{"id":40016,"date":"2026-07-28T19:58:30","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:58:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tunkasila-avo-ceu-dos-lakota\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T19:58:51","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:58:51","slug":"tunkasila-avo-ceu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/tunkasila-avo-ceu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunkasila, av\u00f4 c\u00e9u dos lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"40016\" class=\"elementor elementor-40016 elementor-2587\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunkasila, Av\u00f4, ser celeste e forma de tratamento do sagrado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila (Lakota <em>Thunkasila<\/em>, Av\u00f4) \u00e9 o tratamento reverente do Sagrado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota. \u00c9 utilizado igualmente para <a href=\"\/pt-br\/wakan-tanka\/\">Wakan Tanka<\/a>, para os Quatro Antepassados do C\u00e9u e para a figura de refer\u00eancia personificada na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Criador da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Native American.\">Criador<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/native-american\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tratamento de Av\u00f4.\">Tratamento de Av\u00f4<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2706\" alt=\"Tunkasila Grossvater Himmel - G\u00f6tter aus der Native-american-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o na religi\u00e3o Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila n\u00e3o \u00e9, no sistema religioso Lakota, uma entidade aut\u00f4noma, mas uma forma de tratamento teologicamente importante. A palavra <em>tunkasila<\/em> significa simplesmente <em>av\u00f4<\/em> e \u00e9 utilizada na linguagem cotidiana tanto para o av\u00f4 biol\u00f3gico como para parentes masculinos mais velhos. No discurso religioso, o tratamento \u00e9 ampliado ao Sagrado, estabelecendo assim uma determinada rela\u00e7\u00e3o de parentesco com o Sagrado.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o, o conceito de Tunkasila \u00e9 um elemento central da <em>teologia do parentesco<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span><\/em> Lakota. As ora\u00e7\u00f5es Lakota n\u00e3o moldam o Sagrado como um Ser Supremo distante e alheio, mas como uma pessoa familiar pr\u00f3xima, com quem se mant\u00e9m uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o de parentesco.<\/p><p>Este elemento foi repetidamente destacado por Joseph Epes Brown, Vine Deloria Jr. e pela te\u00f3loga Lakota Doris Leader Charge como diferen\u00e7a central em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos monote\u00edsmos ocidentais.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1tica de ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota cont\u00e9m dois tratamentos de parentesco centrais: <em>Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f4) para os seres masculinos e em particular para os seres celestes de hierarquia superior, <em>Unci<\/em> (Av\u00f3) para os seres femininos e em particular para os seres da Terra (ver tamb\u00e9m <a href=\"\/pt-br\/spider-grandmother\/\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>). Este duplo tratamento reproduz a estrutura bipolar de g\u00eanero do Sagrado Lakota e constitui um elemento teol\u00f3gico aut\u00f4nomo.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Tunkasila mant\u00e9m uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o complementar com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o feminina <em>Unci<\/em>. O tratamento de Av\u00f3 se aplica especialmente aos seres da Terra, \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da Av\u00f3-Aranha dos Lakota ocidentais e \u00e0 numinosidade feminina superior em geral.<\/p><p>Esta dupla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> bipolar de g\u00eanero \u00e9 uma caracter\u00edstica estrutural central da religi\u00e3o Lakota, que a distingue das divindades principais de tipo monog\u00eanico das religi\u00f5es abra\u00e2micas. Joseph Epes Brown e Severt Young Bear descreveram esta bipolaridade de g\u00eanero como complementaridade igualit\u00e1ria, e n\u00e3o como uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de g\u00eanero hierarquicamente ordenada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo Lakota <em>thunkasila<\/em> comp\u00f5e-se de <em>thunka<\/em> (tronco) e <em>sila<\/em> (marcador de parentesco para antepassados masculinos). Resulta literalmente <em>&#8216;parente masculino do tronco&#8217;<\/em> ou <em>&#8216;antepassado masculino&#8217;<\/em>. Aplicado ao Sagrado, estabelece a ideia de uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o familiar transgeracional: o Sagrado \u00e9 um parente de hierarquia superior, n\u00e3o uma inst\u00e2ncia distante.<\/p><p>A terminologia de parentesco Lakota \u00e9, em seu conjunto, muito complexa. Ao contr\u00e1rio do ingl\u00eas americano moderno, que possui apenas um termo para o av\u00f4 biol\u00f3gico, o Lakota conhece termos distintos para diferentes classes de av\u00f4s (por exemplo, <em>tunkasila<\/em> para o av\u00f4 paterno e <em>kakaala<\/em> para o av\u00f4 materno).<\/p><p>A aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da forma mais geral <em>tunkasila<\/em> ao Sagrado generaliza a rela\u00e7\u00e3o de av\u00f4 e a torna uma figura de refer\u00eancia transbiol\u00f3gica.<\/p><p>Uma observa\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica importante \u00e9 que <em>tunkasila<\/em> \u00e9 frequentemente utilizado na forma plural <em>tunkasilas<\/em> ou <em>tunkasilapi<\/em>, o que designa os <em>av\u00f4s<\/em>. Nesta forma plural, o tratamento se refere em particular aos <em>Quatro Av\u00f4s<\/em>, as Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es, que como seres wakan personificados representam as estrutura\u00e7\u00f5es c\u00f3smicas do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os Quatro Av\u00f3s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na aplica\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica mais espec\u00edfica, <em>Tunkasila<\/em> ou o plural <em>Tunkasilas<\/em> designa os <em>Quatro Av\u00f4s das Dire\u00e7\u00f5es<\/em>. S\u00e3o eles: <em>Wiyohpeyata<\/em> (Oeste, Trov\u00e3o), <em>Waziyata<\/em> (Norte, Bisonte, For\u00e7a), <em>Wiyohinyanpata<\/em> (Leste, cisne branco, Raz\u00e3o) e <em>Itokagata<\/em> (Sul, Grou, crescimento da vida).<\/p><p>A cada um destes Quatro \u00e9 atribu\u00edda uma cor (Preto, Vermelho, Amarelo, Branco), um animal wakan e uma determinada fun\u00e7\u00e3o na ordem c\u00f3smica.<\/p><p>Os Quatro Av\u00f4s s\u00e3o expressamente invocados no in\u00edcio de cada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> Lakota.<\/p><p>Isso ocorre pela apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o do cachimbo sagrado <em>chanunpa<\/em> nas Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es, pelo lan\u00e7amento de pequenas migalhas de tabaco nas Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es, ou pela invoca\u00e7\u00e3o verbal com a f\u00f3rmula padr\u00e3o <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em> (A todos os meus parentes), que inclui no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> todos os parentes, vis\u00edveis e invis\u00edveis.<\/p><p>Esta estrutura das Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 a estrutura organizativa fundamental de toda a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota. Determina a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> tanto quanto a topografia ritual da tenda do suor (orientada segundo as Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es), a estrutura\u00e7\u00e3o temporal dos grandes rituais (quatro dias de Dan\u00e7a do Sol, quatro noites de Vision-Quest) e a estrutura\u00e7\u00e3o simb\u00f3lica da pr\u00e1tica de cura.<\/p><p>Joseph Epes Brown descreveu em <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> de forma detalhada a import\u00e2ncia central da estrutura das Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>O simbolismo crom\u00e1tico dos Quatro Av\u00f4s varia conforme a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da reserva. Na variante mais frequente, tal como transmitida nos textos de Black Elk, o Oeste \u00e9 preto, o Norte vermelho, o Leste amarelo, o Sul branco. Em outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es Lakota, o Oeste \u00e9 ordenado como vermelho, o Norte branco, o Leste amarelo, o Sul preto.<\/p><p>Estas variantes regionais foram repetidamente observadas na pesquisa etnol\u00f3gica e refletem a diversidade geneal\u00f3gica da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota. James Walker documentou nos textos Sword uma estrutura\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria, divergente em muitos detalhes, que deve ser considerada uma linha principal alternativa da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fun\u00e7\u00e3o na ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o do tratamento Tunkasila na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> Lakota \u00e9 profundamente diferenciada. Uma f\u00f3rmula de ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota padr\u00e3o come\u00e7a com <em>Tunkasila Wakan Tanka, unsi unkila<\/em> (Av\u00f4 Santo Grande, tem compaix\u00e3o de n\u00f3s), com o qual o Sagrado \u00e9 interpelado no tratamento direto de parentesco.<\/p><p>Este tratamento estabelece uma proximidade emocional ao Sagrado que, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental, corresponde mais ao tratamento paternal da ora\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 (<em>Pai Nosso<\/em>).<\/p><p>O tratamento de Av\u00f4 se distingue, por\u00e9m, do modelo pai-progenitor por um elemento adicional: a dist\u00e2ncia geracional. O av\u00f4 est\u00e1 uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o mais afastada do que o educador imediato (que seria o pai); \u00e9 digno, s\u00e1bio, ensinante, mas n\u00e3o interveniente de forma direta. Esta dist\u00e2ncia geracional permite uma proximidade respeitosa sem diretividade autorit\u00e1ria, o que marca a tonalidade espec\u00edfica da ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota.<\/p><p>Um elemento importante da ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota \u00e9 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> dos principais seres wakan com os seus ep\u00edtetos Tunkasila espec\u00edficos: <em>Wakinyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f4 Trov\u00e3o, ver <a href=\"\/pt-br\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>), <em>Tatanka Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f4 B\u00fafalo), <em>Inyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Av\u00f4 Pedra). Estes m\u00faltiplos tratamentos Tunkasila mostram que o tratamento de Av\u00f4 pode ser aplicado de forma flex\u00edvel a todos os seres wakan de hierarquia superior.<\/p><p>A f\u00f3rmula <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em>, com que cada ato de ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota \u00e9 conclu\u00eddo, \u00e9 uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica central. Significa literalmente <em>&#8216;A todos os meus parentes&#8217;<\/em> e inclui na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>, al\u00e9m dos parentes humanos da fam\u00edlia, tamb\u00e9m os parentes wakan, os parentes animais, os parentes vegetais e os parentes pedra.<\/p><p>Esta extens\u00e3o radical do conceito de parentesco a todo o invent\u00e1rio do cosmos \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> genuinamente Lakota e pertence \u00e0s caracter\u00edsticas mais marcantes da religi\u00e3o Lakota em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es monote\u00edstas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o nos ritos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O tratamento Tunkasila est\u00e1 presente em todo o processo ritual da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota. Na <em>Inipi<\/em> (tenda do suor), \u00e9 invocado v\u00e1rias vezes no in\u00edcio de cada uma das quatro fases de resist\u00eancia. Na <em>Hanblechiyapi<\/em> (Vision-Quest), \u00e9 o elemento de ora\u00e7\u00e3o repetido continuamente durante a vig\u00edlia solit\u00e1ria. No <em>Wiwanyag Wachipi<\/em> (Dan\u00e7a do Sol), \u00e9 invocado em cada um dos quatro dias com acentua\u00e7\u00f5es distintas.<\/p><p>Uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o ritual importante \u00e9 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"genuinamente Lakota e pertence \u00e0s caracter\u00edsticas mais marcantes da religi\u00e3o Lakota em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es monote\u00edstas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cetan Wakan<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orienta\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica do ser humano para uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>, a ora\u00e7\u00e3o do P\u00e1ssaro Sagrado, na qual o P\u00e1ssaro Sagrado (frequentemente a \u00e1guia) \u00e9 invocado como mensageiro entre o ser humano e Tunkasila.<\/p><p>A \u00e1guia transporta a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orienta\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica do ser humano para uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> humana ao Av\u00f4 no C\u00e9u e traz de volta a resposta. Esta ideia do p\u00e1ssaro-mensageiro \u00e9 um elemento comum a numerosas religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas americanas e constitui um elemento importante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A orienta\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica do ser humano para uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> mediadora entre o ser humano e o Sagrado.<\/p><p>Nos movimentos ind\u00edgenas modernos, em particular nas assembleias pan-\u00edndias (como o movimento American Indian Movement desde os anos 1970), o tratamento Tunkasila se tornou uma das formas de ora\u00e7\u00e3o mais conhecidas das religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas norte-americanas. \u00c9 amplamente utilizado nas cerim\u00f4nias p\u00fablicas de Sun Dance, nas assembleias de ativistas do AIM e na espiritualidade ind\u00edgena contempor\u00e2nea.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da pena de \u00e1guia <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em> est\u00e1 prescrita em detalhe. Apenas determinadas esp\u00e9cies de \u00e1guia, a \u00e1guia-real (<em>wanblee<\/em>) e n\u00e3o o comum gavi\u00e3o-b\u00fatio, fornecem as penas sagradas. Estas penas s\u00e3o trocadas apenas de forma ritual; n\u00e3o podem ser compradas nem vendidas. Devem ser <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span> cedidas ou adquiridas por meio de uma vis\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A lei federal <em>Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act<\/em> (1940, v\u00e1rias vezes alterada) permite exclusivamente a membros reconhecidos de tribos ind\u00edgenas a posse de penas de \u00e1guia para fins rituais; todos os abates de \u00e1guias s\u00e3o estritamente regulados. Este quadro jur\u00eddico de prote\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um exemplo \u00fanico de reconhecimento estatal da religiosidade ind\u00edgena no direito americano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e a\u00e7\u00e3o apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pr\u00e1tica relacionada com a prote\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito de Tunkasila \u00e9 a pr\u00e1tica geral da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota. Quem se encontra numa situa\u00e7\u00e3o de necessidade, doen\u00e7a, amea\u00e7a, esp\u00edritos mal\u00e9ficos, invoca o Av\u00f4, frequentemente com a f\u00f3rmula padr\u00e3o <em>Tunkasila, unsi unkila<\/em>. Isso ocorre por meio do fumar o cachimbo sagrado, do defumar com s\u00e1lvia de b\u00fafalo ou erva-doce, ou da invoca\u00e7\u00e3o verbal simples.<\/p><p>Uma pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica \u00e9 o <em>Naming Ceremony<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> no qual uma crian\u00e7a ou um adulto recebe um nome sagrado Lakota. Este nome \u00e9 determinado em uma vis\u00e3o ou por um curandeiro experiente e institu\u00eddo com uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> detalhada dos Quatro Tunkasilas e do Tunkasila-Wakan-Tanka.<\/p><p>O nome sagrado acompanha a crian\u00e7a ou o adulto ao longo de toda a vida e \u00e9 considerado a prote\u00e7\u00e3o mais importante contra esp\u00edritos mal\u00e9ficos e acidentes.<\/p><p>Outra pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o importante \u00e9 o uso de pequenas penas de \u00e1guia (<em>wanblee wapaha<\/em>) como adorno de penas de \u00e1guia, que apenas podem ser usadas por pessoas iniciadas com m\u00e9rito.<\/p><p>A pena de \u00e1guia simboliza a conex\u00e3o com o Av\u00f4 no C\u00e9u e \u00e9 considerada uma prote\u00e7\u00e3o apotropaica eficaz. Na pr\u00e1tica Lakota tradicional, a concess\u00e3o de uma pena de \u00e1guia estava associada a uma cerim\u00f4nia ritual complexa, que ainda hoje \u00e9 praticada em algumas comunidades das reservas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O tratamento de parentesco do Sagrado \u00e9 um fen\u00f4meno hist\u00f3rico-religioso amplamente difundido. Estruturalmente compar\u00e1veis s\u00e3o o tratamento crist\u00e3o do <em>Pai Nosso<\/em> (embora com pai em vez de av\u00f4), o tratamento judaico <em>Avinu Malkenu<\/em> (Nosso Pai, Nosso Rei) e o tratamento isl\u00e2mico <em>Rabbana<\/em> (Nosso Senhor).<\/p><p>Importa, no entanto, salientar a especificidade hist\u00f3rico-cultural da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota: o tratamento se dirige ao av\u00f4 e precisamente n\u00e3o ao pai; respeita uma dist\u00e2ncia geracional que n\u00e3o est\u00e1 presente no tratamento paternal ocidental. Esta diferen\u00e7a foi repetidamente destacada por Vine Deloria Jr. como elemento central da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota, que se op\u00f5e a uma equipara\u00e7\u00e3o precipitada com o Deus-Pai crist\u00e3o.<\/p><p>No interior das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas americanas, o tratamento de av\u00f4 \u00e9 amplamente difundido. Nas tribos de l\u00edngua Algonquina, diz-se <em>Gitchi Manitou<\/em> (Grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span>) com conota\u00e7\u00e3o de dist\u00e2ncia geracional semelhante.<\/p><p>Entre os Cherokee, Choctaw, Cheyenne e Crow existem tratamentos de av\u00f4 pr\u00f3prios, estruturalmente compar\u00e1veis. A difus\u00e3o pan-indiana do tratamento <em>Tunkasila<\/em> no moderno movimento pan-\u00edndio generalizou, contudo, o uso especificamente Lakota e o tornou parcialmente impreciso.<\/p><p>No interior da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mais ampla dos \u00edndios das Plan\u00edcies, o tratamento de av\u00f4 Cheyenne \u00e9 particularmente semelhante. Os Cheyenne interpelam o deus supremo <em>Maheo<\/em> como <em>Old Man<\/em> e por vezes como <em>Av\u00f4<\/em>. Entre os Crow, o tratamento correspondente se chama <em>Akbatatdia<\/em>, o Santo Transmissor da Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, que tamb\u00e9m se insere na conota\u00e7\u00e3o de av\u00f4.<\/p><p>A converg\u00eancia estrutural destas teologias do av\u00f4 das Plan\u00edcies sugere um parentesco hist\u00f3rico-cultural que ter\u00e1 provavelmente emergido nas estreitas rela\u00e7\u00f5es intertribais da regi\u00e3o das Plan\u00edcies nos s\u00e9culos XVII e XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o e pesquisa atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O tratamento Tunkasila se mant\u00e9m vivo e ininterrupto na pr\u00e1tica Lakota atual, sendo regularmente utilizado nas comunidades das reservas e na crescente di\u00e1spora Lakota urbana. \u00c9 um dos poucos elementos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota que s\u00e3o traduzidos diretamente no espa\u00e7o lingu\u00edstico americano-ingl\u00eas, como <em>Grandfather<\/em>, tornando-se assim acess\u00edvel tamb\u00e9m a falantes n\u00e3o Lakota.<\/p><p>Na pesquisa acad\u00eamica, Vine Deloria Jr., Joseph Epes Brown, Aase Hultkrantz, Raymond DeMallie e a te\u00f3loga Lakota Doris Leader Charge descreveram sistematicamente a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Tunkasila. A principal contribui\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o de parentesco com o Sagrado, foi reconhecida como importante contributo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> ind\u00edgena americana para a hist\u00f3ria global das religi\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o, o tratamento Tunkasila \u00e9 um exemplo importante da autonomia da religiosidade ind\u00edgena americana face \u00e0s categorias religiosas europeias pr\u00e9-configuradas.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio do simples conceito de <em>Great Spirit<\/em> da literatura popular sobre os \u00edndios, que constitui uma leitura simplificada e cristianizante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Lakota, o tratamento Tunkasila transmite uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> do parentesco especificamente Lakota, que merece aten\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia comparativa das religi\u00f5es<\/span>. A rela\u00e7\u00e3o do iWell Guard com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota descreve estes dados de forma hist\u00f3rico-religiosa, sem promessas de efic\u00e1cia nem recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es espirituais.<\/p><p>Uma importante linha de pesquisa recente se ocupa da quest\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> da l\u00edngua Lakota. O tratamento Tunkasila est\u00e1 inserido em uma l\u00edngua Lakota abrangente, cujas estruturas gramaticais (sistema verbal, terminologia de parentesco, concep\u00e7\u00f5es wakan) sustentam os conte\u00fados religiosos.<\/p><p>Se a l\u00edngua Lakota se perder, e ela corre um perigo consider\u00e1vel devido \u00e0 perda lingu\u00edstica das gera\u00e7\u00f5es mais jovens, perde-se tamb\u00e9m a profundidade teol\u00f3gica genu\u00edna da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Tunkasila. Os programas de revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da l\u00edngua Lakota nas escolas das reservas desde os anos 1990 constituem, por isso, tamb\u00e9m uma preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o de natureza religioso-teol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A sele\u00e7\u00e3o a seguir lista obras centrais sobre a religi\u00e3o Lakota e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia comparativa das religi\u00f5es<\/span> relativas \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Tunkasila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp289d6f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp289d6f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d341ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d341ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila como forma de tratamento na ora\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293703eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293703eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225c40b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225c40b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A designa\u00e7\u00e3o <em>T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila<\/em>, literalmente Av\u00f4, \u00e9 entendida pelos Lakota menos como o nome pr\u00f3prio de uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> delimitada do que como um tratamento reverente usado na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/p><p>Pode se referir a <em>Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014b T\u021f\u00e1\u014bka<\/em>, o grande mist\u00e9rio sagrado, mas tamb\u00e9m a poderes sagrados individuais e aos esp\u00edritos dos antepassados. Esta mobilidade do conceito \u00e9 decisiva para uma compreens\u00e3o adequada e distingue a religi\u00e3o Lakota fundamentalmente dos sistemas de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> com divindades individuais claramente delimitadas.<\/p><p>Nas ora\u00e7\u00f5es transmitidas, por exemplo nos textos associados ao homem sagrado Black Elk, o tratamento T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila aparece repetidamente, frequentemente em conex\u00e3o com a orienta\u00e7\u00e3o para as quatro dire\u00e7\u00f5es, para cima em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao C\u00e9u e para baixo em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Terra.<\/p><p>O orante se dirige ao Av\u00f4 em cada dire\u00e7\u00e3o e se coloca assim no centro de um mundo sagrado ordenado.<\/p><p>A tradu\u00e7\u00e3o alem\u00e3 como Av\u00f4 C\u00e9u estreita este dado, porque sugere uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> celeste fixa. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota, a separa\u00e7\u00e3o entre um Av\u00f4 C\u00e9u e uma Av\u00f3 Terra, <em>U\u014b\u010d\u00ed Mak\u021f\u00e1<\/em>, embora corrente, ambos pertencem a um tecido de rela\u00e7\u00f5es em que o sagrado n\u00e3o \u00e9 decomposto em figuras isoladas, mas pensado como um todo ligado por parentesco. Por isso, cientificamente \u00e9 importante ler T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila primariamente como invoca\u00e7\u00e3o de ora\u00e7\u00e3o e express\u00e3o de uma cosmologia de parentesco, e n\u00e3o como um deus do c\u00e9u isolado segundo o modelo europeu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27df1f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27df1f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22486db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22486db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes: de James Walker \u00e0 cr\u00edtica dos primeiros colecionadores<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8dc244 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b8dc244\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26823363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26823363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O conhecimento transmitido por escrito sobre as concep\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas dos Lakota, no qual se inclui tamb\u00e9m o discurso sobre o Av\u00f4, prov\u00e9m em grande parte de um pequeno n\u00famero de coletores do final do s\u00e9culo XIX e in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>O mais importante \u00e9 James R. Walker, um m\u00e9dico que trabalhou a partir de 1896 na reserva Pine Ridge e que colaborou durante anos com homens sagrados como George Sword, Thomas Tyon e Little Wound.<\/p><p>Os seus registros foram editados criticamente apenas tardiamente, a partir dos anos 1980, por Raymond DeMallie e Elaine Jahner, e publicados sob t\u00edtulos como <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>O material de Walker \u00e9 rico, mas n\u00e3o isento de problemas. Organizou as declara\u00e7\u00f5es dos seus informadores parcialmente em um edif\u00edcio doutrin\u00e1rio sistem\u00e1tico que formulou a hierarquia dos poderes sagrados de forma mais elaborada do que aquela que poder\u00e1 ter correspondido \u00e0 religi\u00e3o vivida.<\/p><p>Pesquisa posterior chamou a aten\u00e7\u00e3o para o fato de Walker ter introduzido neste processo as suas pr\u00f3prias concep\u00e7\u00f5es ordenadoras e de alguns dos seus informadores lhe terem possivelmente comunicado nem tudo ou nem tudo de forma n\u00e3o adulterada.<\/p><p>Uma segunda fonte central \u00e9 o material que remonta a Black Elk, mediado por John Neihardt em <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932) e por Joseph Epes Brown em <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953). Tamb\u00e9m aqui h\u00e1 que ter em conta o papel mediador dos autores n\u00e3o ind\u00edgenas. Por isso, cientificamente vale o seguinte: as afirma\u00e7\u00f5es sobre T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila est\u00e3o filtradas por uma base de fontes estreita, marcada pela media\u00e7\u00e3o e pela sistematiza\u00e7\u00e3o. Pesquisa mais recente, por exemplo em DeMallie, evidencia mais a perspectiva interna Lakota e adverte para a conten\u00e7\u00e3o perante os sistemas fechados dos primeiros coletores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Raymond DeMallie: <em>The Sixth Grandfather<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Doris Leader Charge: <em>Lakota Way of Strength and Courage<\/em> (1995)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Tunkasila Thunkasila Av\u00f4 Lakota Quatro Dire\u00e7\u00f5es Mitakuye Oyasin.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard se insere na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da <a href=\"\/pt-br\/native-american\/\">Native American<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico. N\u00e3o constitui uma promessa de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoter\u00e1pico. Os conte\u00fados das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tunkasila, Av\u00f4, ser celeste e forma de tratamento do sagrado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota Tunkasila (Lakota Thunkasila, Av\u00f4) \u00e9 o tratamento reverente do Sagrado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lakota. \u00c9 utilizado igualmente para Wakan Tanka, para os Quatro Antepassados do C\u00e9u e para a figura de refer\u00eancia personificada na ora\u00e7\u00e3o. CriadorNative AmericanTratamento de Av\u00f4 \u00cdndice Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o na religi\u00e3o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2706,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"tunkasila av\u00f4 lakota","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tunkasila, Av\u00f4 C\u00e9u Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tunkasila, o Av\u00f4 C\u00e9u dos Lakota, \u00e9 o tratamento do Sagrado e a rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o Sagrado. 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