{"id":39958,"date":"2026-07-28T19:45:30","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:45:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/leviathan-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T19:45:48","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:45:48","slug":"leviathan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/leviathan\/","title":{"rendered":"Leviathan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39958\" class=\"elementor elementor-39958 elementor-1021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan \u00e9 um deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3.<\/p><p>Serpente primordial do mar, figura do caos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hebraica e crist\u00e3.<\/p><p>Leviathan surge na B\u00edblia como drag\u00e3o do caos e advers\u00e1rio da cria\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com compet\u00eancias bem definidas sobre for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra e fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/cristianismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 com os seus anjos, dem\u00f4nios e seres m\u00edsticos.\">Cristianismo<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/anti-deuses\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Poderes do caos e advers\u00e1rios c\u00f3smicos, antagonistas do dualismo na hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es.\">Anti-Deus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1566\" alt=\"Leviathan - G\u00f6tter aus der Christentum-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan (heb. <em>Liwjatan<\/em>) \u00e9 uma das mais antigas figuras do caos do Antigo Oriente; no Antigo Testamento aparece em passagens de relevo (Job 40, 41, Sl 74, Is 27) simultaneamente como criatura primordial amea\u00e7adora e brinquedo divino.<\/p><p>Na literatura apocal\u00edptica torna-se o inimigo escatol\u00f3gico dos tempos finais; na demonologia crist\u00e3 ascende \u00e0 hierarquia dos grandes dem\u00f4nios, frequentemente como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia mal\u00e9fica ou amb\u00edgua.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f4nio<\/span> da inveja ou como soberano das profundezas.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Do ponto de vista estrutural, Leviathan pertence \u00e0 fam\u00edlia das serpentes do caos do Antigo Oriente: Ti\u0101mat, Yam (Ugarit), <a href=\"\/pt-br\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Vrtra e a serpente Midgard germ\u00e2nica. O motivo fundamental, a ordem instaurada mediante a derrota do monstro primordial, est\u00e1 amplamente difundido no mundo indo-europeu e sem\u00edtico. Thomas Hobbes usa Leviathan como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do poder estatal (1651); a iconografia moderna faz dele a encarna\u00e7\u00e3o por excel\u00eancia do colossal.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>O Lotan ugar\u00edtico como antecedente<\/strong><\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, Leviathan \u00e9 um dos exemplos mais bem documentados de uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o oriental antiga de serpente do caos. O testemunho mais antigo \u00e9 a palavra ugar\u00edtica <em>Lotan<\/em> (nos textos KTU 1.5 e 1.83, datados de cerca de 1400 a.C.), onde o monstro marinho de sete cabe\u00e7as Lotan \u00e9 derrotado pelo deus da tempestade Baal.<\/p><p>Este modelo est\u00e1 estreitamente relacionado com o mito mesopot\u00e2mico de Tiamat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">(Enuma Elisch)<\/span>; ambos pertencem \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o oriental antiga do mito do combate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">(Chaoskampf)<\/span><em><\/em>, que serve de modelo \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica de Liwjatan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00e9mica (John Day, <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>, 1985; Mark S. Smith, <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em>, 2001) tratou em detalhe os v\u00ednculos difusionistas.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> ser primordial marinho, figura do caos, arquidem\u00f3nio do inferno<br>Origem: Lotan ugar\u00edtico, Liwjatan hebraico<br>Textos: Job 40, 41, Sl 74, Is 27, Ap 13, Henoc, Grimoires<br>Per\u00edodo: desde a Idade do Bronze Tardio at\u00e9 \u00e0 atualidade<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: personifica\u00e7\u00e3o do caos, motivo escatol\u00f3gico dos tempos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">finais<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529077 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529077\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><span data-nosnippet><em><strong>Distin\u00e7\u00e3o em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a Satan:<\/strong> Ao contr\u00e1rio de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, o advers\u00e1rio personificado da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaico-crist\u00e3, Leviathan n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma figura que age de forma aut\u00f3noma, mas uma <strong>simbologia do monstro c\u00f3smico<\/strong>, o monstro marinho dos textos de Job, utilizado posteriormente como imagem do caos indom\u00e1vel na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina acad\u00e9mica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> e na filosofia pol\u00edtica (Hobbes, 1651).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primeiros testemunhos em textos ugar\u00edticos (2.\u00ba mil\u00e9nio a.C.) como <em>Lotan<\/em>. No Antigo Testamento descrito em pormenor em Job 40, 41. Desenvolvimento apocal\u00edptico no per\u00edodo do Segundo Templo (Henoc). Recep\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 no Apocalipse e na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologia e escritos dos Padres da Igreja (s\u00e9c. II-VIII), por exemplo Agostinho, Jer\u00f3nimo, Or\u00edgenes, Cris\u00f3stomo.\">Patr\u00edstica<\/span>. Grimoires e Hobbes na \u00e9poca moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A partir da regi\u00e3o siro-cananeia antiga (Ugarit) at\u00e9 ao Israel b\u00edblico; da\u00ed para todo o mundo crist\u00e3o, com forte presen\u00e7a na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos conte\u00fados das imagens e do seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> (a boca do inferno) e na literatura (Hobbes, Moby Dick).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Textos ugar\u00edticos (KTU 1.5); Job 40, 41; Sl 74, Sl 104; Is 27,1; 1 Hen 60; Ap 12, 13; Grimoires (Dictionnaire Infernal); Hobbes; recep\u00e7\u00e3o moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hebraico:<\/strong> <em>Liwjatan<\/em>, &#8220;o que se enrosca&#8221;, &#8220;o tortuoso&#8221;.<br>Ugar\u00edtico: <em>Lotan<\/em>, com continuidade etimol\u00f3gica e tem\u00e1tica direta.<br>Grego (LXX): <em>drak\u014dn<\/em>.<br>Latim (Vulgata): <em>Leviathan<\/em>.<\/p><p>O parentesco tem\u00e1tico com Ti\u0101mat, Apophis e Vrtra \u00e9 indiscut\u00edvel; linguisticamente, Leviathan e o ugar\u00edtico Lotan encontram-se em linha direta. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cabal\u00edstica, \u00e9 por vezes concebido como feminino (como consorte de um &#8220;Leviathan Maligno&#8221;) ou de forma dupla (dois Leviathans).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Serpente marinha gigante ou monstro marinho em forma de drag\u00e3o. Job 40, 41 descreve-o com um enorme fauces que lan\u00e7a fogo, coura\u00e7a de escamas e for\u00e7a indom\u00e1vel. Iconografia medieval:<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos conte\u00fados das imagens e do seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> drag\u00e3o, Leviathan como boca do inferno que devora os condenados.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamento<\/strong><\/p><p>Em Job, o brinquedo de Deus, prova da superioridade divina. Em Is 27,1, o inimigo que Deus derrota com a espada no fim dos tempos. No Apocalipse, o drag\u00e3o apocal\u00edptico que emerge do mar.<\/p><p><strong>Dom\u00ednio de atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>O mar, as profundezas, o ca\u00f3tico. Na interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o escatol\u00f3gica, os tempos finais; na iconografia infernal medieval, o pr\u00f3prio inferno.<\/p><p><strong>Origem mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Raiz ugar\u00edtica no motivo de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lotan<\/span>, inserida no combate c\u00f3smico do deus Baal contra a for\u00e7a do mar, Yam. No plano b\u00edblico, constitui simultaneamente um momento da cria\u00e7\u00e3o (domestica\u00e7\u00e3o) e dos tempos finais (aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o).<\/p><div><p><strong>Job 40, 41 como fonte mais pormenorizada<\/strong><\/p><p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o mais detalhada de Leviathan na B\u00edblia encontra-se em Job 41 (em algumas numera\u00e7\u00f5es, 40,25-41,26): um retrato minucioso de 34 vers\u00edculos sobre o ser, com escamas, bafo de fogo, enorme boca e invencibilidade.<\/p><p>O contexto teol\u00f3gico \u00e9 a resposta de Deus a Job a partir da tempestade (Job 38-41), na qual Deus demonstra a sua soberania c\u00f3smica tamb\u00e9m sobre os poderes do caos. Leviathan surge aqui ao lado de Behemoth como dupla prova de que a cria\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00e9m poderes que escapam ao dom\u00ednio humano, mas que est\u00e3o sujeitos ao poder divino.<\/p><p>O Salmo 74,14 alude ao pano de fundo cosmol\u00f3gico (&#8220;Tu esmagaste as cabe\u00e7as de Leviathan&#8221;); o Salmo 104,26 introduz um tom mais tardio, quase l\u00fadico (&#8220;Leviathan, que fizeste para nele se recrear&#8221;). A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o rab\u00ednica judaica (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal do juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico, nas vers\u00f5es babil\u00f3nica e jerosolimitana; cont\u00e9m a Mishn\u00e1 e a Guemar\u00e1.\">Talmud<\/span> Bavli Bava Batra 75a) narra um banquete escatol\u00f3gico dos justos, no qual a carne de Leviathan \u00e9 consumida.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Leviathan em s\u00edntese.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A origem de Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lotan ugar\u00edtico, Liwjatan hebraico. No Antigo Testamento, simultaneamente ser domado na cria\u00e7\u00e3o e inimigo escatol\u00f3gico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objeto de atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amea\u00e7a c\u00f3smica; na recep\u00e7\u00e3o medieval, os condenados (boca do inferno). Tematicamente: os seres humanos no limite do que \u00e9 control\u00e1vel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Serpente marinha gigante, fauces que lan\u00e7a fogo, coura\u00e7a de escamas. Na iconografia medieval, boca do inferno que devora almas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Personifica\u00e7\u00e3o do caos, amea\u00e7a a ordem, \u00e9 derrotado no fim. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos Grimoires: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia mal\u00e9fica ou amb\u00edgua.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f4nio<\/span> da inveja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sem meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o cotidianos. Do ponto de vista teol\u00f3gico: confian\u00e7a em Deus como aquele que o vence. Na literatura cabal\u00edstica e dos Grimoires, f\u00f3rmulas espec\u00edficas de vincula\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os paralelos de Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ti\u0101mat (Mesopot\u00e2mia), <a href=\"\/pt-br\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (Egito), Vrtra (v\u00e9dico), serpente Midgard, drag\u00e3o do Apocalipse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fun\u00e7\u00e3o no rito<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lit\u00fargico<\/strong><\/p><p>Na narrativa judaica do banquete escatol\u00f3gico, Leviathan serve de alimento para os justos (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal do juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico com interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, Baba Batra 74b, 75a). Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ordem lit\u00fargica religiosa fixada, com textos, c\u00e2nticos e atos rituais.\">liturgia<\/span> crist\u00e3 n\u00e3o h\u00e1 refer\u00eancia direta; contudo, a iconografia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos conte\u00fados das imagens e do seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span> do drag\u00e3o na liturgia pascal ressoa em segundo plano.<\/p><p><strong>Evoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p><p>Os Grimoires (Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Dictionnaire Infernal) listam Leviathan como um dos arquidem\u00f3nios com selo e hierarquia. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cabal\u00edstica, faz parte da <em>Sitra Achra<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Simbolicamente<\/strong><\/p><p>Como figura do caos, contrafigura da ordem divina; como boca do inferno, ponto de refer\u00eancia iconogr\u00e1fico das representa\u00e7\u00f5es medievais dos tempos finais. Em Hobbes, s\u00edmbolo do poder soberano do Estado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos e perviv\u00eancia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente:<\/strong> Lotan ugar\u00edtico, Ti\u0101mat babil\u00f3nica, a mesma fam\u00edlia de motivos. O padr\u00e3o fundamental: a cria\u00e7\u00e3o mediante a derrota do poder do mar primordial.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00f5es indo-europeias:<\/strong> Vrtra no Rigveda, a serpente Midgard, o drag\u00e3o da lenda her\u00f3ica grega. Todos designam o elemento primordial que deve ser vencido pelo deus her\u00f3i.<\/p><p><strong>Recep\u00e7\u00e3o moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>O <em>Leviathan<\/em> de Hobbes como met\u00e1fora pol\u00edtica do poder estatal. Melville cita Leviathan em Moby-Dick. Modernamente: cinema, literatura, vocabul\u00e1rio pol\u00edtico (o Estado de vigil\u00e2ncia como &#8220;Leviathan&#8221;).<\/p><div><p><strong>Recep\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica e na \u00e9poca moderna<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Thomas Hobbes, em 1651, com a sua obra pol\u00edtica fundamental <em>Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill<\/em>, transformou a figura na alegoria do Estado absoluto: o &#8220;deus mortal&#8221; Leviathan \u00e9 o soberano criado por contrato a partir do estado de natureza (<em>bellum omnium contra omnes<\/em>) e que disp\u00f5e sobre a vida e a morte dos cidad\u00e3os.<\/span><\/p><p>A escolha precisamente desta imagem por Hobbes \u00e9 not\u00e1vel do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es: identifica o Estado com o poder do caos, cuja domestica\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00edblica confere ao Estado a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Na recep\u00e7\u00e3o moderna (Carl Schmitt, <em>Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes<\/em>, 1938) e nos debates sobre a soberania estatal, Leviathan permanece uma figura de refer\u00eancia central.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Esta recep\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica decorre em paralelo com a teol\u00f3gico-demonol\u00f3gica, na qual Leviathan figura na hierarquia infernal medieval (Peter Binsfeld, <em>De confessionibus maleficarum<\/em>, 1589) como um dos sete pr\u00edncipes do inferno, respons\u00e1vel pelo pecado capital da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3, doutrina que se afasta da posi\u00e7\u00e3o ortodoxa; na Antiguidade e na Idade M\u00e9dia, sujeita a san\u00e7\u00f5es.\">heresia<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0fa89a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0fa89a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45b6119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp45b6119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan no Livro de Job: o discurso divino da tempestade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b95145 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5b95145\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1068a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1068a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o mais pormenorizada de Leviathan na B\u00edblia hebraica encontra-se no livro de Job, no cap\u00edtulo 41. Faz parte dos discursos de Deus com que este responde, a partir da tempestade, \u00e0s queixas de Job.<\/p><p>Deus descreve o monstro numa longa s\u00e9rie de quest\u00f5es que apontam todas para o mesmo: nenhum ser humano \u00e9 capaz de enfrentar Leviathan. Ningu\u00e9m lhe pode passar um anzol pelo nariz, domar-lhe a boca com um freio ou atravessar-lhe a pele com lan\u00e7as.<\/p><p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 concreta e de grande for\u00e7a imag\u00e9tica. Leviathan possui escamas impenetr\u00e1veis que se encaixam como escudos; da sua boca saltam tochas, das suas narinas sobe fumo e o seu sopro acende as brasas.<\/p><p>Quando se ergue, at\u00e9 os mais fortes tremem. O ferro \u00e9 para ele como palha e o bronze como madeira podre. Faz ferver o abismo como uma panela. \u00c9 constitu\u00eddo rei sobre todos os soberbos.<\/p><p>Na hist\u00f3ria da exegese discute-se o que aqui se pretende dizer. Uma linha mais antiga interpretava Leviathan de forma racionalista, como crocodilo; outra, como puro s\u00edmbolo do caos. Atualmente a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sublinha o contexto ret\u00f3rico: no livro de Job, Leviathan representa o limite do poder e da compreens\u00e3o humanos.<\/p><p>Deus mostra a Job uma criatura que o ser humano n\u00e3o pode nem controlar nem compreender, mas que n\u00e3o amea\u00e7a o pr\u00f3prio Deus. O discurso divino transforma paradoxalmente o monstro do caos numa parte da ordem da cria\u00e7\u00e3o, incompreensivelmente vasta, cujo sentido n\u00e3o \u00e9 acess\u00edvel ao ser humano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f647dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6f647dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe9f0c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe9f0c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O fundo sem\u00edtico ocidental: Lotan e o combate contra o caos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp10055ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp10055ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf9e4b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf9e4b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma inven\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00edblica isolada. A descoberta dos textos ugar\u00edticos em Ras Shamra, na costa s\u00edria, desde 1929, revelou um substrato mais antigo.<\/p><p>Nos textos mitol\u00f3gicos de Ugarit, que remontam ao segundo mil\u00e9nio antes da era crist\u00e3, surge uma serpente chamada <em>Lotan<\/em>, que guarda estreita afinidade fon\u00e9tica com o hebraico Liwjatan. Lotan \u00e9 a\u00ed descrita como uma serpente enrolada e polic\u00e9fala, abatida pelo deus da tempestade Baal ou pela deusa Anat.<\/p><p>Leviathan pertence assim ao difundido motivo oriental antigo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span>do combate c\u00f3smico. Na Mesopot\u00e2mia, o deus Marduk combate no <em>Enuma Elisch<\/em> contra o dil\u00favio primordial Tiamat; em Ugarit, Baal derrota o mar Yam e o drag\u00e3o Lotan.<\/p><p>O padr\u00e3o fundamental \u00e9 em todo o lado semelhante: um poder da ordem derrota um poder aqu\u00e1tico e ca\u00f3tico, frequentemente em forma de serpente, fundando ou confirmando dessa forma a ordem do mundo.<\/p><p>A B\u00edblia hebraica conhece este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> e retoma-o, ainda que com um tratamento pr\u00f3prio. V\u00e1rios Salmos e textos prof\u00e9ticos referem que Deus esmagou as cabe\u00e7as de Leviathan ou do drag\u00e3o do mar.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Acad\u00e9micos como John Day demonstraram em <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985) como estas imagens mais antigas continuam a viver nos textos b\u00edblicos, sendo contudo atribu\u00eddas ao \u00fanico Deus de Israel.<\/span><\/p><p>Leviathan passa assim de advers\u00e1rio divino aut\u00f3nomo a criatura que Deus domina ou que, como no livro de Job, aparece mesmo apenas como brinquedo poderoso mas inofensivo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab2b5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab2b5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe388ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfe388ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A refei\u00e7\u00e3o escatol\u00f3gica: Leviathan na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6217c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6217c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe28435f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe28435f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na literatura judaica p\u00f3s-b\u00edblica, Leviathan \u00e9 desenvolvido de forma pr\u00f3pria. Uma ampla tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, presente nas Apocalipses, no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal do juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico com interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> e na literatura midr\u00e1stica, relaciona-o com o fim dos tempos.<\/p><p>Aparece frequentemente em par com o monstro terrestre <em>Behemoth<\/em>; por vezes junta-se ainda a ave <em>Ziz<\/em> como terceiro elemento. Leviathan domina o mar, Behemoth a terra.<\/p><p>Uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o difundida \u00e9 a de que Deus criou originalmente os dois monstros primordiais como par, mas impediu a sua reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o para que n\u00e3o dominassem o mundo.<\/p><p>No fim dos tempos, segundo uma narrativa atestada em v\u00e1rias fontes, Leviathan e Behemoth ser\u00e3o mortos e a sua carne ser\u00e1 servida aos justos como banquete festivo. Da pele de Leviathan, segundo uma amplifica\u00e7\u00e3o talm\u00fadica, Deus confeciona uma tenda ou um baldaquino para os piedosos.<\/p><p>Estas imagens s\u00e3o esclarecedoras do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es. O monstro do caos, que nas camadas mais antigas representava uma amea\u00e7a real \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 aqui plenamente integrado na hist\u00f3ria da salva\u00e7\u00e3o. Est\u00e1 desde o in\u00edcio sob controle e serve, no fim, at\u00e9 mesmo para recompensar os justos.<\/p><p>A concep\u00e7\u00e3o do banquete de Leviathan tem uma longa hist\u00f3ria de influ\u00eancia na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ordem fixada do culto de uma comunidade religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> e na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiosidade vivida no cotidiano, frequentemente paralela ao ensinamento oficial.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade popular<\/span> judaicas; encontra-se ainda em c\u00e2nticos de mesa para a festa dos Tabern\u00e1culos. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o v\u00ea nisto um exemplo de como um antigo motivo m\u00edtico <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span>p\u00f4de manter-se vivo ao longo de s\u00e9culos mediante reinterpreta\u00e7\u00f5es sucessivas, sem jamais perder por completo a sua origem amea\u00e7adora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb39e41a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb39e41a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ec3be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ec3be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3: das fauces do inferno ao s\u00edmbolo pol\u00edtico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5bb46b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5bb46b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2624cb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2624cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o exeg\u00e9tica crist\u00e3, Leviathan foi interpretado predominantemente de forma negativa. Padres da Igreja como Greg\u00f3rio Magno, nos seus coment\u00e1rios a Job, relacionaram-no com o diabo ou com o Anticristo.<\/p><p>Da boca que cospe fogo no livro de Job desenvolveu-se, na arte medieval, o motivo iconogr\u00e1fico da boca do inferno, uma enorme abertura monstruosa para dentro da qual os condenados s\u00e3o conduzidos. Esta imagem marcou a iluminura, os portais das igrejas e, mais tarde, o teatro religioso.<\/p><p>Uma outra linha interpretativa usou Leviathan de forma aleg\u00f3rica para exprimir a ideia da reden\u00e7\u00e3o. Em alguns textos medievais, Leviathan preso no anzol aparece como imagem de como o diabo \u00e9 enganado pela encarna\u00e7\u00e3o de Cristo; a cruz torna-se o anzol no qual o monstro se prende.<\/p><p>Esta concep\u00e7\u00e3o associou a antiga imagem do Leviathan indom\u00e1vel \u00e0 doutrina crist\u00e3 da salva\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A reinterpreta\u00e7\u00e3o mais influente da \u00e9poca moderna \u00e9 da autoria de Thomas Hobbes. Na sua obra <em>Leviathan<\/em> de 1651, escolheu o monstro b\u00edblico como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma imagem expressiva que representa um pensamento abstrato.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinnbild<\/span> do Estado, um homem artificial composto de muitos homens, que pela sua superior for\u00e7a p\u00f5e fim ao estado de natureza da guerra de todos contra todos.<\/span><\/p><p>Hobbes recorreu expressamente \u00e0 express\u00e3o de Job sobre o rei de todos os soberbos.<\/p><p>A famosa gravura da p\u00e1gina de rosto, que representa um soberano gigantesco composto de muitas pequenas figuras, \u00e9 uma das imagens pol\u00edticas mais conhecidas de todos os tempos. Desde Hobbes, Leviathan tornou-se, no uso pol\u00edtico da l\u00edngua, uma express\u00e3o para o poder estatal omnipotente, uma linha de significado que se liga ao drag\u00e3o do caos original apenas pelo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> do poder invenc\u00edvel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Links internos recomendados:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/cristianismo\/\">Cristianismo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/luzifer\/\">Luzifer<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/beelzebub\/\">Beelzebub<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/legion\/\">Legion<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (paralelo mais pr\u00f3ximo)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamien<\/a> (tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Ti\u0101mat)<\/li><li>Motivos do drag\u00e3o e do combate c\u00f3smico<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Uma sele\u00e7\u00e3o de obras centrais sobre Leviathan:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Day, John: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>. Cambridge 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Uehlinger, Christoph: &#8220;Leviathan.&#8221; In: <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2.\u00aa ed. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakeman, Mary K.: <em>God&#8217;s Battle with the Monster<\/em>. Leiden 1973.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Batto, Bernard F.: <em>Slaying the Dragon<\/em>. Louisville 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schmidt, Brian B.: &#8220;Sea Monsters.&#8221; In: <em>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. New York 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Literatura de refer\u00eancia (Cristianismo):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A atitude e a pr\u00e1tica religiosa vivida por uma pessoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">\u00edndice bibliogr\u00e1fico<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-33e931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-33e931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes sobre Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>O que \u00e9 Leviathan?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Leviathan \u00e9 um enorme monstro marinho da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaico-crist\u00e3. Na B\u00edblia Hebraica (Isa\u00edas, Salmos, Job) surge como poder primordial e ca\u00f3tico do mar, que Deus domina no in\u00edcio da cria\u00e7\u00e3o. Na apocal\u00edptica judaica posterior e na demonologia crist\u00e3, Leviathan tornou-se a personifica\u00e7\u00e3o do Mal. Em Thomas Hobbes, o nome converteu-se em sinnbild do Estado todopoderoso.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Leviathan \u00e9 um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia mal\u00e9fica ou amb\u00edgua.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f4nio<\/span> ou um animal?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00edblica original, Leviathan \u00e9 um enorme animal c\u00f3smico, estreitamente relacionado com o ugar\u00edtico Lotan e com a mesopot\u00e2mica Tiamat. Na apocal\u00edptica judaica posterior (Livro de Henoc) e na demonologia crist\u00e3 da \u00e9poca moderna, tornou-se <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia mal\u00e9fica ou amb\u00edgua.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f4nio<\/span>: segundo Peter Binsfeld, um dos sete arquidem\u00f3nios, respons\u00e1vel pelo pecado capital da inveja.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"O que \u00e9 o Leviathan?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"O Leviathan \u00e9 um enorme monstro marinho da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaico-crist\u00e3. Na B\u00edblia Hebraica (Isa\u00edas, Salmos, J\u00f3), ele aparece como o poder ca\u00f3tico primordial do mar, que Deus doma no in\u00edcio da cria\u00e7\u00e3o. Na apocal\u00edptica judaica posterior e na demonologia crist\u00e3, o Leviathan tornou-se a personifica\u00e7\u00e3o do mal: em Thomas Hobbes, o nome tornou-se o s\u00edmbolo do Estado onipotente.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"O Leviathan \u00e9 um dem\u00f4nio ou um animal?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00edblica original, o Leviathan \u00e9 um enorme animal c\u00f3smico, estreitamente aparentado com o ugar\u00edtico Lotan e a mesopot\u00e2mica Tiamat. Na apocal\u00edptica judaica posterior (Livro de Enoque) e na demonologia crist\u00e3 do in\u00edcio da Idade Moderna, ele se tornou um dem\u00f4nio: para Peter Binsfeld, um dos sete arquidem\u00f4nios, respons\u00e1vel pelo pecado capital da inveja.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leviathan, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 Leviathan \u00e9 um deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3. Serpente primordial do mar, figura do caos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hebraica e crist\u00e3. Leviathan surge na B\u00edblia como drag\u00e3o do caos e advers\u00e1rio da cria\u00e7\u00e3o. DeusCristianismoAnti-Deus \u00cdndice Leviathan Leviathan (heb. Liwjatan) \u00e9 uma das mais antigas figuras do caos do Antigo Oriente; no Antigo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1566,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"leviathan caos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Leviathan: Drag\u00e3o do Caos e Advers\u00e1rio da Cria\u00e7\u00e3o","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Leviathan, serpente primordial do mar e figura do caos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hebraica, de Job e dos Salmos \u00e0 apocal\u00edptica crist\u00e3.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-39958","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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