{"id":40073,"date":"2026-07-28T20:12:56","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T20:12:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-totenrichter\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T20:13:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T20:13:16","slug":"yama-buddhismus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yama-buddhismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (Totenrichter)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"40073\" class=\"elementor elementor-40073 elementor-2015\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama no budismo, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Budismo \u00e9 o deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista.<\/p><p><strong>O deus budista dos mortos e juiz das almas ap\u00f3s a morte.<\/strong><\/p><p>No Budismo, Yama atua como juiz do karma e administrador dos mundos infernais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com compet\u00eancias bem definidas sobre as for\u00e7as da natureza, o destino, a guerra e a fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, oferendas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Bodhisattvas, divindades protetoras, esp\u00edritos famintos e guardi\u00f5es do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do submundo e da morte, soberanos do al\u00e9m, ju\u00edzes dos mortos, guias das almas.\">Divindade dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1740\" alt=\"Yama Totenrichter - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama no budismo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Yama Budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade budista principal (Mahayana, Vajrayana), juiz dos mortos e guardi\u00e3o do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem correta da a\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Budismo (todas as escolas), adotado do Yama hindu<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: juiz dos mortos, guardi\u00e3o da lei k\u00e1rmica, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana divindade irada (wrathful deity)<br>Atributos principais: Livro dos Mortos, Espelho do Karma, espada (Khadga), la\u00e7o (Pasha), b\u00fafalo negro<br>Principais locais de culto: mosteiros tibetanos Gelug (dan\u00e7a Cham), Jap\u00e3o (Enma-O), Vietn\u00e3 (Yamaraja)<br>Diversas formas: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Jap\u00e3o), Yeomra (Coreia), Yanluo (China)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 transmitido com o Budismo desde a \u00cdndia a todos os pa\u00edses budistas (antecedente v\u00e9dico no <em>Rigveda<\/em>, a partir de 1200 a.C.). Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Pali (Theravada), \u00e9 o principal examinador no tribunal dos mortos.<\/p><p>No Mahayana, com um corpus de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No Hindu\u00edsmo e no Budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> pr\u00f3prio (por exemplo, o <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). No Tibet, desde o s\u00e9culo VIII d.C., como <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>, ocupa um lugar central nos pante\u00f5es de divindades iradas da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Vajrayana. Per\u00edodo de maior florescimento: nos mosteiros tibetanos Gelug at\u00e9 os dias de hoje, com representa\u00e7\u00f5es dram\u00e1ticas da dan\u00e7a Cham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principais locais de culto: mosteiros tibetanos <strong>Gelug<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Tashilhunpo, com as dan\u00e7as Cham de Yama-Dharmaraja), <strong>Jap\u00e3o<\/strong> como Enma-O (em cada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> dos mortos), <strong>Vietn\u00e3<\/strong> como Diem V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nos pa\u00edses Theravada (Tail\u00e2ndia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) como presen\u00e7a c\u00f3smica de fundo. Na China como <em>Yanluo<\/em> (p\u00e1gina pr\u00f3pria).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes centrais: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (Pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No Hindu\u00edsmo e no Budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (chin\u00eas), tibetano <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (&#8220;Livro Tibetano dos Mortos&#8221;, fonte cl\u00e1ssica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de Yama-Dharmaraja), textos t\u00e2ntricos sobre a Sadhana de Yama-Dharmaraja. Literatura secund\u00e1ria: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Yama budista \u00e9 frequentemente representado com cabe\u00e7a de touro, chifres maci\u00e7os, rosto terr\u00edvel e pele negra ou azul-escura. Por vezes tem dois ou quatro bra\u00e7os. Empunha um <em>Damaru<\/em> (bast\u00e3o de ossos humanos) e um la\u00e7o feito de corda de almas.<\/p><p>\u00c0 sua volta dan\u00e7am dem\u00f4nios e Yaksha. O fogo o envolve; sangue escorre da sua boca. Na arte tibetana, est\u00e1 frequentemente sentado numa caverna ou no seu pal\u00e1cio em Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No ensinamento budista, Yama n\u00e3o representa castigo, mas sim espelho. O juiz Yama atua de forma autom\u00e1tica: toda a\u00e7\u00e3o (<em>karma<\/em>) ter\u00e1 a sua consequ\u00eancia. Nas pr\u00e1ticas t\u00e2ntricas, Yama n\u00e3o \u00e9 implorado por miseric\u00f3rdia, mas sim visualizado como mestre da imperman\u00eancia.<\/p><p>Os ritos f\u00fanebres no Budismo Tibetano se dirigem diretamente a Yama, com o pedido de abrir \u00e0 alma um caminho favor\u00e1vel no <em>Bardo<\/em>. Os praticantes aprendem a encontrar Yama sem medo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Yama Budismo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Yama (Budismo) de forma sint\u00e9tica. Os campos a seguir resumem a origem, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o, a apar\u00eancia, a venera\u00e7\u00e3o, os s\u00edmbolos e os paralelos culturais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A origem do Yama no budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Budismo, Yama \u00e9 adotado do Yama hindu (o primeiro morto v\u00e9dico), mantendo a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de juiz dos mortos, mas sendo reinterpretado de forma budista: n\u00e3o como juiz arbitr\u00e1rio, mas como mediador-espelho do karma.<\/p><p>No sistema tibetano do Bardo Thodol, aparece ao falecido no estado de Bardo entre a morte e o renascimento; o seu espelho mostra ao morto o seu pr\u00f3prio karma, sem que Yama julgue por si mesmo. O castigo resulta da pr\u00f3pria rea\u00e7\u00e3o k\u00e1rmica. Na forma irada como Yama-Dharmaraja: protetor do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem correta da a\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> contra todas as amea\u00e7as.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00fablico-alvo do Yama no budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juiz dos mortos no estado de Bardo. Guardi\u00e3o da lei k\u00e1rmica. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica Vajrayana, Yidam protetor (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> de medita\u00e7\u00e3o) contra todas as amea\u00e7as internas e externas, em especial contra o medo da morte. Patrono da pr\u00e1tica do exame (a vis\u00e3o honesta das pr\u00f3prias a\u00e7\u00f5es). Nas dan\u00e7as Cham tibetanas, recorda\u00e7\u00e3o ritual da mortalidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A apar\u00eancia do Yama no budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na maioria das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es asi\u00e1ticas, representado de forma antropom\u00f3rfica como um funcion\u00e1rio severo com o Livro dos Mortos e um estilete de escrita. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana Vajrayana como <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: figura irada de cor azul-escura ou negra, com cabe\u00e7a de b\u00fafalo, tr\u00eas olhos e cabelos flamejantes, envolto numa aur\u00e9ola de chamas.<\/p><p>Ornamentos de ossos, saia de pele de tigre. Nas m\u00e3os, ta\u00e7a de cr\u00e2nio (Kapala), Khatvanga (cetro de cr\u00e2nio), la\u00e7o (Pasha), espada. Monta um b\u00fafalo negro que calca um ser humano. Acompanhado pela sua irm\u00e3 Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O efeito do Yama no budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> No tibetano Bardo Thodol, Yama \u00e9 aguardado como uma apari\u00e7\u00e3o no estado de Bardo; os moribundos s\u00e3o preparados para o seu encontro. Nas dan\u00e7as Cham tibetanas, confronta\u00e7\u00e3o ritual com o juiz dos mortos (com m\u00e1scaras dram\u00e1ticas). Na pr\u00e1tica t\u00e2ntrica, meditado como Yidam protetor. Nos ritos f\u00fanebres Theravada e Mahayana, como mediador k\u00e1rmico de fundo. No Jap\u00e3o, como Enma-O, \u00e9 central em todos os cemit\u00e9rios budistas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A defesa contra o Yama no budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Livro dos Mortos, Espelho do Karma (Karma-Darpana), espada (Khadga), la\u00e7o (Pasha), b\u00fafalo negro (animal de montaria), Khatvanga (cetro de cr\u00e2nio), Kapala (ta\u00e7a de cr\u00e2nio), cabe\u00e7a de b\u00fafalo (na forma irada tibetana), terceiro olho, cabelos flamejantes. Plantas sagradas: nenhuma espec\u00edfica. Dire\u00e7\u00e3o sagrada: Sul (na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o indiana).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os paralelos do Yama no budismo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (Hindu\u00edsmo, raiz), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Hindu\u00edsmo \/ Budismo), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, forma irada Vajrayana), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Jap\u00e3o), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Coreia), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, o primeiro dos Dez Reis do Inferno), <em>Hades<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egito, guia + juiz), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germ\u00e2nico), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Asteca). Yama \u00e9 um dos conceitos divinos mais amplamente difundidos no mundo (da \u00cdndia a toda a \u00c1sia at\u00e9 o Jap\u00e3o).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Ritual budista de afastamento de Yama<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>: recita\u00e7\u00e3o de textos Dharani e invoca\u00e7\u00f5es de Bodhisattva em momentos de vulnerabilidade (processo de morte, experi\u00eancias de quase-morte). Os rituais de fogo Goma (oferendas de fogo tibetanas) visam afastar o castigo de Yama. As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de canto utilizam mantras das divindades da compaix\u00e3o para suavizar os julgamentos de Yama. Pr\u00e1tica popular budista chinesa: notas de papel no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> do Imperador de Jade para apaziguar o juiz Yama.<\/p><p><strong>Conjura\u00e7\u00f5es e invoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p><p>Os mantras de Jizo (Bodhisattva do inferno) e as invoca\u00e7\u00f5es de Avalokiteshvara s\u00e3o considerados meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra o castigo de Yama. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No Hindu\u00edsmo e no Budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> da Grande Compaix\u00e3o (Karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No Hindu\u00edsmo e no Budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>) \u00e9 recitado. Em tibetano: visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Yamantaka no Guhyasamaja-Tantra, a derrota agressiva de Yama pelo &#8220;Subjugador de Dem\u00f4nios Yamantaka&#8221;. Texto original em s\u00e2nscrito: &#8220;Om j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem correta da a\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Est\u00e1tuas de Jizo como s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o em templos sino-japoneses. Ros\u00e1rio budista (Mala) com 108 contas, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es rituais regulamentada.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span> associado ao apaziguamento dos guardi\u00f5es do inferno. Testemunhos arqueol\u00f3gicos: estelas budistas do s\u00e9culo VII na China e na Coreia, que contrap\u00f5em o juiz Yama a Bodhisattvas salvadores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama no budismo, paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O Yama budista se assemelha ao Yama hindu, mas \u00e9 menos &#8220;juiz&#8221; e mais &#8220;personifica\u00e7\u00e3o da lei&#8221;. Com a morte crist\u00e3 (<em>Thanatos<\/em> ou <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>), partilha a inevitabilidade.<\/p><p>No contexto tibetano, Yama \u00e9 um Dharmapala, um &#8220;protetor do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem correta da a\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>&#8220;, semelhante a Kali ou Bhairava no Hindu\u00edsmo. A cor negra e a forma selvagem s\u00e3o universais nas divindades da morte.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama entre a heran\u00e7a v\u00e9dica e a reinterpreta\u00e7\u00e3o budista<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura budista de Yama n\u00e3o surgiu de forma independente, mas derivou de uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> indiana mais antiga. Na \u00cdndia v\u00e9dica, nos hinos do <em>Rigveda<\/em>, Yama \u00e9 o primeiro ser humano que morreu e, por isso, o rei dos mortos que encontrou o caminho para o al\u00e9m.<\/p><p>Reina sobre uma regi\u00e3o luminosa onde se re\u00fanem os antepassados falecidos, sendo mais um receptor acolhedor dos mortos do que um juiz que castiga.<\/p><p>O Budismo adotou Yama, mas transformou consideravelmente a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do modo como o mundo est\u00e1 estruturado e ordenado em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista, Yama se torna o senhor do submundo e o juiz que decide sobre o renascimento dos falecidos, decidindo em particular quem entra nos dom\u00ednios infernais.<\/p><p>Essa transforma\u00e7\u00e3o, do receptor dos bem-aventurados ao juiz dos culpados, est\u00e1 relacionada com o ensinamento budista central do <em>karma<\/em>: o destino ap\u00f3s a morte resulta das a\u00e7\u00f5es praticadas, e Yama se torna a inst\u00e2ncia que representa essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>\u00c9 importante a perspectiva das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o segundo a qual Yama, na compreens\u00e3o budista estrita, n\u00e3o julga por iniciativa pr\u00f3pria. Os textos sublinham repetidamente que o <em>karma<\/em> em si determina o renascimento e que Yama se limita a mostrar ao falecido as suas pr\u00f3prias a\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Uma conhecida par\u00e1bola do <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> do c\u00e2none Pali apresenta Yama mostrando ao falecido os mensageiros divinos, a velhice, a doen\u00e7a e a morte, e perguntando-lhe se n\u00e3o havia reparado nesses avisos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama no budismo tibetano e a roda da vida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Budismo tibetano, Yama adquiriu um significado iconogr\u00e1fico e ritual particularmente marcado. Aqui aparece geralmente como <em>Shinje<\/em>, em forma aterradora, com cabe\u00e7a de touro, coroa de chamas e os atributos de um juiz dos mortos, frequentemente de p\u00e9 sobre um touro.<\/p><p>\u00c9 especialmente conhecida a sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o na chamada Roda da Vida, o <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>. Nessa composi\u00e7\u00e3o imag\u00e9tica amplamente difundida, que orna a entrada de muitos mosteiros, um grande ser que mostra os dentes segura a roda dos seis dom\u00ednios da exist\u00eancia nas garras e nos dentes.<\/p><p>Esse ser que abra\u00e7a a roda \u00e9 habitualmente interpretado como Yama, como a personifica\u00e7\u00e3o da imperman\u00eancia e da morte, \u00e0 qual est\u00e3o sujeitas todas as formas de exist\u00eancia condicionada. A imagem exprime o ensinamento de que cada dom\u00ednio de renascimento, incluindo os c\u00e9us, est\u00e1 sujeito \u00e0 morte e, portanto, ao dom\u00ednio de Yama.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana conhece ainda a forma meditativa de Yamantaka, cujo nome significa &#8220;o que vence Yama&#8221; ou &#8220;o que p\u00f5e fim \u00e0 morte&#8221;. Yamantaka \u00e9 considerado a manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o irada do Bodhisattva Manjushri e personifica a sabedoria que supera a pr\u00f3pria morte.<\/p><p>Nessa constela\u00e7\u00e3o torna-se evidente a posi\u00e7\u00e3o ambivalente de Yama: \u00e9 o senhor da morte e, ao mesmo tempo, um poder que pode ser superado no despertar. A pesquisa v\u00ea na rica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda os conte\u00fados das imagens e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> tibetana de Yama uma fus\u00e3o de modelos indianos com concep\u00e7\u00f5es tibetanas locais de divindades das montanhas e dos mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama na \u00c1sia Oriental: do deus indiano ao juiz do inferno Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a expans\u00e3o do Budismo para a China, a Coreia e o Jap\u00e3o, Yama tamb\u00e9m migrou, sendo a\u00ed profundamente integrado nas concep\u00e7\u00f5es locais do al\u00e9m. Na China, a figura indiana se fundiu com as concep\u00e7\u00f5es de um submundo organizado de forma burocr\u00e1tica e se transformou em Yanluo Wang, o Rei Yanluo, um dos dez reis do inferno, cada um dos quais preside a um tribunal do submundo.<\/p><p>Esses Dez Reis do Submundo julgam os falecidos em inst\u00e2ncias sucessivas, e o morto os percorre um a um antes de ser decidida a sua pr\u00f3xima exist\u00eancia. Yanluo Wang ocupa nesse sistema, na maioria das vezes, a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do quinto rei. Todo o sistema reflete a experi\u00eancia com a hierarquia burocr\u00e1tica terrena, com registros, julgamentos e medidas punitivas.<\/p><p>No Jap\u00e3o, essa figura foi adotada como Enma ou Enma-\u014d; na Coreia, como Yeomra. <a href=\"\/pt-br\/enma-o\/\">Enma<\/a> \u00e9 uma figura conhecida na religi\u00e3o popular japonesa, frequentemente representada com o rosto ruborizado, tocado judicial e uma t\u00e1bua de escrita ou espelho no qual se tornam vis\u00edveis as a\u00e7\u00f5es do falecido.<\/p><p>As <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o<\/span> sublinham que as formula\u00e7\u00f5es do Leste Asi\u00e1tico v\u00e3o muito al\u00e9m do modelo indiano e que Yama se tornou a\u00ed um elemento integrante das concep\u00e7\u00f5es populares do al\u00e9m, que combinam elementos budistas, taoistas e de religiosidade popular. A transforma\u00e7\u00e3o da figura v\u00e9dica luminosa, passando pelo juiz indo-budista, at\u00e9 o burocrata infernal do Leste Asi\u00e1tico, \u00e9 um exemplo paradigm\u00e1tico de transfer\u00eancia cultural religiosa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yama\/\">Yama (Hindu\u00edsmo), raiz<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, forma relacionada<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japonesa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma coreana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo, forma chinesa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\">Budismo, vis\u00e3o geral do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\">Divindades dos mortos, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. Londres 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (numerosas tradu\u00e7\u00f5es, por exemplo Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (org.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &#8220;Yama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama no budismo, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista Yama Budismo \u00e9 o deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista. O deus budista dos mortos e juiz das almas ap\u00f3s a morte. No Budismo, Yama atua como juiz do karma e administrador dos mundos infernais. DeusBudismoDivindade dos mortos \u00cdndice Yama no budismo Em resumo: Yama Budismo Tipo: Divindade budista principal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"yama budismo","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama: O deus budista dos mortos e juiz do karma","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama no Budismo: cabe\u00e7a de touro, juiz do Bardo e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do karma. O seu papel no Livro Tibetano dos Mortos, o Bardo Thodol.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-40073","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama: O deus budista dos mortos e juiz do karma<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama no Budismo: cabe\u00e7a de touro, juiz do Bardo e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do karma. 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