{"id":39814,"date":"2026-07-28T19:13:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:13:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T19:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:13:50","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39814\" class=\"elementor elementor-39814 elementor-1997\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta.<\/p><p><strong>O primeiro mortal, o deus dos mortos e juiz das almas.<\/strong> Yama \u00e9 uma das divindades indianas mais antigas, n\u00e3o maligna, mas inevit\u00e1vel como a pr\u00f3pria morte. Como o primeiro ser humano a morrer, tornou-se soberano do al\u00e9m, o *Yamadharma*, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, dever e ordem c\u00f3smica; no budismo, o ensinamento do Buda.\">Dharma<\/span> da morte.<\/p><p>Com o seu cajado (*Danda*) e o seu fiel b\u00fafalo *Nandi*, Yama percorre o mundo, recolhe as almas dos moribundos e as conduz perante o tribunal. No hindu\u00edsmo, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia nociva ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f4nio<\/span>, mas uma for\u00e7a necess\u00e1ria da ordem c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas: for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hinduismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mundos de deuses, asuras e prote\u00e7\u00e3o no hindu\u00edsmo, do per\u00edodo v\u00e9dico ao t\u00e2ntrico.\">Hindu\u00edsmo<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do submundo e da morte, soberanos do al\u00e9m, ju\u00edzes dos mortos, guias das almas.\">Divindade dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-126135\" alt=\"Yama - deuses da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu, ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal hindu-budista, juiz dos mortos e soberano do submundo<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Hindu\u00edsmo, Budismo (Yamaraja), Tibete (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: Primeiro mortal a experimentar a morte; agora juiz de todos os falecidos, senhor de Naraka<br>Atributos principais: B\u00fafalo negro como montaria, ma\u00e7a (Danda), la\u00e7o (Pasha), Livro dos Mortos<br>Principais locais de culto: Templos de Yama<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> em Tamil Nadu, mosteiros tibetanos (dan\u00e7a Cham), Jap\u00e3o (Enma-O)<br>Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o budista: Yamaraja (tamb\u00e9m no Tibete), Enma-O (Jap\u00e3o), Yeomra (Coreia)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama est\u00e1 no <em>Rigveda<\/em> (1200-900 a.C.) documentado como o primeiro mortal, aquele que percorreu o caminho para o mundo dos mortos em primeiro lugar e a\u00ed reina. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9pica posterior (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>), torna-se o severo juiz dos mortos.<\/p><p>No budismo foi assimilado como <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, com um cosmos infernal ampliado. No Tibete, a partir do s\u00e9culo VIII d.C., como Yama-Dharmaraja nos pante\u00f5es das divindades iradas. Na \u00c1sia Oriental como Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, cada um com adapta\u00e7\u00f5es locais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na \u00cdndia, os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> dedicados a Yama s\u00e3o raros: o juiz dos mortos \u00e9 temido, n\u00e3o venerado por devo\u00e7\u00e3o popular. Os mais importantes: Yamadharma-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> em Tamil Nadu, Yama-Mandirs no Nepal. No Tibete, figura centralmente nas representa\u00e7\u00f5es da dan\u00e7a Cham dos mosteiros Gelug (em especial Drepung, Gand\u00e9n e Sera). No Jap\u00e3o, como est\u00e1tua de Enma-O em todos os cemit\u00e9rios budistas. Na Coreia: Yeomra na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o xam\u00e2nica Mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes centrais: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14-18 (Yama como o primeiro morto), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (Livro I, Sabha-Parva: a descri\u00e7\u00e3o da Yama-Sabh\u00e2), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (descri\u00e7\u00f5es dos infernos). Budismo: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, tibetano <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em>. Literatura secund\u00e1ria: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 representado como um homem de pele esverdeada ou avermelhada, frequentemente com armadura real. Traz um cajado (<em>Danda<\/em>), atributo da puni\u00e7\u00e3o e da ordem, e muitas vezes um la\u00e7o (<em>Pasha<\/em>), para prender as almas.<\/p><p>O seu b\u00fafalo <em>Nandi<\/em> \u00e9 o seu animal mais importante; \u00e0s vezes cavalga tamb\u00e9m cavalos ou se mistura com os vivos. Em textos iconogr\u00e1ficos tardios, tem o rosto verde ou cinza-negro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 o juiz incontest\u00e1vel. Nenhum engano lhe escapa. Quando o tempo de vida chega ao fim, o pr\u00f3prio Yama se apresenta, ou o seu emiss\u00e1rio Chitragupta registra tudo para recolher a alma. A alma \u00e9 ent\u00e3o conduzida ao <em>Yamaloka<\/em>, onde os seus atos (<em>Karma<\/em>) s\u00e3o pesados.<\/p><p>Conforme o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, a lei da consequ\u00eancia dos atos: cada a\u00e7\u00e3o repercute-se nas exist\u00eancias futuras.\">Karma<\/span>, segue-se puni\u00e7\u00e3o (<em>Naraka<\/em>) ou recompensa (<em>Swarga<\/em>) antes do pr\u00f3ximo renascimento. Os rituais pelos falecidos (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) visam apaziguar Yama e conduzir as almas mais rapidamente \u00e0 pr\u00f3xima vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Yama em uma vis\u00e3o geral. Os campos a seguir resumem a origem, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o, a apar\u00eancia, a venera\u00e7\u00e3o, os s\u00edmbolos e os paralelos culturais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A origem de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 filho da divindade solar Vivasvat (Surya) e de Saranyu, irm\u00e3o g\u00eameo de Yami. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> mais antigo, o primeiro ser humano a encontrar a morte, raz\u00e3o pela qual percorreu em primeiro lugar o caminho para o mundo dos mortos e agora nele reina.<\/p><p>Em tradi\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores, casou com Dhumorna, e tem duas cadelas (descendentes de Sarama) como guardi\u00e3s dos caminhos. A sua morada situa-se no Sul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00fablico-alvo de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primeiro morto, por isso rei dos mortos. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (rei do dever), juiz que decide segundo o karma de cada falecido. Administrador dos 21 infernos (Naraka) e das recompensas celestiais. No budismo, formalmente guardi\u00e3o da lei c\u00f3smica (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) no que respeita \u00e0 l\u00f3gica da consequ\u00eancia dos atos. No Tibete, como divindade irada, tamb\u00e9m protetor da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o escolar contra o que \u00e9 negativo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A apar\u00eancia de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta: figura de pele escura (verde-azul-negra) com ornamentos coloridos, segurando na m\u00e3o <em>Danda<\/em> (ma\u00e7a do tribunal) e <em>Pasha<\/em> (la\u00e7o com que apanha as almas), montando um b\u00fafalo negro.<\/p><p>Traje vermelho. No Tibete como <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: cabe\u00e7a de b\u00fafalo, tr\u00eas olhos, aur\u00e9ola em chamas, ornamentos de osso, coroa de cabelos encurvados, segurando um c\u00e1lice de cr\u00e2nio e uma espada. Acompanhado pela sua irm\u00e3 Yami e por um ex\u00e9rcito de servos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Yama raramente \u00e9 invocado diretamente para prote\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00cdndia: \u00e9 temido como o Severo. Nos ritos f\u00fanebres, por\u00e9m, ocupa um papel central: os enlutados pedem um tratamento clemente para o falecido.<\/p><p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo tibetano, o estado de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre duas exist\u00eancias; o Bardo Th\u00f6dol descreve a fase ap\u00f3s a morte.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol (Livro Tibetano dos Mortos), aparece ao falecido no estado de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo tibetano, o estado de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre duas exist\u00eancias; o Bardo Th\u00f6dol descreve a fase ap\u00f3s a morte.\">Bardo<\/span> como figura examinadora. No Jap\u00e3o, Enma-O \u00e9 figura central nos ritos f\u00fanebres budistas populares e est\u00e1 presente em todos os cemit\u00e9rios. Nas dan\u00e7as Cham do Tibete, surge como portador de m\u00e1scara aterradora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00fafalo negro (montaria), Danda (ma\u00e7a), Pasha (la\u00e7o), Livro dos Mortos, espelho do karma (Karma-Darpana), c\u00e1lice de cr\u00e2nio (tibetano), cabe\u00e7a de b\u00fafalo (tibetano), aur\u00e9ola em chamas, terceiro olho. Plantas: asf\u00f3delo negro. Dire\u00e7\u00e3o sagrada: Sul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elementos compar\u00e1veis<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Budismo), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibete), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Jap\u00e3o), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Coreia), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, o primeiro dos dez reis infernais), <em>Hades<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia, rei do submundo), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Roma), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egito, guia dos mortos e juiz dos mortos), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germ\u00e2nico, soberana do submundo), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Asteca). A raiz indo-europeia \u00e9 reconhec\u00edvel no tronco Yama-Yima-Yumis (Yama v\u00e9dico, Yima av\u00e9stico, Yumis b\u00e1ltico).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais de venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama \u00e9 venerado em rituais dom\u00e9sticos v\u00e9dicos por meio de oferendas (Havis), leite, manteiga, cereais, nas festas de comemora\u00e7\u00e3o dos antepassados (Pinda-Daan). O Rigveda 10.14 documenta f\u00f3rmulas de venera\u00e7\u00e3o para uma morte digna. No ritual f\u00fanebre hindu\u00edsta, o mantra de Yama \u00e9 recitado antes da crema\u00e7\u00e3o. Pr\u00e1tica contempor\u00e2nea: medita\u00e7\u00f5es junto ao leito de morte ou nas festas de comemora\u00e7\u00e3o dos antepassados em honra do rei do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo \u00e9 proferida de forma repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u00e7\u00f5es e evoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p><p>A invoca\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00e1ssica de Yama do Rigveda 10.14.1-2: &#8220;Yame pathivratah &#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;Caminhar com Yama no sentido do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> &#8230;&#8221;. Mantras para superar o temor da morte encontram-se na Katha-Upanishad (di\u00e1logo de Nachiketas com Yama). A tantologia tibetana integra Yamantaka (a derrota de Yama) em invoca\u00e7\u00f5es da transcend\u00eancia total.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Os s\u00edmbolos de Yama raramente surgem como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um objeto usado ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia protetora e preventiva de males.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuleto<\/span> port\u00e1til: a liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 sobretudo conceitual. Os escarav\u00e9deos hist\u00f3ricos do Egito que apresentam analogias de Yama com o deus dos mortos Anubis atestam uma sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural. Os testemunhos arqueol\u00f3gicos da venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Yama encontram-se em textos rituais v\u00e9dicos e em inscri\u00e7\u00f5es em templos indianos do s\u00e9culo III a.C., n\u00e3o como amuletos-objeto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama se assemelha ao Hades dos gregos, ao Dis Pater dos romanos e ao Osiris do Egito, todos deuses do submundo e do julgamento.<\/p><p>Com Chitragupta, o seu escriv\u00e3o, Yama evoca a representa\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 de S\u00e3o Pedro com o livro das almas. Ao contr\u00e1rio dos deuses da morte ocidentais, Yama n\u00e3o \u00e9, por\u00e9m, um advers\u00e1rio maligno, mas um funcion\u00e1rio c\u00f3smico cujo julgamento \u00e9 justo e inevit\u00e1vel.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O mito do primeiro mortal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A camada mais antiga da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo das gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> indiana conhece Yama n\u00e3o como juiz punitivo, mas como o primeiro ser humano que morreu. O d\u00e9cimo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa o cosmos no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandala<\/span> do <em>Rigveda<\/em> cont\u00e9m v\u00e1rios hinos que transmitem essa concep\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>No <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14, Yama \u00e9 invocado como aquele que encontrou em primeiro lugar o caminho para o al\u00e9m e, ao faz\u00ea-lo, o abriu a todos os seus descendentes. \u00c9 a\u00ed considerado filho do deus solar Vivasvant e, portanto, aparentado com a pr\u00f3pria ra\u00e7a humana.<\/p><p>Um hino particularmente debatido \u00e9 o <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10, o di\u00e1logo entre Yama e a sua irm\u00e3 g\u00eamea Yami. Yami pressiona Yama para a uni\u00e3o, a fim de que a ra\u00e7a humana subsista, e Yama a recusa, invocando a proibi\u00e7\u00e3o do incesto entre irm\u00e3os e os deuses vigilantes.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A pesquisa, como a de Stephanie Jamison e Joel Brereton na sua tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do Rigveda de 2014, l\u00ea esse hino como uma reflex\u00e3o sobre os limites das rela\u00e7\u00f5es de parentesco permitidas, e n\u00e3o como uma etiologia da humanidade.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00c9 not\u00e1vel a proximidade lingu\u00edstica com o antigo iraniano Yima, que no <em>Avesta<\/em> surge igualmente como primeiro rei e senhor de um ref\u00fagio subterr\u00e2neo. Ambos os nomes remontam a uma raiz indo-iraniana com o significado de g\u00eameo.<\/p><p>A lingu\u00edstica indo-europeia comparativa, nomeadamente nos trabalhos de Bruce Lincoln, viu nisso o vest\u00edgio de um mito comum de cria\u00e7\u00e3o e de morte, no qual o primeiro ser humano \u00e9 simultaneamente o primeiro morto e soberano dos antepassados.<\/p><p>O Yama posterior das epopeias e Puranas, que disp\u00f5e de infernos e de um registro contabil\u00edstico dos atos, representa um desenvolvimento consider\u00e1vel dessa figura primitiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O reino de Yama e o registro dos atos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na literatura \u00e9pica e pur\u00e2nica, Yama se transforma do senhor dos antepassados bem-aventurados em administrador de um al\u00e9m diferenciado. A sua resid\u00eancia, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> ou <em>Yamapura<\/em>, situa-se segundo a maioria dos textos no Sul, raz\u00e3o pela qual o Sul \u00e9 considerado, na geografia ritual, a dire\u00e7\u00e3o de Yama.<\/p><p>A <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, texto central para as concep\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o morrer e o caminho da alma, descreve a viagem do falecido pelo rio ardente <em>Vaitarani<\/em> at\u00e9 ao trono de Yama.<\/p><p>Ao lado de Yama encontra-se <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, um escriv\u00e3o que registra cada ato de um ser humano em um registro.<\/p><p>Esse livro, frequentemente denominado <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, \u00e9 lido no momento da morte, e com base no seu conte\u00fado Yama decide o caminho a seguir. Chitragupta tornou-se, no norte da \u00cdndia, o antepassado da casta dos escribas Kayasthas, que o veneram como seu patrono. Aqui se revela como uma figura mitol\u00f3gica pode criar identidade social.<\/p><p>As puni\u00e7\u00f5es nos infernos de Yama, os <em>Naraka<\/em>, est\u00e3o catalogadas na <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> e em partes da <em>Manusmriti<\/em> e associadas a transgress\u00f5es espec\u00edficas. \u00c9 decisivo, por\u00e9m, que esses infernos, segundo a doutrina cl\u00e1ssica, n\u00e3o sejam lugares eternos.<\/p><p>S\u00e3o esta\u00e7\u00f5es no ciclo dos renascimentos, e ap\u00f3s o cumprimento das consequ\u00eancias das m\u00e1s a\u00e7\u00f5es, o caminho da alma prossegue.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e9, assim, menos um deus da condena\u00e7\u00e3o definitiva do que um funcion\u00e1rio da lei c\u00f3smica. O seu ep\u00edteto <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, rei do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>, exprime exatamente isso: ele executa uma ordem, n\u00e3o a inventa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama na Bhagavadgita e na Katha-Upanishad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dois textos cl\u00e1ssicos conferem a Yama um papel que vai al\u00e9m do meramente judicial. Na <em>Katha-Upanishad<\/em>, Yama \u00e9 o mestre. O jovem br\u00e2mane Nachiketas \u00e9 prometido pelo seu pai, em momento de ira, \u00e0 morte, e aguarda tr\u00eas dias diante da casa de Yama.<\/p><p>Como repara\u00e7\u00e3o, Yama lhe concede tr\u00eas desejos. O terceiro \u00e9 a pergunta sobre o que acontece ao ser humano ap\u00f3s a morte.<\/p><p>Yama tenta inicialmente distrair Nachiketas com riqueza e vida longa, mas o jovem insiste. Yama ent\u00e3o lhe ensina a distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre o agrad\u00e1vel e o salutar, e o instrui sobre o eu imortal, o <em>Atman<\/em>. Aqui, o deus da morte \u00e9 paradoxalmente o mediador do conhecimento que supera a morte.<\/p><p>Na <em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>, no d\u00e9cimo cap\u00edtulo, em que Krishna enumera as suas formas divinas, diz de si pr\u00f3prio que \u00e9 Yama entre os que disciplinam ou julgam.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e9 assim colocado na fila dos mais altos representantes de cada categoria. A afirma\u00e7\u00e3o sublinha que Yama, no hindu\u00edsmo cl\u00e1ssico, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um poder demon\u00edaco, mas sim um poder ordenado e leg\u00edtimo.<\/p><p>Essa tradi\u00e7\u00e3o textual moldou profundamente a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00eamica de Yama. Enquanto as representa\u00e7\u00f5es populares o reduzem ao terror, indianistas como Wendy Doniger sublinham que Yama na literatura s\u00e2nscrita surge igualmente como mestre, como justo e como inst\u00e2ncia necess\u00e1ria. A morte, nessa perspectiva, n\u00e3o \u00e9 o oposto da ordem, mas parte integrante dela.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia e difus\u00e3o para al\u00e9m da \u00cdndia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nas artes pl\u00e1sticas, Yama \u00e9 representado habitualmente com pele escura, frequentemente verde ou azulada, vestido de vermelho, com um b\u00fafalo como montaria.<\/p><p>Nas m\u00e3os traz um la\u00e7o, o <em>Pasha<\/em>, com o qual retira a alma vital do corpo, e frequentemente um cajado ou ma\u00e7a, o <em>Danda<\/em>. Esses atributos s\u00e3o est\u00e1veis nos relevos templares e na pintura em miniatura desde a Idade M\u00e9dia.<\/p><p>Como um dos <em>Lokapalas<\/em>, os guardi\u00f5es das dire\u00e7\u00f5es do mundo, Yama aparece regularmente nas paredes exteriores dos templos, no lado sul.<\/p><p>Por meio do budismo, Yama chegou ao Tibete, \u00e0 China, ao Jap\u00e3o e ao Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico, transformando-se ao longo do caminho. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana, \u00e9 como <em>Shinje<\/em> senhor do tribunal dos mortos e, simultaneamente, objeto de uma hist\u00f3ria de instru\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria, na qual o Bodhisattva Manjushri o subjuga na forma de <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, o vencedor de Yama.<\/p><p>Na China tornou-se <em>Yanluo<\/em>, o presidente dos dez reis infernais (ver <a href=\"\/pt-br\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), no Jap\u00e3o <em>Enma<\/em>. Essa peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o mostra como um deus indiano p\u00f4de tornar-se o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma imagem evocadora que representa um pensamento abstrato.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> pan-asi\u00e1tico do tribunal dos mortos incorrupt\u00edvel.<\/p><p>Na \u00cdndia atual, Yama vive sobretudo nos rituais f\u00fanebres, na literatura sobre o morrer e na festa <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> ou <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, que evoca a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Yama e a sua irm\u00e3 Yami.<\/p><p>A irm\u00e3 recebe o irm\u00e3o e pede uma longa vida para ele. Assim retorna ao costume popular um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> que j\u00e1 estava presente no hino v\u00e9dico mais antigo, o di\u00e1logo dos g\u00eameos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hist\u00f3ria da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e disputas interpretativas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O estudo cient\u00edfico de Yama tem in\u00edcio no s\u00e9culo XIX com a explora\u00e7\u00e3o europeia do <em>Rigveda<\/em>. Indianistas pioneiros como Hermann Oldenberg e Abel Bergaigne debateram se Yama teria sido originalmente um ser humano primordial divinizado ou uma divindade da morte desde o in\u00edcio.<\/p><p>O debate est\u00e1 intimamente ligado \u00e0 quest\u00e3o de como datar e interpretar os hinos 10.10 e 10.14.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XX, a lingu\u00edstica indo-europeia comparativa deslocou o foco para a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Yama e o iraniano Yima. Georges Dum\u00e9zil e, na sua esteira, outros pesquisadores reconstru\u00edram a partir da\u00ed um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> indo-iraniano, possivelmente indo-europeu, do primeiro mortal que se torna soberano dos mortos.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln argumentou em <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> que por detr\u00e1s de Yama e de figuras afins existe um esquema de cria\u00e7\u00e3o comum, no qual o primeiro sacrif\u00edcio articula o mundo.<\/p><p>Permanece controverso at\u00e9 que ponto o Yama v\u00e9dico deve ser separado do Yama pur\u00e2nico tardio. Alguns pesquisadores veem um desenvolvimento cont\u00ednuo, outros sublinham uma ruptura entre o rei dos antepassados da \u00e9poca arcaica e o administrador dos infernos dos textos cl\u00e1ssicos.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m a origem do escriv\u00e3o Chitragupta permanece em aberto, dado que ele est\u00e1 ausente nas camadas mais antigas e ter\u00e1 sido acrescentado provavelmente mais tarde, possivelmente sob a influ\u00eancia de grupos sociais concretos. A situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes imp\u00f5e aqui cautela: muito do que se considera uma imagem consolidada de Yama \u00e9 o resultado de s\u00e9culos de estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o de diversas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es textuais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, assimila\u00e7\u00e3o budista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yama-buddhismus\/\">Yama, juiz dos mortos (Budismo)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japonesa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma coreana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hades\/\">Hades, paralelo grego<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hinduismo\/\">Hindu\u00edsmo, panor\u00e2mica do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\">Divindades dos mortos, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&#8217;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14-18 (numerosas tradu\u00e7\u00f5es).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (org.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &#8220;Yama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre Yama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quem \u00e9 Yama no budismo?<\/h3><p>Yama \u00e9 no budismo o soberano do reino infernal (Naraka) e juiz dos falecidos. Ao contr\u00e1rio do entendimento ocidental, o inferno budista n\u00e3o \u00e9 um lugar de puni\u00e7\u00e3o eterno, mas uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o de renascimento temporalmente limitada: quem a\u00ed tiver cumprido o seu karma \u00e9 reencarnado.<\/p><p>Yama interroga cada morto sobre os atos da sua vida; o budismo Mahayana conhece toda uma corte de ju\u00edzes infernais que o assistem. Os reinos de Yama s\u00e3o descritos com um detalhe inimagin\u00e1vel na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a estrutura e a ordem do mundo em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista (textos Abhidharma).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Como se distingue Yama no budismo do Yamaraja hindu\u00edsta?<\/h3><p>Ambas as figuras partilham a origem comum no Yama v\u00e9dico (Rigveda 10,14), o primeiro mortal que se tornou simultaneamente senhor dos mortos. No hindu\u00edsmo, Yama permaneceu o deus-juiz central que recebe cada alma.<\/p><p>No budismo, Yama tornou-se uma figura multifacetada: no Theravada, mais como conceito; no Mahayana e especialmente no budismo tibetano, como senhor infernal personificado com uma complexa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda os conte\u00fados das imagens e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> (frequentemente com cabe\u00e7a de touro, o aspecto Yama Dharmaraja). No Tibete, os dan\u00e7arinos de dem\u00f4nios itinerantes (festival Cham) s\u00e3o muitas vezes representantes de Yama.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quem \u00e9 Yama no budismo?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama \u00e9 no budismo o soberano do reino infernal (Naraka) e juiz dos falecidos. 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama: O Deus dos Mortos e Juiz no Hindu\u00edsmo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, deus dos mortos e juiz no hindu\u00edsmo. 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