{"id":39748,"date":"2026-07-28T18:58:15","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:58:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/spiritismus-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T18:58:31","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:58:31","slug":"espiritismo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/espiritismo\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiritismus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Spiritismus\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Espiritismo, comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com os esp\u00edritos e pr\u00e1ticas de sess\u00e3o<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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O Espiritismo \u00e9 o movimento da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com esp\u00edritos<\/strong> dos falecidos, codificado por Allan Kardec e praticado na pr\u00e1tica de sess\u00f5es<\/strong> com m\u00e9diuns.<\/p>\n

Espiritismo<\/span><\/strong> \u00e9 a doutrina e pr\u00e1tica segundo a qual as almas dos falecidos podem comunicar-se com os vivos atrav\u00e9s de m\u00e9diuns. Surgiu em 1848 nos EUA, difundiu-se rapidamente pela Europa e pela Am\u00e9rica Latina e marcou os s\u00e9culos XIX e XX tanto como movimento religioso como campo de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da parapsicologia nascente.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hydesville 1848 e as irm\u00e3s Fox<\/h2>\n

Em mar\u00e7o de 1848, as irm\u00e3s Margaret e Kate Fox em Hydesville, Nova York, relataram pancadas na sua casa \u00e0s quais respondiam com uma ou v\u00e1rias batidas, estabelecendo assim uma forma rudimentar de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>

Desta ocorr\u00eancia desenvolveu-se rapidamente uma pr\u00e1tica pr\u00f3pria: a fala por pancadas, mais tarde as mesas girantes e, por fim, fen\u00f4menos de transe<\/span> e materializa\u00e7\u00e3o. Em poucos anos existiam na Am\u00e9rica do Norte milhares de c\u00edrculos e uma rede de m\u00e9diuns itinerantes.<\/p>\n

Allan Kardec e a codifica\u00e7\u00e3o francesa<\/h2>\n

Na Fran\u00e7a, o pedagogo Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail sistematizou a doutrina a partir de 1857 sob o pseud\u00f4nimo Allan Kardec.<\/p>

O seu Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (Livro dos Esp\u00edritos, 1857) e o Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) conduziram o Espiritismo a uma doutrina coerente: reencarna\u00e7\u00e3o da alma para aperfei\u00e7oamento progressivo, ordena\u00e7\u00e3o hier\u00e1rquica dos planos espirituais, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9tica da vida para a caridade e o progresso espiritual. O sistema de Kardec distingue-se do espiritualismo anglo-sax\u00f4nico pela doutrina expl\u00edcita da reencarna\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

No Brasil, o Espiritismo kardecista encontrou uma segunda p\u00e1tria. Hoje residem a\u00ed as maiores comunidades esp\u00edritas organizadas do mundo, com ramifica\u00e7\u00f5es na Umbanda e no Candombl\u00e9. Kardec est\u00e1 igualmente presente no espectro cat\u00f3lico-popular da Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/p>\n

Formas pr\u00e1ticas<\/h2>\n

A pr\u00e1tica esp\u00edrita conhece v\u00e1rias formas principais. A cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 a sess\u00e3o em semic\u00edrculo em torno de uma mesa, conduzida por um m\u00e9dium que, em transe leve ou profundo, medeia contatos. A comunica\u00e7\u00e3o se realiza por pancadas, movimentos de mesa, escrita autom\u00e1tica ou pela voz do m\u00e9dium.<\/p>

No final do s\u00e9culo XIX surgiram fen\u00f4menos f\u00edsicos: levita\u00e7\u00f5es, materializa\u00e7\u00f5es, subst\u00e2ncias ectopl\u00e1smicas. Estas formas mais espetaculares desencadearam uma onda de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica, mas tamb\u00e9m a den\u00fancia de numerosos casos de fraude.<\/p>\n

Parapsicologia nascente<\/h2>\n

A Society for Psychical Research (SPR) foi fundada em 1882 em Londres por Frederic Myers, Henry Sidgwick, Edmund Gurney e Eleanor Sidgwick, com o objetivo de investigar metodicamente os fen\u00f4menos esp\u00edritas. Os seus estudos, como o Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) e os multi-volumosos Proceedings<\/em>, continuam a ser hoje uma fonte de refer\u00eancia.<\/span><\/p>

A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da SPR lan\u00e7ou as bases da posterior parapsicologia experimental. William James trabalhou intensamente nos seus \u00faltimos anos com o m\u00e9dium Leonora Piper, descrevendo-a como “white crow”, um caso que abalava a tese geral do car\u00e1ter puramente subjetivo de todos os relatos medi\u00fanicos.<\/p>\n

Charles Richet, fisiologista franc\u00eas e laureado com o Nobel, cunhou o conceito de ectoplasma<\/em> e conduziu sess\u00f5es rigorosamente controladas. O seu Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) permanece um documento not\u00e1vel de um confronto cient\u00edfico s\u00e9rio. O mediunismo de Eusapia Palladino foi examinado em centenas de sess\u00f5es controladas, permanecendo detratores e defensores em desacordo durante anos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceticismo e den\u00fancias<\/h2>\n

J\u00e1 na segunda metade do s\u00e9culo XIX foram denunciados numerosos m\u00e9diuns como impostores.<\/p>

As pr\u00f3prias irm\u00e3s Fox confessaram publicamente em 1888 ter produzido os seus sons de pancadas atrav\u00e9s do estalido das articula\u00e7\u00f5es dos dedos dos p\u00e9s (Margaret retirou posteriormente a confiss\u00e3o, mas o reconhecimento permaneceu). O ilusionista Harry Houdini dedicou-se nos anos 1920 \u00e0 tarefa de desmascarar m\u00e9diuns fraudulentos; o seu A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) documenta dezenas desses casos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mesmo que nem todo fen\u00f4meno fosse fraude, a autoilus\u00e3o fisiol\u00f3gica, como o efeito ideomotor nas mesas girantes, explica grande parte dos fen\u00f4menos de mesa e de escrita mesmo sem manipula\u00e7\u00e3o consciente.<\/p>\n

O Espiritismo hoje<\/h2>\n

O Espiritismo organizado subsiste, sobretudo no Brasil (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira com milh\u00f5es de seguidores), na Fran\u00e7a e no Reino Unido (Spiritualists’ National Union). Nos pa\u00edses de l\u00edngua alem\u00e3 o movimento \u00e9 mais reduzido, mas est\u00e1 presente atrav\u00e9s de c\u00edrculos de sess\u00f5es, m\u00e9diuns em transe e o espectro de praticantes de contato com o al\u00e9m<\/a>.<\/p>

Para a abordagem fenomenol\u00f3gica dos esp\u00edritos, o Espiritismo continua a ser uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fundamental: ao longo de mais de 170 anos forneceu o mais vasto corpus de relatos documentados de contato com esp\u00edritos<\/span> e, simultaneamente, um debate cont\u00ednuo sobre a autenticidade desses relatos.<\/p>\n

Fontes<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Allan Kardec: Das Buch der Geister<\/em>, edi\u00e7\u00e3o alem\u00e3 Bruxelas 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Janet Oppenheim: The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ann Braude: Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Renaud Evrard: Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Leonardo Vincentini: Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Espiritismo, comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com os esp\u00edritos e pr\u00e1ticas de sess\u00e3o O Espiritismo \u00e9 o movimento da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com esp\u00edritos dos falecidos, codificado por Allan Kardec e praticado na pr\u00e1tica de sess\u00f5es com m\u00e9diuns. Espiritismo \u00e9 a doutrina e pr\u00e1tica segundo a qual as almas dos falecidos podem comunicar-se com os vivos atrav\u00e9s de m\u00e9diuns. Surgiu em […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3408,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"espiritismo comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com esp\u00edritos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Espiritismo: Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com Esp\u00edritos Kardec | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"O Espiritismo enquanto movimento do s\u00e9culo XIX para a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com esp\u00edritos. Allan Kardec, pr\u00e1tica de sess\u00f5es e classifica\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito dos estudos","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-39748","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nEspiritismo: Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com Esp\u00edritos Kardec | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O Espiritismo enquanto movimento do s\u00e9culo XIX para a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o com esp\u00edritos. 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