{"id":39814,"date":"2026-07-28T19:13:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:13:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T19:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T19:13:50","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39814\" class=\"elementor elementor-39814 elementor-1997\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta.<\/p><p><strong>O primeiro mortal, o deus dos mortos e juiz das almas.<\/strong> Yama \u00e9 uma das divindades indianas mais antigas, n\u00e3o maligna, mas inevit\u00e1vel como a pr\u00f3pria morte. Como o primeiro ser humano a morrer, tornou-se soberano do al\u00e9m, o *Yamadharma*, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, dever e ordem c\u00f3smica; no budismo, o ensinamento do Buda.\">Dharma<\/span> da morte.<\/p><p>Com o seu cajado (*Danda*) e o seu fiel b\u00fafalo *Nandi*, Yama percorre o mundo, recolhe as almas dos moribundos e as conduz perante o tribunal. No hindu\u00edsmo, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia nociva ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f4nio<\/span>, mas uma for\u00e7a necess\u00e1ria da ordem c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas: for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hinduismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mundos de deuses, asuras e prote\u00e7\u00e3o no hindu\u00edsmo, do per\u00edodo v\u00e9dico ao t\u00e2ntrico.\">Hindu\u00edsmo<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do submundo e da morte, soberanos do al\u00e9m, ju\u00edzes dos mortos, guias das almas.\">Divindade dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1731\" alt=\"Yama - G\u00f6tter aus der Hinduismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal hindu-budista, juiz dos mortos e soberano do submundo<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Hindu\u00edsmo, Budismo (Yamaraja), Tibete (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: Primeiro mortal a experimentar a morte; agora juiz de todos os falecidos, senhor de Naraka<br>Atributos principais: B\u00fafalo negro como montaria, ma\u00e7a (Danda), la\u00e7o (Pasha), Livro dos Mortos<br>Principais locais de culto: Templos de Yama<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> em Tamil Nadu, mosteiros tibetanos (dan\u00e7a Cham), Jap\u00e3o (Enma-O)<br>Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o budista: Yamaraja (tamb\u00e9m no Tibete), Enma-O (Jap\u00e3o), Yeomra (Coreia)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama est\u00e1 no <em>Rigveda<\/em> (1200-900 a.C.) documentado como o primeiro mortal, aquele que percorreu o caminho para o mundo dos mortos em primeiro lugar e a\u00ed reina. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9pica posterior (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>), torna-se o severo juiz dos mortos.<\/p><p>No budismo foi assimilado como <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, com um cosmos infernal ampliado. No Tibete, a partir do s\u00e9culo VIII d.C., como Yama-Dharmaraja nos pante\u00f5es das divindades iradas. Na \u00c1sia Oriental como Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, cada um com adapta\u00e7\u00f5es locais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na \u00cdndia, os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> dedicados a Yama s\u00e3o raros: o juiz dos mortos \u00e9 temido, n\u00e3o venerado por devo\u00e7\u00e3o popular. Os mais importantes: Yamadharma-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> em Tamil Nadu, Yama-Mandirs no Nepal. No Tibete, figura centralmente nas representa\u00e7\u00f5es da dan\u00e7a Cham dos mosteiros Gelug (em especial Drepung, Gand\u00e9n e Sera). No Jap\u00e3o, como est\u00e1tua de Enma-O em todos os cemit\u00e9rios budistas. Na Coreia: Yeomra na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o xam\u00e2nica Mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes centrais: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14-18 (Yama como o primeiro morto), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (Livro I, Sabha-Parva: a descri\u00e7\u00e3o da Yama-Sabh\u00e2), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (descri\u00e7\u00f5es dos infernos). Budismo: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, tibetano <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em>. Literatura secund\u00e1ria: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 representado como um homem de pele esverdeada ou avermelhada, frequentemente com armadura real. Traz um cajado (<em>Danda<\/em>), atributo da puni\u00e7\u00e3o e da ordem, e muitas vezes um la\u00e7o (<em>Pasha<\/em>), para prender as almas.<\/p><p>O seu b\u00fafalo <em>Nandi<\/em> \u00e9 o seu animal mais importante; \u00e0s vezes cavalga tamb\u00e9m cavalos ou se mistura com os vivos. Em textos iconogr\u00e1ficos tardios, tem o rosto verde ou cinza-negro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 o juiz incontest\u00e1vel. Nenhum engano lhe escapa. Quando o tempo de vida chega ao fim, o pr\u00f3prio Yama se apresenta, ou o seu emiss\u00e1rio Chitragupta registra tudo para recolher a alma. A alma \u00e9 ent\u00e3o conduzida ao <em>Yamaloka<\/em>, onde os seus atos (<em>Karma<\/em>) s\u00e3o pesados.<\/p><p>Conforme o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, a lei da consequ\u00eancia dos atos: cada a\u00e7\u00e3o repercute-se nas exist\u00eancias futuras.\">Karma<\/span>, segue-se puni\u00e7\u00e3o (<em>Naraka<\/em>) ou recompensa (<em>Swarga<\/em>) antes do pr\u00f3ximo renascimento. Os rituais pelos falecidos (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) visam apaziguar Yama e conduzir as almas mais rapidamente \u00e0 pr\u00f3xima vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Yama em uma vis\u00e3o geral. Os campos a seguir resumem a origem, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o, a apar\u00eancia, a venera\u00e7\u00e3o, os s\u00edmbolos e os paralelos culturais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A origem de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9 filho da divindade solar Vivasvat (Surya) e de Saranyu, irm\u00e3o g\u00eameo de Yami. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> mais antigo, o primeiro ser humano a encontrar a morte, raz\u00e3o pela qual percorreu em primeiro lugar o caminho para o mundo dos mortos e agora nele reina.<\/p><p>Em tradi\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores, casou com Dhumorna, e tem duas cadelas (descendentes de Sarama) como guardi\u00e3s dos caminhos. A sua morada situa-se no Sul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00fablico-alvo de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primeiro morto, por isso rei dos mortos. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (rei do dever), juiz que decide segundo o karma de cada falecido. Administrador dos 21 infernos (Naraka) e das recompensas celestiais. No budismo, formalmente guardi\u00e3o da lei c\u00f3smica (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) no que respeita \u00e0 l\u00f3gica da consequ\u00eancia dos atos. No Tibete, como divindade irada, tamb\u00e9m protetor da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o escolar contra o que \u00e9 negativo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A apar\u00eancia de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta: figura de pele escura (verde-azul-negra) com ornamentos coloridos, segurando na m\u00e3o <em>Danda<\/em> (ma\u00e7a do tribunal) e <em>Pasha<\/em> (la\u00e7o com que apanha as almas), montando um b\u00fafalo negro.<\/p><p>Traje vermelho. No Tibete como <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: cabe\u00e7a de b\u00fafalo, tr\u00eas olhos, aur\u00e9ola em chamas, ornamentos de osso, coroa de cabelos encurvados, segurando um c\u00e1lice de cr\u00e2nio e uma espada. Acompanhado pela sua irm\u00e3 Yami e por um ex\u00e9rcito de servos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Yama raramente \u00e9 invocado diretamente para prote\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00cdndia: \u00e9 temido como o Severo. Nos ritos f\u00fanebres, por\u00e9m, ocupa um papel central: os enlutados pedem um tratamento clemente para o falecido.<\/p><p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo tibetano, o estado de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre duas exist\u00eancias; o Bardo Th\u00f6dol descreve a fase ap\u00f3s a morte.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol (Livro Tibetano dos Mortos), aparece ao falecido no estado de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo tibetano, o estado de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre duas exist\u00eancias; o Bardo Th\u00f6dol descreve a fase ap\u00f3s a morte.\">Bardo<\/span> como figura examinadora. No Jap\u00e3o, Enma-O \u00e9 figura central nos ritos f\u00fanebres budistas populares e est\u00e1 presente em todos os cemit\u00e9rios. Nas dan\u00e7as Cham do Tibete, surge como portador de m\u00e1scara aterradora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00fafalo negro (montaria), Danda (ma\u00e7a), Pasha (la\u00e7o), Livro dos Mortos, espelho do karma (Karma-Darpana), c\u00e1lice de cr\u00e2nio (tibetano), cabe\u00e7a de b\u00fafalo (tibetano), aur\u00e9ola em chamas, terceiro olho. Plantas: asf\u00f3delo negro. Dire\u00e7\u00e3o sagrada: Sul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elementos compar\u00e1veis<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Budismo), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibete), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Jap\u00e3o), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Coreia), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, o primeiro dos dez reis infernais), <em>Hades<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia, rei do submundo), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Roma), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egito, guia dos mortos e juiz dos mortos), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germ\u00e2nico, soberana do submundo), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Asteca). A raiz indo-europeia \u00e9 reconhec\u00edvel no tronco Yama-Yima-Yumis (Yama v\u00e9dico, Yima av\u00e9stico, Yumis b\u00e1ltico).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais de venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama \u00e9 venerado em rituais dom\u00e9sticos v\u00e9dicos por meio de oferendas (Havis), leite, manteiga, cereais, nas festas de comemora\u00e7\u00e3o dos antepassados (Pinda-Daan). O Rigveda 10.14 documenta f\u00f3rmulas de venera\u00e7\u00e3o para uma morte digna. No ritual f\u00fanebre hindu\u00edsta, o mantra de Yama \u00e9 recitado antes da crema\u00e7\u00e3o. Pr\u00e1tica contempor\u00e2nea: medita\u00e7\u00f5es junto ao leito de morte ou nas festas de comemora\u00e7\u00e3o dos antepassados em honra do rei do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo \u00e9 proferida de forma repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u00e7\u00f5es e evoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p><p>A invoca\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00e1ssica de Yama do Rigveda 10.14.1-2: &#8220;Yame pathivratah &#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;Caminhar com Yama no sentido do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> &#8230;&#8221;. Mantras para superar o temor da morte encontram-se na Katha-Upanishad (di\u00e1logo de Nachiketas com Yama). A tantologia tibetana integra Yamantaka (a derrota de Yama) em invoca\u00e7\u00f5es da transcend\u00eancia total.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Os s\u00edmbolos de Yama raramente surgem como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um objeto usado ao qual se atribui uma influ\u00eancia protetora e preventiva de males.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuleto<\/span> port\u00e1til: a liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 sobretudo conceitual. Os escarav\u00e9deos hist\u00f3ricos do Egito que apresentam analogias de Yama com o deus dos mortos Anubis atestam uma sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural. Os testemunhos arqueol\u00f3gicos da venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Yama encontram-se em textos rituais v\u00e9dicos e em inscri\u00e7\u00f5es em templos indianos do s\u00e9culo III a.C., n\u00e3o como amuletos-objeto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama se assemelha ao Hades dos gregos, ao Dis Pater dos romanos e ao Osiris do Egito, todos deuses do submundo e do julgamento.<\/p><p>Com Chitragupta, o seu escriv\u00e3o, Yama evoca a representa\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 de S\u00e3o Pedro com o livro das almas. Ao contr\u00e1rio dos deuses da morte ocidentais, Yama n\u00e3o \u00e9, por\u00e9m, um advers\u00e1rio maligno, mas um funcion\u00e1rio c\u00f3smico cujo julgamento \u00e9 justo e inevit\u00e1vel.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O mito do primeiro mortal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A camada mais antiga da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo das gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> indiana conhece Yama n\u00e3o como juiz punitivo, mas como o primeiro ser humano que morreu. O d\u00e9cimo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa o cosmos no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandala<\/span> do <em>Rigveda<\/em> cont\u00e9m v\u00e1rios hinos que transmitem essa concep\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>No <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14, Yama \u00e9 invocado como aquele que encontrou em primeiro lugar o caminho para o al\u00e9m e, ao faz\u00ea-lo, o abriu a todos os seus descendentes. \u00c9 a\u00ed considerado filho do deus solar Vivasvant e, portanto, aparentado com a pr\u00f3pria ra\u00e7a humana.<\/p><p>Um hino particularmente debatido \u00e9 o <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10, o di\u00e1logo entre Yama e a sua irm\u00e3 g\u00eamea Yami. Yami pressiona Yama para a uni\u00e3o, a fim de que a ra\u00e7a humana subsista, e Yama a recusa, invocando a proibi\u00e7\u00e3o do incesto entre irm\u00e3os e os deuses vigilantes.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A pesquisa, como a de Stephanie Jamison e Joel Brereton na sua tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do Rigveda de 2014, l\u00ea esse hino como uma reflex\u00e3o sobre os limites das rela\u00e7\u00f5es de parentesco permitidas, e n\u00e3o como uma etiologia da humanidade.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00c9 not\u00e1vel a proximidade lingu\u00edstica com o antigo iraniano Yima, que no <em>Avesta<\/em> surge igualmente como primeiro rei e senhor de um ref\u00fagio subterr\u00e2neo. Ambos os nomes remontam a uma raiz indo-iraniana com o significado de g\u00eameo.<\/p><p>A lingu\u00edstica indo-europeia comparativa, nomeadamente nos trabalhos de Bruce Lincoln, viu nisso o vest\u00edgio de um mito comum de cria\u00e7\u00e3o e de morte, no qual o primeiro ser humano \u00e9 simultaneamente o primeiro morto e soberano dos antepassados.<\/p><p>O Yama posterior das epopeias e Puranas, que disp\u00f5e de infernos e de um registro contabil\u00edstico dos atos, representa um desenvolvimento consider\u00e1vel dessa figura primitiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O reino de Yama e o registro dos atos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na literatura \u00e9pica e pur\u00e2nica, Yama se transforma do senhor dos antepassados bem-aventurados em administrador de um al\u00e9m diferenciado. A sua resid\u00eancia, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> ou <em>Yamapura<\/em>, situa-se segundo a maioria dos textos no Sul, raz\u00e3o pela qual o Sul \u00e9 considerado, na geografia ritual, a dire\u00e7\u00e3o de Yama.<\/p><p>A <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, texto central para as concep\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o morrer e o caminho da alma, descreve a viagem do falecido pelo rio ardente <em>Vaitarani<\/em> at\u00e9 ao trono de Yama.<\/p><p>Ao lado de Yama encontra-se <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, um escriv\u00e3o que registra cada ato de um ser humano em um registro.<\/p><p>Esse livro, frequentemente denominado <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, \u00e9 lido no momento da morte, e com base no seu conte\u00fado Yama decide o caminho a seguir. Chitragupta tornou-se, no norte da \u00cdndia, o antepassado da casta dos escribas Kayasthas, que o veneram como seu patrono. Aqui se revela como uma figura mitol\u00f3gica pode criar identidade social.<\/p><p>As puni\u00e7\u00f5es nos infernos de Yama, os <em>Naraka<\/em>, est\u00e3o catalogadas na <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> e em partes da <em>Manusmriti<\/em> e associadas a transgress\u00f5es espec\u00edficas. \u00c9 decisivo, por\u00e9m, que esses infernos, segundo a doutrina cl\u00e1ssica, n\u00e3o sejam lugares eternos.<\/p><p>S\u00e3o esta\u00e7\u00f5es no ciclo dos renascimentos, e ap\u00f3s o cumprimento das consequ\u00eancias das m\u00e1s a\u00e7\u00f5es, o caminho da alma prossegue.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e9, assim, menos um deus da condena\u00e7\u00e3o definitiva do que um funcion\u00e1rio da lei c\u00f3smica. O seu ep\u00edteto <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, rei do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nas religi\u00f5es indianas, o ensinamento e a ordem justa do agir.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>, exprime exatamente isso: ele executa uma ordem, n\u00e3o a inventa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama na Bhagavadgita e na Katha-Upanishad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dois textos cl\u00e1ssicos conferem a Yama um papel que vai al\u00e9m do meramente judicial. Na <em>Katha-Upanishad<\/em>, Yama \u00e9 o mestre. O jovem br\u00e2mane Nachiketas \u00e9 prometido pelo seu pai, em momento de ira, \u00e0 morte, e aguarda tr\u00eas dias diante da casa de Yama.<\/p><p>Como repara\u00e7\u00e3o, Yama lhe concede tr\u00eas desejos. O terceiro \u00e9 a pergunta sobre o que acontece ao ser humano ap\u00f3s a morte.<\/p><p>Yama tenta inicialmente distrair Nachiketas com riqueza e vida longa, mas o jovem insiste. Yama ent\u00e3o lhe ensina a distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre o agrad\u00e1vel e o salutar, e o instrui sobre o eu imortal, o <em>Atman<\/em>. Aqui, o deus da morte \u00e9 paradoxalmente o mediador do conhecimento que supera a morte.<\/p><p>Na <em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>, no d\u00e9cimo cap\u00edtulo, em que Krishna enumera as suas formas divinas, diz de si pr\u00f3prio que \u00e9 Yama entre os que disciplinam ou julgam.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e9 assim colocado na fila dos mais altos representantes de cada categoria. A afirma\u00e7\u00e3o sublinha que Yama, no hindu\u00edsmo cl\u00e1ssico, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um poder demon\u00edaco, mas sim um poder ordenado e leg\u00edtimo.<\/p><p>Essa tradi\u00e7\u00e3o textual moldou profundamente a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00eamica de Yama. Enquanto as representa\u00e7\u00f5es populares o reduzem ao terror, indianistas como Wendy Doniger sublinham que Yama na literatura s\u00e2nscrita surge igualmente como mestre, como justo e como inst\u00e2ncia necess\u00e1ria. A morte, nessa perspectiva, n\u00e3o \u00e9 o oposto da ordem, mas parte integrante dela.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia e difus\u00e3o para al\u00e9m da \u00cdndia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nas artes pl\u00e1sticas, Yama \u00e9 representado habitualmente com pele escura, frequentemente verde ou azulada, vestido de vermelho, com um b\u00fafalo como montaria.<\/p><p>Nas m\u00e3os traz um la\u00e7o, o <em>Pasha<\/em>, com o qual retira a alma vital do corpo, e frequentemente um cajado ou ma\u00e7a, o <em>Danda<\/em>. Esses atributos s\u00e3o est\u00e1veis nos relevos templares e na pintura em miniatura desde a Idade M\u00e9dia.<\/p><p>Como um dos <em>Lokapalas<\/em>, os guardi\u00f5es das dire\u00e7\u00f5es do mundo, Yama aparece regularmente nas paredes exteriores dos templos, no lado sul.<\/p><p>Por meio do budismo, Yama chegou ao Tibete, \u00e0 China, ao Jap\u00e3o e ao Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico, transformando-se ao longo do caminho. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana, \u00e9 como <em>Shinje<\/em> senhor do tribunal dos mortos e, simultaneamente, objeto de uma hist\u00f3ria de instru\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria, na qual o Bodhisattva Manjushri o subjuga na forma de <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, o vencedor de Yama.<\/p><p>Na China tornou-se <em>Yanluo<\/em>, o presidente dos dez reis infernais (ver <a href=\"\/pt-br\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), no Jap\u00e3o <em>Enma<\/em>. Essa peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o mostra como um deus indiano p\u00f4de tornar-se o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma imagem evocadora que representa um pensamento abstrato.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> pan-asi\u00e1tico do tribunal dos mortos incorrupt\u00edvel.<\/p><p>Na \u00cdndia atual, Yama vive sobretudo nos rituais f\u00fanebres, na literatura sobre o morrer e na festa <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> ou <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, que evoca a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Yama e a sua irm\u00e3 Yami.<\/p><p>A irm\u00e3 recebe o irm\u00e3o e pede uma longa vida para ele. Assim retorna ao costume popular um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> que j\u00e1 estava presente no hino v\u00e9dico mais antigo, o di\u00e1logo dos g\u00eameos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hist\u00f3ria da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e disputas interpretativas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O estudo cient\u00edfico de Yama tem in\u00edcio no s\u00e9culo XIX com a explora\u00e7\u00e3o europeia do <em>Rigveda<\/em>. Indianistas pioneiros como Hermann Oldenberg e Abel Bergaigne debateram se Yama teria sido originalmente um ser humano primordial divinizado ou uma divindade da morte desde o in\u00edcio.<\/p><p>O debate est\u00e1 intimamente ligado \u00e0 quest\u00e3o de como datar e interpretar os hinos 10.10 e 10.14.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XX, a lingu\u00edstica indo-europeia comparativa deslocou o foco para a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre Yama e o iraniano Yima. Georges Dum\u00e9zil e, na sua esteira, outros pesquisadores reconstru\u00edram a partir da\u00ed um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> indo-iraniano, possivelmente indo-europeu, do primeiro mortal que se torna soberano dos mortos.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln argumentou em <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> que por detr\u00e1s de Yama e de figuras afins existe um esquema de cria\u00e7\u00e3o comum, no qual o primeiro sacrif\u00edcio articula o mundo.<\/p><p>Permanece controverso at\u00e9 que ponto o Yama v\u00e9dico deve ser separado do Yama pur\u00e2nico tardio. Alguns pesquisadores veem um desenvolvimento cont\u00ednuo, outros sublinham uma ruptura entre o rei dos antepassados da \u00e9poca arcaica e o administrador dos infernos dos textos cl\u00e1ssicos.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m a origem do escriv\u00e3o Chitragupta permanece em aberto, dado que ele est\u00e1 ausente nas camadas mais antigas e ter\u00e1 sido acrescentado provavelmente mais tarde, possivelmente sob a influ\u00eancia de grupos sociais concretos. A situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes imp\u00f5e aqui cautela: muito do que se considera uma imagem consolidada de Yama \u00e9 o resultado de s\u00e9culos de estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o de diversas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es textuais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, assimila\u00e7\u00e3o budista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yama-buddhismus\/\">Yama, juiz dos mortos (Budismo)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japonesa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma coreana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hades\/\">Hades, paralelo grego<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/hinduismo\/\">Hindu\u00edsmo, panor\u00e2mica do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\">Divindades dos mortos, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&#8217;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14-18 (numerosas tradu\u00e7\u00f5es).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (org.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &#8220;Yama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre Yama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quem \u00e9 Yama no budismo?<\/h3><p>Yama \u00e9 no budismo o soberano do reino infernal (Naraka) e juiz dos falecidos. Ao contr\u00e1rio do entendimento ocidental, o inferno budista n\u00e3o \u00e9 um lugar de puni\u00e7\u00e3o eterno, mas uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o de renascimento temporalmente limitada: quem a\u00ed tiver cumprido o seu karma \u00e9 reencarnado.<\/p><p>Yama interroga cada morto sobre os atos da sua vida; o budismo Mahayana conhece toda uma corte de ju\u00edzes infernais que o assistem. Os reinos de Yama s\u00e3o descritos com um detalhe inimagin\u00e1vel na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a estrutura e a ordem do mundo em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista (textos Abhidharma).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Como se distingue Yama no budismo do Yamaraja hindu\u00edsta?<\/h3><p>Ambas as figuras partilham a origem comum no Yama v\u00e9dico (Rigveda 10,14), o primeiro mortal que se tornou simultaneamente senhor dos mortos. No hindu\u00edsmo, Yama permaneceu o deus-juiz central que recebe cada alma.<\/p><p>No budismo, Yama tornou-se uma figura multifacetada: no Theravada, mais como conceito; no Mahayana e especialmente no budismo tibetano, como senhor infernal personificado com uma complexa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estuda os conte\u00fados das imagens e o seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> (frequentemente com cabe\u00e7a de touro, o aspecto Yama Dharmaraja). No Tibete, os dan\u00e7arinos de dem\u00f4nios itinerantes (festival Cham) s\u00e3o muitas vezes representantes de Yama.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist Yama im Buddhismus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama ist im Buddhismus der Herrscher des H\\u00f6llenreichs (Naraka) und Richter der Verstorbenen. Anders als im westlichen Verst\\u00e4ndnis ist die buddhistische H\\u00f6lle kein ewiger Straforte, sondern eine zeitlich begrenzte Wiedergeburts-St\\u00e4tte \\u2014 wer dort sein Karma abgeb\\u00fc\\u00dft hat, wird wiedergeboren. Yama befragt jeden Toten zu seinen Lebenstaten \\u2014 der Mahayana-Buddhismus kennt einen ganzen Hofstaat von H\\u00f6llen-Richtern, die ihn unterst\\u00fctzen. Yamas Reiche werden mit unvorstellbarer Detailf\\u00fclle in der buddhistischen <span class=\\\"iwg-fachbegriff\\\" data-tooltip=\\\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a estrutura e a ordem do mundo em uma cultura.\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">cosmologia<\/span> beschrieben (Abhidharma-Texte).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wie unterscheidet sich Yama im Buddhismus vom hinduistischen Yamaraja?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Beide Figuren teilen den gemeinsamen Ursprung im vedischen Yama (Rigveda 10,14) \\u2014 dem ersten Sterblichen, der zugleich Herr der Toten wurde. Im Hinduismus blieb Yama der zentrale Richtergott, der jede Seele empf\\u00e4ngt. Im Buddhismus wurde Yama zu einer mehrgesichtigen Figur: Im Theravada eher als Konzept, im Mahayana und besonders im tibetischen Buddhismus als personifizierter H\\u00f6llenherr mit komplexer <span class=\\\"iwg-fachbegriff\\\" data-tooltip=\\\"Disciplina que estuda os conte\u00fados das imagens e o seu significado.\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">iconografia<\/span> (muitas vezes com cabe\u00e7a de touro, o aspecto Yama Dharmaraja). No Tibete, os dan\u00e7arinos de dem\u00f4nios itinerantes (festival Cham) s\u00e3o muitas vezes representantes de Yama.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta Yama \u00e9 deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hindu\u00edsta. O primeiro mortal, o deus dos mortos e juiz das almas. Yama \u00e9 uma das divindades indianas mais antigas, n\u00e3o maligna, mas inevit\u00e1vel como a pr\u00f3pria morte. Como o primeiro ser humano a morrer, tornou-se soberano do al\u00e9m, o *Yamadharma*, o Dharma da morte. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama: O Deus dos Mortos e Juiz no Hindu\u00edsmo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, deus dos mortos e juiz no hindu\u00edsmo. 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