{"id":39931,"date":"2026-07-28T19:39:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:39:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/preta-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T19:39:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:39:50","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39931\" class=\"elementor elementor-39931 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista.<\/p><p>Esp\u00edrito faminto com garganta de fundo de agulha, figura k\u00e1rmica da gan\u00e2ncia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito: Entidade incorp\u00f3rea ou semincorp\u00f3rea, falecidos, seres da natureza, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos ou guardi\u00f5es de limiares. Age na vida cotidiana, frequentemente ligado a lugares ou fam\u00edlias.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Bodhisattvas, divindades protetoras, esp\u00edritos famintos e guardi\u00f5es do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/espiritos-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Falecidos cujos esp\u00edritos continuam a agir neste mundo, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos, antepassados, mortos sem descanso.\">Esp\u00edrito dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1678\" alt=\"Preta - Geister aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Preta (Pali: Peta) \u00e9 uma das figuras mais marcantes da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do modo como o mundo est\u00e1 estruturado e ordenado em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista. Um esp\u00edrito faminto com o ventre distendido e a garganta t\u00e3o estreita quanto o fundo de uma agulha, capaz de ver e de desejar, mas incapaz de comer ou beber.<\/p><p>A figura tornou-se imagem das consequ\u00eancias k\u00e1rmicas da gan\u00e2ncia: quem em vida recusou d\u00e1divas, foi avarento ou desviou esmolas, renasce no mundo dos Pretas e padece da priva\u00e7\u00e3o correspondente.<\/p><p>Nos textos do Petavatthu (parte do C\u00e2none Pali), mestres budistas relatam encontros com Pretas que confessam os seus atos passados. O Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Grande Ve\u00edculo'; uma das tr\u00eas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es principais do budismo, com o ideal do Bodhisattva e uma reflex\u00e3o filos\u00f3fica elaborada.\">Mahayana<\/span>) narra como Maudgalyayana v\u00ea a sua m\u00e3e falecida no estado de Preta e s\u00f3 a pode salvar pelo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">poder<\/span> de oferenda coletiva da Sangha.<\/p><p>Desta narrativa desenvolve-se o Hungry Ghost Festival (Ullambana, chin\u00eas Yulanpen, japon\u00eas Obon), celebrado em todo o mundo. A figura est\u00e1 assim, ao contr\u00e1rio de muitos outros dem\u00f4nios, estreitamente ligada \u00e0 pr\u00e1tica ritual do calend\u00e1rio anual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> esp\u00edrito faminto, renascimento budista<br>Origem: consequ\u00eancia k\u00e1rmica de avareza, inveja, gan\u00e2ncia e abuso de esmolas<br>Textos: Petavatthu (Pali), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, Jatakas<br>Per\u00edodo: s\u00e9culo V a.C. at\u00e9 o presente<br>Festa central: Hungry Ghost Festival \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cole\u00e7\u00e3o de escrituras sagradas de uma religi\u00e3o reconhecida como vinculativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u00e2none<\/span> a partir do s\u00e9culo III a.C., com o Petavatthu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Grande Ve\u00edculo; uma das tr\u00eas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es principais do budismo, com o ideal do Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>-expans\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s do Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (era crist\u00e3 primitiva, traduzido para chin\u00eas no s\u00e9culo III d.C.). O Hungry Ghost Festival se estabelece na China a partir da \u00e9poca Tang, no Jap\u00e3o como Obon a partir da \u00e9poca Nara. A modernidade mant\u00e9m a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o ininterrupta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theravada: Sri Lanka, Tail\u00e2ndia, Myanmar, Laos, Camboja (a\u00ed associado a cultos locais de antepassados). Mahayana: China, Coreia, Jap\u00e3o, Vietn\u00e3 (a\u00ed particularmente ativo). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Ve\u00edculo de Diamante'; forma t\u00e2ntrica do budismo Mahayana, predominantemente no Tibet, com a pr\u00e1tica Yidam e a t\u00e9cnica do mantra no centro.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Tibet, Mong\u00f3lia. Comunidades budistas h\u00fangaras, mong\u00f3is e cazaques. Comunidades da di\u00e1spora moderna em todo o mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (Pali, parte do Khuddaka Nikaya), Vimanavatthu (como contraparte complementar), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (S\u00e2nscrito\/Chin\u00eas), Jatakas, tradi\u00e7\u00f5es tibetanas do Livro dos Mortos, etnografia moderna sobre o Hungry Ghost Festival.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e2nscrito:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; Pali <em>peta<\/em>; feminino <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>Chin\u00eas: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, &#8216;esp\u00edrito <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">faminto&#8217;<\/span>&#8220;).<br>Japon\u00eas: <em>Gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibetano: <em>yidag<\/em>.<br>Etimologia: de <em>pra-i<\/em> &#8216;ir adiante&#8217;, originalmente &#8216;falecido&#8217;, posteriormente especializado na classe dos esp\u00edritos famintos.<\/p><p>O termo ilustra bem a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o: na \u00e9poca v\u00e9dica, <em>preta<\/em> designava simplesmente o falecido na fase de transi\u00e7\u00e3o antes do renascimento. O budismo especifica: certos mortos tornam-se esp\u00edritos famintos, conforme o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, no budismo e no jainismo, a lei da consequ\u00eancia dos atos: cada a\u00e7\u00e3o repercute-se nas exist\u00eancias seguintes.\">karma<\/span>. Desta especializa\u00e7\u00e3o nasce a classe dos Pretas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Ventre enorme e distendido, boca min\u00fascula e garganta t\u00e3o estreita quanto o fundo de uma agulha, membros delgados. Olhar faminto e ganancioso, frequentemente com boca em chamas (qualquer bebida se transforma em fogo). 36 classes de Pretas segundo a demonologia cl\u00e1ssica, cada uma com sofrimentos espec\u00edficos.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamento<\/strong><\/p><p>Procura constantemente alimento, mas n\u00e3o consegue comer. Condenado a estar sempre faminto. V\u00ea \u00e1gua que se transforma em pus; v\u00ea alimentos que se incendeiam. \u00c9 atra\u00eddo pelo odor das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong><\/p><p>Pretaloka pr\u00f3pria (mundo dos Pretas) na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do modo como o mundo est\u00e1 estruturado e ordenado em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista, partilha o espa\u00e7o com o mundo humano mas o percebe de forma diferente. Frequentemente na proximidade dos lugares onde viveu. Na China, \u00e9 tradicionalmente &#8216;libertado&#8217; do submundo na s\u00e9tima lua.<\/p><p><strong>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p>N\u00e3o \u00e9 uma cria\u00e7\u00e3o, mas uma consequ\u00eancia do renascimento. Resulta de avareza, inveja, roubo de esmolas e abuso de oferendas religiosas. A dura\u00e7\u00e3o da exist\u00eancia como Preta \u00e9 determinada pelo peso k\u00e1rmico, sendo frequentemente muito longa; alguns textos falam em kalpas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes do Preta em resumo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origem<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Renascimento k\u00e1rmico resultante de avareza, inveja e abuso de d\u00e1divas. N\u00e3o \u00e9 uma cria\u00e7\u00e3o, mas uma forma de exist\u00eancia na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do modo como o mundo est\u00e1 estruturado e ordenado em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00fablico-alvo de Preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antigos seres humanos com acumula\u00e7\u00f5es k\u00e1rmicas negativas. Em tradi\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores, tamb\u00e9m ligados a determinados lugares e fam\u00edlias (Pretas-antepassados).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ventre distendido, boca min\u00fascula, garganta t\u00e3o estreita quanto o fundo de uma agulha, membros delgados. Boca em chamas em algumas descri\u00e7\u00f5es. 36 classes com sofrimentos respectivos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eternamente faminto, incapaz de comer. Persegue os vivos por gan\u00e2ncia, aproxima-se das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span>. Pode causar doen\u00e7as em casas que negligenciam os antepassados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e1divas e ritual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ullambana<\/span> (para Pretas nomeados), recita\u00e7\u00e3o do Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, oferenda de \u00e1gua e arroz. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ve\u00edculo de Diamante; forma t\u00e2ntrica do budismo Mahayana, predominantemente no Tibet, com a pr\u00e1tica Yidam no centro.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: ritual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tsok<\/span> com <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span> partilhadas a todos os seres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos de Preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (chin\u00eas), Gaki (japon\u00eas), <a href=\"\/pt-br\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pishacha, figuras do Purgat\u00f3rio crist\u00e3o como almas de transi\u00e7\u00e3o estruturalmente afins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rito e festa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/Hungry Ghost Festival<\/strong><\/p><p>No s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar (geralmente em agosto), abrem-se segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimento e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> os port\u00f5es do submundo e os Pretas chegam ao mundo. Os crentes trazem oferendas, recitam sutras e erguem altares. As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es budistas e daoistas unem-se em um dos maiores festivais de devo\u00e7\u00e3o popular da \u00c1sia Oriental.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Obon no Jap\u00e3o<\/span><\/p><p>Os antepassados s\u00e3o recebidos durante o per\u00edodo de Obon (geralmente de 13 a 16 de agosto). Dan\u00e7as Bon-Odori, fogos \u00e0 entrada das casas, visitas a sepulturas. A liga\u00e7\u00e3o ao mito da salva\u00e7\u00e3o da figura materna (Mulian\/Maudgalyayana-<\/p><p>mito<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">) \u00e9 de grande carga emocional.<\/span>Ritual<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\"> no cotidiano<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>No Theravada: oferenda de \u00e1gua aos Pretas durante a refei\u00e7\u00e3o Pindapata. No Vajrayana: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferta<\/span> de fumo Sur, &#8216;Feeding the Pretas&#8217; di\u00e1rio como parte da pr\u00e1tica de oferendas. No Mahayana: entrega em mosteiros dos nomes de familiares falecidos para recita\u00e7\u00e3o regular de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutras<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos e modernidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Esp\u00edritos famintos em diversas culturas<\/strong><\/p><p>E Gui (China) e Gaki (Jap\u00e3o) s\u00e3o tradu\u00e7\u00f5es diretas e a mesma figura em vers\u00e3o da \u00c1sia Oriental. Pishacha (hindu\u00edsmo) partilha o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> da fome com a especificidade de devorador de cad\u00e1veres. <a href=\"\/pt-br\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> e os Lemures romanos s\u00e3o almas de transi\u00e7\u00e3o estruturalmente afins.<\/p><p><strong>Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o psicol\u00f3gica e ecol\u00f3gica:<\/strong> Mestres budistas modernos (Thich Nhat Hanh) interpretam os Pretas tamb\u00e9m psicologicamente: estado de insatisfa\u00e7\u00e3o permanente apesar da posse material. Em termos ecol\u00f3gicos, o Preta \u00e9 lido como imagem do consumo insaci\u00e1vel, uma figura did\u00e1tica de grande efic\u00e1cia contempor\u00e2nea.<\/p><p><strong>Cultura popular:<\/strong> Anime e manga japoneses citam regularmente motivos Gaki. O Hungry Ghost Festival est\u00e1 comercializado, mas mant\u00e9m a sua import\u00e2ncia religiosa. Na fantasia ocidental, os Pretas s\u00e3o adaptados como monstros pr\u00f3prios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o da exist\u00eancia Preta no pensamento k\u00e1rmico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O renascimento como <em>preta<\/em> (Pali <em>peta<\/em>) \u00e9 considerado, no cosmos budista, consequ\u00eancia de um conjunto claramente designado de a\u00e7\u00f5es. Textos como o <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, uma cole\u00e7\u00e3o de cinquenta e uma hist\u00f3rias de fantasmas no Khuddaka Nikaya do C\u00e2none Pali, atribuem o nascimento no reino dos esp\u00edritos famintos predominantemente \u00e0 avareza, \u00e0 cobi\u00e7a, \u00e0 recusa de esmolas e \u00e0 priva\u00e7\u00e3o de alimento aos necessitados.<\/p><p>A puni\u00e7\u00e3o espelha o ato: quem em vida nada deu, sofre como ser com garganta fin\u00edssima e ventre enorme, sem nunca ficar saciado.<\/p><p>Esta simetria n\u00e3o \u00e9 casual, mas express\u00e3o do ensinamento budista de que o efeito k\u00e1rmico corresponde \u00e0 natureza da causa. O <em>Petavatthu<\/em> narra mulheres que serviram alimentos estragados a h\u00f3spedes e agora s\u00e3o obrigadas a ingerir pus e fezes, ou um homem que insultou monges e agora vagueia com a boca em putrefa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O coment\u00e1rio de Dhammapala, o <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, associa cada hist\u00f3ria a uma falta concreta, transformando assim a cole\u00e7\u00e3o em um manual moral.<\/p><p>Importa salientar a limita\u00e7\u00e3o temporal. Ao contr\u00e1rio do nascimento no inferno, que abrange per\u00edodos imensamente longos mas igualmente finitos, a exist\u00eancia como Preta \u00e9 considerada um estado que pode ser encurtado pelo karma positivo remanescente ou pela transfer\u00eancia de m\u00e9rito por parte dos vivos.<\/p><p>Assim, o reino dos esp\u00edritos famintos ocupa uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o intermedi\u00e1ria nos seis dom\u00ednios de exist\u00eancia, entre os seres infernais e os animais. \u00c9 um lugar de priva\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o de tortura ativa.<\/p><p>A \u00e9tica budista retira daqui um duplo ensinamento. Por um lado, a imagem dos Pretas serve como dissuas\u00e3o da avareza. Por outro, fundamenta a pr\u00e1tica central do dar (<em>dana<\/em>): a generosidade \u00e9 o caminho que precisamente n\u00e3o conduz ao reino dos esp\u00edritos famintos.<\/p><p>O Preta \u00e9 assim menos uma figura de terror do que uma figura did\u00e1tica que ilustra de forma concreta a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a\u00e7\u00e3o e consequ\u00eancia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A festa dos fantasmas e a transfer\u00eancia de m\u00e9ritos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O provimento ritual dos esp\u00edritos famintos pertence \u00e0s pr\u00e1ticas mais antigas e difundidas do budismo. A sua fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o can\u00f4nica encontra-se no <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> do Khuddaka Nikaya, no qual o Buda explica que as d\u00e1divas oferecidas \u00e0 comunidade mon\u00e1stica em nome de familiares falecidos podem beneficiar os parentes renascidos como Pretas.<\/p><p>O mecanismo chama-se transfer\u00eancia de m\u00e9rito (<em>pattidana<\/em>): o vivo gera m\u00e9rito atrav\u00e9s de um ato virtuoso e dedica-o expressamente ao morto, que se alegra com isso e \u00e9 assim aliviado.<\/p><p>Desta ideia desenvolveu-se na \u00c1sia Oriental o grande festival dos fantasmas.<\/p><p>Na China chama-se <em>Yulanpen<\/em> e celebra-se no s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar; no Jap\u00e3o como <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>A base \u00e9 o <em>Yulanpen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>, que narra a hist\u00f3ria do monge Maudgalyayana: ele v\u00ea com vis\u00e3o sobrenatural a sua m\u00e3e falecida a sofrer como esp\u00edrito faminto e n\u00e3o consegue salv\u00e1-la sozinho, apenas atrav\u00e9s de uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O objeto concreto ou o alimento oferecido a uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferenda<\/span> conjunta de toda a comunidade mon\u00e1stica no final da esta\u00e7\u00e3o das chuvas.<\/p><p>O festival une assim a piedade filial \u00e0 l\u00f3gica soteriol\u00f3gica budista.<\/p><p>Na pr\u00e1tica, durante o festival s\u00e3o dispostos alimentos, bebidas e dinheiro simb\u00f3lico, recitam-se sutras e acendem-se lamparinas. No mundo budista theravada do Sri Lanka e do Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico, existem oferendas de esmolas correspondentes a monges em nome dos mortos, frequentemente ao s\u00e9timo dia, ap\u00f3s tr\u00eas meses e ap\u00f3s um ano.<\/p><p>O budismo tibetano conhece o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> do <em>sur<\/em>, um sacrif\u00edcio de fumo de alimento queimado, cujo aroma deve nutrir os esp\u00edritos famintos, j\u00e1 que a sua garganta estreita n\u00e3o consegue receber alimento s\u00f3lido.<\/p><p>Estes rituais mostram que o Preta no budismo vivido n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma figura did\u00e1tica distante, mas um ser com o qual existe uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o continuada. O morto permanece parte da fam\u00edlia, e o seu provimento \u00e9 uma obriga\u00e7\u00e3o dos que ficam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A representa\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica na Roda da Vida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A imagem mais difundida dos esp\u00edritos famintos encontra-se no <em>bhavachakra<\/em>, a roda da vida budista que orna a entrada de muitos mosteiros tibetanos. O c\u00edrculo est\u00e1 dividido em seis segmentos, um dos quais representa o reino dos Pretas.<\/p><p>A conven\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica \u00e9 definida: membros delgados, um ventre inchado, um pesco\u00e7o longo e fino e uma boca min\u00fascula, frequentemente t\u00e3o pequena quanto o fundo de uma agulha. Esta anatomia torna o castigo visualmente evidente, a fome \u00e9 insaci\u00e1vel porque o corpo n\u00e3o consegue receber o alimento.<\/p><p>Frequentemente, a pintura representa um Buda que aparece aos Pretas e lhes oferece ensinamento curativo ou alimento. Esta figura \u00e9 geralmente representada como uma forma vermelha ou amarela e indica que mesmo no reino dos esp\u00edritos famintos o caminho para a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o est\u00e1 completamente fechado.<\/p><p>A paisagem do reino dos Pretas surge como uma plan\u00edcie \u00e1rida e ressequida, por vezes com rios que se transformam em pus, sangue ou fogo quando se tenta beber deles.<\/p><p>Os textos tibetanos diferenciam ainda os esp\u00edritos famintos. Uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o corrente distingue Pretas com obst\u00e1culos externos, que simplesmente n\u00e3o encontram alimento, Pretas com obst\u00e1culos internos, cujo corpo impede a absor\u00e7\u00e3o, e Pretas cujo pr\u00f3prio alimento \u00e9 o tormento. Esta sistematiza\u00e7\u00e3o encontra-se, por exemplo, no <em>Juwelenschmuck der Befreiung<\/em> de Gampopa, do s\u00e9culo XII.<\/p><p>Na arte da \u00c1sia Oriental, os esp\u00edritos famintos surgem tamb\u00e9m fora da roda da vida. O rolo ilustrado japon\u00eas <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> da \u00e9poca Heian, hoje em museus de T\u00f3quio e Quioto, mostra em uma sequ\u00eancia de cenas esp\u00edritos famintos que se encontram em cemit\u00e9rios, latrinas e locais de oferendas, vivendo entre seres humanos normais sem que estes os percebam.<\/p><p>Este rolo \u00e9 considerado uma obra principal da pintura medieval japonesa e atesta qu\u00e3o concretamente a ideia estava ancorada no cotidiano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra\u00edzes pr\u00e9-budistas e o Preta v\u00e9dico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O termo <em>preta<\/em> n\u00e3o \u00e9 de origem budista, mas prov\u00e9m do vocabul\u00e1rio religioso mais antigo da \u00cdndia. Literalmente significa &#8216;o que partiu&#8217; ou &#8216;o falecido&#8217;, formado pelo prefixo <em>pra<\/em> e uma raiz com o significado de ir.<\/p><p>Nos textos v\u00e9dicos e hindu\u00edstas mais antigos, <em>preta<\/em> designa inicialmente simplesmente o rec\u00e9m-falecido que se encontra em um estado intermedi\u00e1rio, antes de se tornar, atrav\u00e9s dos rituais f\u00fanebres, um <em>pitr<\/em>, um antepassado.<\/p><p>Esta transi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 regulada com precis\u00e3o no ritual hindu\u00edsta. Os ritos <em>shraddha<\/em>, as oferendas de alimento aos mortos, destinam-se a conduzir o Preta inst\u00e1vel para a comunidade ordenada dos antepassados.<\/p><p>Se forem omitidos, ou se algu\u00e9m morrer de morte m\u00e1, o falecido pode permanecer como Preta inquieto. Nesta concep\u00e7\u00e3o, o Preta n\u00e3o \u00e9 portanto um dom\u00ednio de exist\u00eancia pr\u00f3prio, mas uma fase de transi\u00e7\u00e3o perigosa que deve ser encerrada pelo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> correto.<\/p><p>O budismo adotou o termo, mas o reformulou. O estado intermedi\u00e1rio tempor\u00e1rio transformou-se em um dos seis dom\u00ednios fixos de exist\u00eancia do ciclo dos renascimentos, no qual se nasce plenamente por determinado karma.<\/p><p>A liga\u00e7\u00e3o aos rituais f\u00fanebres se manteve, mas se deslocou do dever de criar um antepassado para a possibilidade de transferir m\u00e9rito a um ser que sofre.<\/p><p>Esta raiz comum explica por que raz\u00e3o as pr\u00e1ticas f\u00fanebres hindu\u00edstas e budistas se assemelham frequentemente e s\u00e3o dif\u00edceis de distinguir na religiosidade vivida do Sul da \u00c1sia.<\/p><p>Mostra tamb\u00e9m que o Preta budista n\u00e3o surgiu do nada, mas integrou uma antiga ideia indiana em um novo sistema cosmol\u00f3gico. Quem quiser compreender a figura deve considerar esta estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o, a pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3ria v\u00e9dica e a reinterpreta\u00e7\u00e3o budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Difus\u00e3o e transforma\u00e7\u00e3o nas culturas budistas da \u00c1sia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a expans\u00e3o do budismo, a concep\u00e7\u00e3o do esp\u00edrito faminto tamb\u00e9m se difundiu e se adaptou \u00e0s condi\u00e7\u00f5es locais. Nos pa\u00edses Theravada, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tail\u00e2ndia, Laos e Camboja, manteve-se forte a liga\u00e7\u00e3o ao Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cole\u00e7\u00e3o de escrituras sagradas de uma religi\u00e3o reconhecida como vinculativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u00e2none<\/span> e ao <em>Petavatthu<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aqui, a concep\u00e7\u00e3o dos Pretas se fundiu parcialmente com cren\u00e7as locais em esp\u00edritos, como os <em>phi<\/em> tailandeses, de modo que o esp\u00edrito faminto budista nem sempre \u00e9 nitidamente separado de outros mortos sem descanso.<\/p><p>Na China, a ideia encontrou uma cultura ancestral j\u00e1 altamente desenvolvida. O esp\u00edrito faminto, em chin\u00eas <em>egui<\/em>, foi a\u00ed associado estreitamente \u00e0 preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o com mortos negligenciados ou sem descend\u00eancia. Quem n\u00e3o tem descendentes que ofere\u00e7am <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span> arrisca-se a tornar-se um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> faminto.<\/p><p>O festival dos fantasmas do s\u00e9timo m\u00eas tornou-se uma das festas mais importantes do ano, durante a qual os port\u00f5es do submundo se abrem e os esp\u00edritos vagueiam. Aqui se uniram os ensinamentos soteriol\u00f3gicos budistas a elementos daoistas e da religiosidade popular.<\/p><p>O budismo tibetano sistematizou os esp\u00edritos famintos nos seus textos sobre os est\u00e1gios do caminho e desenvolveu com o sacrif\u00edcio de fumo <em>sur<\/em> uma forma ritual pr\u00f3pria. A figura do <em>yidak<\/em>, como o Preta se designa em tibetano, est\u00e1 firmemente ancorada na consci\u00eancia, porque a roda da vida \u00e9 vis\u00edvel \u00e0 entrada de cada mosteiro.<\/p><p>No Jap\u00e3o, por fim, o esp\u00edrito faminto recebeu com o <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> uma express\u00e3o de relevo na hist\u00f3ria da arte e permaneceu presente no festival Obon. O termo <em>gaki<\/em> tornou-se inclusive, no japon\u00eas moderno, um insulto coloquial para uma crian\u00e7a gulosa ou mal-educada, prova de qu\u00e3o profundamente a concep\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa penetrou na l\u00edngua cotidiana.<\/p><p>Esta amplitude cultural mostra que o Preta n\u00e3o permaneceu uma figura did\u00e1tica r\u00edgida, mas se tornou um elemento vivo e adapt\u00e1vel do mundo budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Links internos recomendados:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\">Budismo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/guardioes-naraka\/\">Naraka-W\u00e4chter<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li>E <a href=\"\/pt-br\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (China), <a href=\"\/pt-br\/pishacha\/\">Pishacha<\/a> (hindu\u00edsmo), paralelos<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu como motivo precursor)<\/li><li>Festival Ullambana\/Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Uma sele\u00e7\u00e3o de obras centrais sobre o Preta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">A pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o aqui descrita constitui uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, do ponto de vista das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o, de tradi\u00e7\u00f5es hist\u00f3ricas. O iWell Guard retoma essa linha hist\u00f3rico-cultural de objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis e representa uma forma contempor\u00e2nea dela, em uma arquitetura de materiais fabricada na Alemanha: 41 n\u00edveis de ouro genu\u00edno, platina e prata. <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sobre-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Saiba mais sobre o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre o Preta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>O que s\u00e3o os Pretas no budismo?<\/h3><p>Preta (s\u00e2nscrito para os que partiram, em tibetano Yi-dvags) s\u00e3o no budismo os esp\u00edritos famintos, um dos seis dom\u00ednios de exist\u00eancia do renascimento. S\u00e3o seres com est\u00f4mago enorme e boca min\u00fascula ou pesco\u00e7o de agulha: nunca conseguem saciar-se, pois todo o alimento se transforma em cinzas mal entra na sua boca.<\/p><p>No Bhavachakra (roda da vida tibetana) est\u00e3o representados de forma iconogr\u00e1fica t\u00edpica. Causa k\u00e1rmica: avareza, cobi\u00e7a, ego\u00edsmo em vida, quem em vida recusou alimento aos outros renasce na exist\u00eancia seguinte como Preta faminto.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>O que \u00e9 o festival budista dos esp\u00edritos famintos?<\/h3><p>O festival dos esp\u00edritos famintos (chin\u00eas Yulanpen, japon\u00eas Obon, coreano Baekjung) \u00e9 uma das festas mais importantes do budismo popular na \u00c1sia Oriental, no s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar. Remonta \u00e0 hist\u00f3ria de Maudgaly\u0101yana, um disc\u00edpulo do Buda que encontra a sua m\u00e3e no reino dos Pretas e n\u00e3o a consegue alimentar diretamente.<\/p><p>O Buda ensina-lhe que as oferendas transmitidas atrav\u00e9s da Sangha (comunidade mon\u00e1stica) no final da clausura das chuvas chegam aos esp\u00edritos famintos. Daqui nasceu a grande festa da \u00c1sia Oriental com oferendas para os falecidos, espet\u00e1culos de dan\u00e7a (Bon Odori) e o flutuar simb\u00f3lico de lanternas.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"O que s\u00e3o os Pretas no budismo?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Preta (s\u00e2nscrito para os que partiram, em tibetano Yi-dvags) s\u00e3o no budismo os esp\u00edritos famintos, um dos seis dom\u00ednios de exist\u00eancia do renascimento. S\u00e3o seres com est\u00f4mago enorme e boca min\u00fascula ou pesco\u00e7o de agulha: nunca conseguem saciar-se, pois todo o alimento se transforma em cinzas mal entra na sua boca. No Bhavachakra (roda da vida tibetana) est\u00e3o representados de forma iconogr\u00e1fica t\u00edpica. Causa k\u00e1rmica: avareza, cobi\u00e7a, ego\u00edsmo em vida, quem em vida recusou alimento aos outros renasce na exist\u00eancia seguinte como Preta faminto.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"O que \u00e9 o festival budista dos esp\u00edritos famintos?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"O festival dos esp\u00edritos famintos (chin\u00eas Yulanpen, japon\u00eas Obon, coreano Baekjung) \u00e9 uma das festas mais importantes do budismo popular na \u00c1sia Oriental, no s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar. Remonta \u00e0 hist\u00f3ria de Maudgaly\u0101yana, um disc\u00edpulo do Buda que encontra a sua m\u00e3e no reino dos Pretas e n\u00e3o a consegue alimentar diretamente. 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Um esp\u00edrito faminto com o ventre distendido e a garganta t\u00e3o estreita quanto o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta: esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"O Preta (Pali: Peta) \u00e9 uma das figuras mais marcantes da cosmologia budista. 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