u00e3o e grafias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Eg\u00edpcio:<\/strong> Ra (tamb\u00e9m <em>Re<\/em>, eg\u00edpcio <em>R\u02e4<\/em> ou <em>Ra\u02e4<\/em>), determinativo: disco solar. A raiz remete para &#8220;sol&#8221;. Variantes ortogr\u00e1ficas: <em>Re<\/em> (translitera\u00e7\u00e3o latina, frequente em obras de refer\u00eancia mais antigas), <em>Ra<\/em> (conven\u00e7\u00e3o moderna), <em>Pre<\/em> (leitura a partir de hier\u00f3glifos, menos frequente).<\/p><p>Nomes sincr\u00e9ticos: <em>Atum-Ra<\/em> (fus\u00e3o com o deus criador Atum de Heli\u00f3polis, especialmente a forma matinal), <em>Amun-Ra<\/em> (fus\u00e3o com o deus supremo Amun de Tebas, dominante no Imp\u00e9rio Novo), <em>Ra-Harachte<\/em> (H\u00f3rus no horizonte, figura unificada do H\u00f3rus nascente e do deus solar), <em>Chnum-Ra<\/em> (fus\u00e3o com o deus criador-carneiro Chnum na fronteira sul).<\/p><p>Ep\u00edtetos: <em>Chepre<\/em> (forma matinal como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span>, &#8220;o que dev\u00e9m&#8221;), <em>Atum<\/em> (forma vespertina como homem idoso ou carneiro), <em>Chenti-Amenty<\/em> (Senhor do Ocidente, no mundo subterr\u00e2neo), <em>Neb-Tawy<\/em> (Senhor das Duas Terras, do cosmos). Representa\u00e7\u00e3o hierogl\u00edfica: o disco solar (Aten), frequentemente com um ponto ou c\u00edrculo por baixo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra \u00e9 tipicamente representado como um homem com <em>cabe\u00e7a de falc\u00e3o<\/em>, sobre cujo cimo brilha o <em>disco solar<\/em>. Em torno do disco solar enrola-se a <em>serpente Ureu<\/em> (eg\u00edpcio <em>wadjet<\/em>), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do poder r\u00e9gio e da prote\u00e7\u00e3o. Em representa\u00e7\u00f5es antigas (Imp\u00e9rio Antigo), Ra est\u00e1 sentado numa barca (embarca\u00e7\u00e3o) e \u00e9 puxado por outras divindades.<\/p><p>Representa\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores mostram-no parcialmente como <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span><\/em> (Chepre, a forma matinal, uma figura de escaravelho), que faz rolar a bola solar durante toda a noite at\u00e9 lan\u00e7\u00e1-la de novo de manh\u00e3, renovando o sol. Na forma vespertina aparece como homem velho e idoso ou como <em>carneiro<\/em> (forma Atum).<\/p><p><strong>Ser e atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra \u00e9 o deus do sol no c\u00e9u e, al\u00e9m disso, a pr\u00f3pria <em>for\u00e7a da cria\u00e7\u00e3o e da renova\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>. De acordo com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do modo como o mundo est\u00e1 estruturado e ordenado em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> eg\u00edpcia, atrav\u00e9s da sua viagem di\u00e1ria pelo c\u00e9u na barca diurna <em>Mandschet<\/em>, cria o dia e ordena o mundo.<\/p><p>\u00c0 noite, navega na barca noturna <em>Mesektet<\/em> pelo mundo subterr\u00e2neo (Duat), onde encontra o dem\u00f4nio do caos <em>Apophis<\/em>, uma serpente gigantesca que o amea\u00e7a devorar.<\/p><p>Cada noite Ra combate Apophis; cada noite vence, e assim o mundo \u00e9 renovado. Esta batalha c\u00f3smica equivale \u00e0 vit\u00f3ria da ordem (Ma&#8217;at) sobre o caos (Isfet).<\/p><p><strong>Apar\u00eancia e simbologia<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> \u00e9 representado como um homem com cabe\u00e7a de falc\u00e3o e o disco solar, ornado com o <em>Ureu<\/em>, a serpente sagrada dos fara\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Enverga adornos de ouro e carrega o <em>cetro do c\u00e9u<\/em>. Nas suas fases di\u00e1rias muda de forma: como <em>Khepri<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span>) na aurora, como <em>Ra<\/em> ao meio-dia, como <em>Atum<\/em> ao entardecer, e como <em>Auf<\/em> de noite no mundo subterr\u00e2neo.<\/p><p>O disco solar \u00e9 o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> mais dominante, representando a vida, o calor e a intelig\u00eancia consciente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Ra em um relance. A tabela resume origem, fun\u00e7\u00e3o, apar\u00eancia, venera\u00e7\u00e3o, s\u00edmbolos e paralelos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra surge como <em>autocriador<\/em> ou \u00e9 criado por <em>Atum<\/em> (os mitos variam). Em algumas vers\u00f5es \u00e9 filho de Atum e da deusa celeste <em>Nut<\/em>. Em Heli\u00f3polis (On), o mais antigo centro de culto, \u00e9 venerado como manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o direta da energia solar.<\/p><p>Os fara\u00f3s a partir da 5.\u00aa dinastia (ca. 2500 a.C.) designam-se &#8220;filho de Ra&#8221; (<em>Sa Ra<\/em>) e legitimam assim o seu poder como reflexo terreno da ordem c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fun\u00e7\u00e3o de Ra<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Divindade suprema e garante da ordem c\u00f3smica (Ma&#8217;at). Criador e recriador di\u00e1rio do mundo. L\u00edder do combate contra o caos e a escurid\u00e3o. Protetor dos fara\u00f3s e do povo eg\u00edpcio. A sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 c\u00f3smica, independente da moral no sentido pessoal: representa o necess\u00e1rio e inevit\u00e1vel regresso do bem e da luz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apar\u00eancia de Ra<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Homem com cabe\u00e7a de falc\u00e3o, disco solar e serpente Ureu na testa. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Forma de Skarab\u00e4us<\/span> (Chepre) como forma matinal. Carneiro idoso (Atum) como forma vespertina. Sentado numa barca (Mandschet ou Mesektet), puxado por outras divindades ou animais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principais centros de culto: <em>Heli\u00f3polis<\/em> (On, o mais antigo e mais importante templo solar, destru\u00eddo mas amplamente documentado na literatura), <em>Tebas<\/em> (Karnak e Luxor com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um local sagrado dedicado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santu\u00e1rio<\/span> de Amun-Ra), <em>Abu Gurob<\/em> (santu\u00e1rio solar da 5.\u00aa dinastia, locais dos rituais cotidianos).<\/p><p>Corpo sacerdotal permanente: os sacerdotes de Heli\u00f3polis dirigiam diariamente hinos solares. Os pr\u00f3prios fara\u00f3s funcionavam como representantes terrenos de Ra. Venera\u00e7\u00e3o privada: amuletos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span> como pingentes de prote\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal; ao nascer do sol eram pronunciadas breves ora\u00e7\u00f5es ou invoca\u00e7\u00f5es nos momentos altos da vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbolos de Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Disco solar<\/em> (Aten), <em>falc\u00e3o<\/em> (como ave do c\u00e9u e da rapidez), <em>serpente Ureu<\/em> (prote\u00e7\u00e3o e poder), <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span><\/em> (Chepre, forma matinal e ciclo), <em>carneiro<\/em> (Atum, forma vespertina), <em>barca<\/em> (Mandjet e Mesektet, os ve\u00edculos atrav\u00e9s do cosmos).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Helios<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Roma, especialmente no per\u00edodo imperial tardio), <em>Surya<\/em> (v\u00e9dico\/hindu\u00edsmo), <em>Schamasch<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e2mia, enquanto deus solar, mas n\u00e3o divindade suprema), <em>Apollon<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia, parcialmente com atributos de deus solar), <em>Savitar<\/em> (v\u00e9dico, o que desperta e impulsiona). A divindade solar eg\u00edpcia e a v\u00e9dica partilham a fun\u00e7\u00e3o da renova\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria e da conten\u00e7\u00e3o do caos.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venera\u00e7\u00e3o no cotidiano<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra era o deus da garantia da ordem, n\u00e3o um deus de promessas de salva\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal ou de mist\u00e9rios. A sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o se realizava em dois planos:<\/p><p><strong>Sacerdotal e estatal:<\/strong> Fara\u00f3s e sacerdotes realizavam rituais di\u00e1rios nos templos de Heli\u00f3polis, Karnak e outros centros de culto. De manh\u00e3 entoavam-se hinos para apoiar Ra na sua ascens\u00e3o; ao entardecer recitavam-se encantamentos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e c\u00e2nticos de combate contra Apophis.<\/p><p>Estes rituais eram considerados <em>trabalho c\u00f3smico<\/em>, que garantia a pr\u00f3pria exist\u00eancia do mundo, muito al\u00e9m de uma simples <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma breve medita\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa pessoal ou comunit\u00e1ria.\" tabindex=\"0\">devo\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> privada.<\/p><p>Pessoal e popular: os particulares usavam amuletos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span> com s\u00edmbolos ou nomes de Ra para assegurar a prote\u00e7\u00e3o cotidiana. Ao nascer do sol eram dirigidas breves ora\u00e7\u00f5es ou invoca\u00e7\u00f5es. Em especial durante a 5.\u00aa dinastia, os fara\u00f3s mandavam erigir santu\u00e1rios solares como monumentos funer\u00e1rios, para integrar o fara\u00f3 na \u00f3rbita c\u00f3smica de Ra.<\/p><p>Em nomes pr\u00f3prios: o nome <em>Ra<\/em> em si mesmo transportava grande poder. Nomes compostos como <em>Si-Ra<\/em> (filho de Ra) ou <em>Ra-Hotep<\/em> (Ra est\u00e1 satisfeito) eram amplamente utilizados em fam\u00edlias eg\u00edpcias, sobretudo entre a elite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gr\u00e9cia e Roma<\/strong><\/p><em>Helios<\/em> partilha todos os atributos de Ra: deus solar, viagem di\u00e1ria pelo c\u00e9u numa quadriga (carro), portador da luz do mundo. No per\u00edodo romano tardio, Ra funde-se com <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Sol Invicto), especialmente sob o imperador Aureliano (270-275 d.C.), que estabeleceu Sol Invictus como divindade suprema. O paralelo se estende ao in\u00edcio do Cristianismo, que associa simbolicamente a ressurrei\u00e7\u00e3o de Cristo ao nascer do sol.<p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o v\u00e9dica e hindu\u00edsta<\/strong><\/p><em>Surya<\/em> (deus solar) e <em>Savitar<\/em> (o Despertador, o Impulsionador) partilham com Ra a fun\u00e7\u00e3o da renova\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria. O Rigveda (ca. 1500 a.C.) descreve Surya percorrendo o c\u00e9u numa quadriga dourada. Por\u00e9m, ao contr\u00e1rio de Ra, que permanece divindade suprema, Surya \u00e9 no hindu\u00edsmo tardio eclipsado por Brahma, Vishnu e Shiva como Trimurti suprema.<p><strong>Mesopot\u00e2mia<\/strong><\/p><em>Schamasch<\/em> \u00e9 deus solar eg\u00edpcio-mesopot\u00e2mico e juiz. Ao contr\u00e1rio de Ra, por\u00e9m, Schamasch n\u00e3o \u00e9 a divindade c\u00f3smica suprema, mas uma divindade de aspecto entre muitas. <em>Marduk<\/em> recebe na Babil\u00f4nia o papel de criador do mundo e domador do caos (combate contra Tiamat), o que funcionalmente se assemelha a Ra, mas n\u00e3o se limita ao sol.<p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o germ\u00e2nica<\/strong><\/p><p>O <em>Sol<\/em> (Sol, Sunna) \u00e9 representado na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> germ\u00e2nica por uma deusa que tamb\u00e9m percorre o c\u00e9u numa quadriga, perseguida pelo lobo Sk\u00f6ll. A fun\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 semelhante (renova\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria), mas o g\u00eanero e a simbologia diferem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd075236 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd075236\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp733d0d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp733d0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A barca solar e a viagem pelas Doze Horas da Noite<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd140f1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd140f1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6d26802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6d26802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A imagem teol\u00f3gica central de Ra \u00e9 a sua viagem di\u00e1ria.<\/p><p>Durante o dia, o deus solar atravessa o c\u00e9u na barca diurna; ao entardecer, embarca na barca noturna e percorre o mundo subterr\u00e2neo, a <em>Duat<\/em>.<\/p><p>Esta viagem noturna est\u00e1 descrita pormenorizadamente em textos pr\u00f3prios, sobretudo no <em>Amduat<\/em>, literalmente &#8220;o que est\u00e1 no mundo subterr\u00e2neo&#8221;, e no <em>Livro das Portas<\/em>. Ambos pertencem aos livros do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, pintados nas paredes das tumbas reais no Vale dos Reis durante o Imp\u00e9rio Novo.<\/p><p>O <em>Amduat<\/em> divide a noite em doze horas, cada uma representando um dom\u00ednio pr\u00f3prio com seres pr\u00f3prios. Na hora central, frequentemente a sexta, ocorre o processo decisivo: o deus solar une-se ao cad\u00e1ver de Osiris e desta uni\u00e3o retira a for\u00e7a para o renascimento.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, nomeadamente Erik Hornung, que editou e traduziu de forma abrangente os livros do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, v\u00ea nisto o n\u00facleo da concep\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia da renova\u00e7\u00e3o do cosmos.<\/p><p>A viagem n\u00e3o est\u00e1 isenta de perigos. Em cada hora surgem obst\u00e1culos, port\u00f5es que devem ser atravessados e seres nocivos que devem ser afastados. O maior inimigo \u00e9 a serpente Apophis, que procura deter a barca. Companheiros como <a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-egipcia\/\">outras divindades<\/a> e os bem-aventurados mortos que habitam o al\u00e9m apoiam o deus.<\/p><p>No final da d\u00e9cima segunda hora, Ra renasce como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span> ou como crian\u00e7a e ascende ao horizonte oriental. Esta estrutura narrativa proporcionou aos eg\u00edpcios um modelo que permitia reunir numa \u00fanica imagem o curso solar di\u00e1rio, a morte e a esperan\u00e7a no renascimento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ebeaf6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8ebeaf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cd4822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cd4822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apophis: o combate di\u00e1rio pela ordem do mundo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a24bfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0a24bfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29eac91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29eac91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O advers\u00e1rio de Ra \u00e9 Apophis, em pron\u00fancia eg\u00edpcia <em>Apep<\/em>, uma serpente gigantesca que amea\u00e7a a barca solar na sua viagem noturna.<\/p><p>Apophis encarna o pr\u00f3prio caos, o desordenado que cada dia amea\u00e7a devorar o mundo criado; um \u00fanico inimigo seria uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o demasiado redutora. Ao contr\u00e1rio das divindades, Apophis nunca nasce e nunca \u00e9 definitivamente morto; \u00e9 uma amea\u00e7a permanente.<\/p><p>Nos livros do mundo subterr\u00e2neo e em textos rituais pr\u00f3prios \u00e9 descrito o combate contra Apophis. A serpente tenta engolir a \u00e1gua sobre a qual a barca navega ou barrar o caminho. Divindades como Seth, que est\u00e1 na proa da barca, ou a deusa Selket, acorrentam e traspassam o monstro.<\/p><p>O texto mais importante a este respeito \u00e9 o denominado <em>Livro de Apophis<\/em>, transmitido no manuscrito da \u00e9poca tardia do Papiro Bremner-Rhind. Cont\u00e9m f\u00f3rmulas e instru\u00e7\u00f5es para acorrentar, cortar e queimar Apophis.<\/p><p>Estes textos eram executados de forma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es rituais regulamentada.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>. Os sacerdotes fabricavam figuras da serpente em cera ou desenhavam-na em papiro para depois as pisarem, traspassarem e queimarem, uma forma de destrui\u00e7\u00e3o ritual do caos.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o aqui descrita constitui uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, do ponto de vista das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o, de tradi\u00e7\u00f5es hist\u00f3ricas. A <em>Maat<\/em>, a ordem justa, tinha de ser defendida diariamente: no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> pelo deus solar, no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> pelo sacerd\u00f3cio. O nascer do sol era assim, cada manh\u00e3, uma vit\u00f3ria conquistada, n\u00e3o um automatismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5c618a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc5c618a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06da435 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp06da435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heli\u00f3polis e a teologia da En\u00e9ada<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5790fae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5790fae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp540b63f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp540b63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O principal centro do culto de Ra era Heli\u00f3polis, a cidade do sol, em eg\u00edpcio <em>Iunu<\/em>, situada no atual norte do Cairo. Daqui prov\u00e9m um dos mais importantes sistemas cosmog\u00f4nicos do Egito. No centro est\u00e1 o deus criador, que conforme o texto se chama Atum, Ra ou a combina\u00e7\u00e3o Ra-Atum.<\/p><p>Ele surge das \u00e1guas primordiais Nun e gera de si mesmo o primeiro par de divindades, Shu, o ar, e Tefnut, a umidade. Destes nascem Geb, a terra, e Nut, o c\u00e9u, e destes por sua vez Osiris, \u00cdsis, Seth e N\u00e9ftis.<\/p><p>Esta s\u00e9rie de nove divindades chama-se a <em>En\u00e9ada<\/em> de Heli\u00f3polis. Organiza as principais divindades do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> numa estrutura geneal\u00f3gica e faz de Ra-Atum a origem de tudo.<\/p><p>O sacerdote heliopolitano era no Imp\u00e9rio Antigo um dos funcion\u00e1rios religiosos mais influentes, e o culto solar marcou a ideologia r\u00e9gia: j\u00e1 no Imp\u00e9rio Antigo os reis adotaram o t\u00edtulo de filho de Ra, e os Textos das Pir\u00e2mides, os mais antigos textos religiosos do Egito, est\u00e3o fortemente impregnados de teologia solar.<\/p><p>Sinal vis\u00edvel do culto heliopolitano era o <em>Benben<\/em>, um pilar de pedra sagrado ligado \u00e0 primeira terra que emergiu das \u00e1guas primordiais, bem como o obelisco, cuja ponta deveria capturar os raios do sol.<\/p><p>Os santu\u00e1rios solares da 5.\u00aa dinastia, como o de Niuserre em Abu Gurob, eram edif\u00edcios aut\u00f4nomos dedicados \u00e0 teologia solar. Heli\u00f3polis est\u00e1 hoje quase completamente urbanizada, mas achados textuais, obeliscos e os relatos de autores antigos permitem reconhecer o lugar central que este local ocupava na religi\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6535370 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6535370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9466707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9466707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O mito da revolta da humanidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe57068a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe57068a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd90c983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd90c983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> raramente narrado mas teologicamente significativo \u00e9 a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o da humanidade, transmitido no texto da <em>Vaca Celeste<\/em>, registrado em v\u00e1rios t\u00famulos reais do Imp\u00e9rio Novo.<\/p><p>Narra um tempo em que Ra ainda reinava como rei sobre homens e deuses na terra. O deus solar envelheceu, o seu corpo \u00e9 de ouro, prata e l\u00e1pis-laz\u00fali, e os homens planeiam uma revolta contra ele.<\/p><p>Ra convoca os deuses em conselho. Por decis\u00e3o destes, envia o seu pr\u00f3prio olho sob a forma da deusa Hathor ou Sachmet para punir os revoltosos. A deusa entra num frenesi de sangue e amea\u00e7a exterminar toda a humanidade.<\/p><p>Ra, que n\u00e3o quer destruir completamente os homens, manda tingir de vermelho grandes quantidades de cerveja e derram\u00e1-las sobre a terra. A deusa toma-a por sangue, bebe-a, fica embriagada e cessa o massacre.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> termina com a retirada de Ra. Cansado do mundo, deixa-se levar pelas costas da Vaca Celeste e ascende ao c\u00e9u; o reinado direto na terra chega assim ao fim e \u00e9 transmitido a outras divindades e por fim aos fara\u00f3s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp921d2ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp921d2ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc03c319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc03c319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fus\u00f5es: Amun-Ra, Aton e o legado do culto solar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp992dbdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp992dbdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee3e772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpee3e772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra permaneceu presente durante tr\u00eas mil\u00eanios, mas raramente sob forma inalterada. Caracter\u00edstica da religi\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia \u00e9 a fus\u00e3o de divindades, e Ra revelou-se particularmente propenso a essas uni\u00f5es. J\u00e1 cedo aparece Ra-Atum, a fus\u00e3o com o deus criador heliopolitano.<\/p><p>Com a ascens\u00e3o de Tebas no Imp\u00e9rio Novo, Ra fundiu-se com o deus do imp\u00e9rio a\u00ed venerado, Amun, formando Amun-Ra, que era simultaneamente deus oculto e sol vis\u00edvel. Tamb\u00e9m Re-Harachte, a fus\u00e3o com H\u00f3rus no horizonte, \u00e9 um tipo iconogr\u00e1fico frequente, representado como deus com cabe\u00e7a de falc\u00e3o e disco solar.<\/p><p>A interven\u00e7\u00e3o mais radical foi a pol\u00edtica religiosa de Echnaton no s\u00e9culo XIV a.C. Echnaton elevou o <em>Aton<\/em>, o pr\u00f3prio disco solar vis\u00edvel, \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00fanica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> venerada e agiu contra o culto de Amun.<\/p><p>O Aton \u00e9 do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es um caso singular, porque era venerado sem imagem de forma humana ou animal, representado apenas como disco com raios que terminam em m\u00e3os. Ap\u00f3s a morte de Echnaton, esta reforma foi revertida e o mundo divino tradicional, incluindo Amun-Ra, foi restabelecido.<\/p><p>Esta hist\u00f3ria de fus\u00f5es \u00e9 para a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o uma chave para a compreens\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> eg\u00edpcia. Hornung e outros demonstraram que os eg\u00edpcios concebiam as divindades de modo diferente de indiv\u00edduos que se excluem mutuamente: podiam reconhecer aspectos de uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> em outra, sem que as divindades individuais desaparecessem.<\/p><p>Ra \u00e9 neste sentido menos uma figura fixa do que um princ\u00edpio teol\u00f3gico, o princ\u00edpio do sol como origem, sustentador e garante diariamente renovado da ordem do mundo, que podia se associar a in\u00fameras divindades locais e suprarregionais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>[Atum, Egito](\/pt-br\/atum\/)<\/li><li>[Amun, Egito](\/pt-br\/amun\/)<\/li><li>[Apophis, Egito](\/pt-br\/apophis\/)<\/li><li>[Helios, Gr\u00e9cia](\/pt-br\/helios\/)<\/li><li>[Sol Invictus, Roma](\/pt-br\/sol-invictus\/)<\/li><li>[Surya, Hindu\u00edsmo](\/pt-br\/surya\/)<\/li><li>[Divindades supremas, subcategoria](\/pt-br\/divindades-supremas\/)<\/li><li>[Deuses, vis\u00e3o geral da classe](\/pt-br\/g\u00f6tter\/)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>\u00c4gypten. Eine Sinngeschichte<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hornung, Erik: <em>Der \u00e4gyptische <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythos<\/span> von der Himmelskuh. Eine Aetologie des Unvollkommenen<\/em>. Freiburg i. Br. 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Quirke, Stephen: <em>Ancient Egyptian Religion<\/em>. Dover 2013 (Nachdruck).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Te Velde, Herman: <em>The God Khenti-Amentiu. Studien zur Religionsgeschichte und zur archaologischen Topographie des Westdelta<\/em>. Leiden 1967.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Belegstellen in: Faulkner, Raymond O. (Hg.): <em>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts<\/em>. Oxford 1969.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Goyon, Jean-Claude: <em>Le Ceremonial d&#8217;Ouverture de la Bouche dans le contexte rituel du temple d&#8217;Edfu<\/em>. Cairo 1972 (f\u00fcr priesterliche Rituale und Hymnen).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na bibliografia. <a href=\"\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">Literaturverzeichnis<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227cfcf e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"227cfcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80fc4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80fc4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre Ra<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quem era Ra na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> eg\u00edpcia?<\/h3><p>Ra (tamb\u00e9m Re, eg\u00edpcio R\u02bf, o sol) \u00e9 o deus solar supremo do pante\u00e3o eg\u00edpcio e em muitos per\u00edodos deus do imp\u00e9rio. A sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o foi especialmente intensa no Imp\u00e9rio Antigo em Heli\u00f3polis (eg\u00edpcio Iunu, cidade da coluna).<\/p><p>Ra percorre diariamente o c\u00e9u na sua barca solar: de manh\u00e3 como Khepri (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O escaravelho-rola-esterco enquanto s\u00edmbolo do antigo Egito para o devir e a renova\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Skarab\u00e4us<\/span>), ao meio-dia como Ra (falc\u00e3o), ao entardecer como Atum (homem idoso). \u00c0 noite atravessa as doze horas do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, onde combate a serpente do caos Apophis.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qual a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Ra, Amun e Aton?<\/h3><p>No decurso da hist\u00f3ria eg\u00edpcia, v\u00e1rios conceitos do deus solar foram se fundindo. Ra era o deus solar origin\u00e1rio de Heli\u00f3polis. No Imp\u00e9rio M\u00e9dio, Amun de Tebas foi fundido com Ra em Amun-Ra, o deus do imp\u00e9rio do Imp\u00e9rio Novo.<\/p><p>Echnaton (1351-1334 a.C.) tentou na sua reforma de Aton substituir todos os deuses pelo aspecto solar abstrato Aton, a \u00fanica reforma monote\u00edsta conhecida da hist\u00f3ria religiosa eg\u00edpcia, que foi rapidamente revertida ap\u00f3s a sua morte.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quem era Ra na mitologia eg\u00edpcia?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ra (tamb\u00e9m Re, eg\u00edpcio R\\u02bf, o sol) \u00e9 o deus solar supremo do pante\u00e3o eg\u00edpcio e em muitos per\u00edodos deus do imp\u00e9rio. A sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o foi especialmente intensa no Imp\u00e9rio Antigo em Heli\u00f3polis (eg\u00edpcio Iunu, cidade da coluna). Ra percorre diariamente o c\u00e9u na sua barca solar: de manh\u00e3 como Khepri (Skarab\u00e4us), ao meio-dia como Ra (falc\u00e3o), ao entardecer como Atum (homem idoso). \u00c0 noite atravessa as doze horas do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, onde combate a serpente do caos Apophis.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qual a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Ra, Amun e Aton?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No decurso da hist\u00f3ria eg\u00edpcia, v\u00e1rios conceitos do deus solar foram se fundindo. Ra era o deus solar origin\u00e1rio de Heli\u00f3polis. No Imp\u00e9rio M\u00e9dio, Amun de Tebas foi fundido com Ra em Amun-Ra, o deus do imp\u00e9rio do Imp\u00e9rio Novo. Echnaton (1351-1334 a.C.) tentou na sua reforma de Aton substituir todos os deuses pelo aspecto solar abstrato Aton, a \u00fanica reforma monote\u00edsta conhecida da hist\u00f3ria religiosa eg\u00edpcia, que foi rapidamente revertida ap\u00f3s a sua morte.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ra, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia Ra \u00e9 um deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia. Deus solar eg\u00edpcio e divindade suprema, criador da ordem e recriador di\u00e1rio do mundo. Ra ocupa o centro da religi\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia e da Mitologia enquanto figura m\u00e1xima do cosmos. Encarna a for\u00e7a do sol, a renova\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00edclica e o combate eterno entre a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1547,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"ra","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ra, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"For\u00e7a criadora, sincretismos (Atum-R\u00e1, Amon-R\u00e1), luta contra Ap\u00f3fis, Heli\u00f3polis, Livro dos Mortos e paralelos com H\u00e9lios e Sol Invictus.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"aegypten","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-40103","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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