{"id":39733,"date":"2026-07-28T18:54:59","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:54:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fenicios-e-cartago-baal-tanit-e-tradicao-protetora\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T18:55:19","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:55:19","slug":"deuses-fenicios","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/","title":{"rendered":"Fen\u00edcios e Cartago: Baal, Tanit e tradi\u00e7\u00e3o protetora"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39733\" class=\"elementor elementor-39733 elementor-2569\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-hero iwg-kultur-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-hl iwg-kultur-hero-left e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deuses fen\u00edcios, Baal, Astarte e o pante\u00e3o de Cartago<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-leadc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-leadc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os fen\u00edcios, habitantes da costa oriental do Mediterr\u00e2neo (atualmente L\u00edbano, norte de Israel, S\u00edria) a partir do final do 2.\u00ba mil\u00eanio a.C., foram os grandes navegadores e comerciantes da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span>. As suas col\u00f4nias, com destaque para Cartago (fundada em 814 a.C.), Gades e Cartago Nova, difundiram a religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia por todo o Mediterr\u00e2neo.<\/p><p>Baal, Astarte, Melqart e Tanit estavam no centro de um culto que mantinha unidos a navega\u00e7\u00e3o, a cidade e a realeza.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">O pante\u00e3o fen\u00edcio \u00e9 transmitido sobretudo por meio de cultos locais e de col\u00f4nias como Cartago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-hr iwg-kultur-hero-right e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-himg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-himg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2845\" alt=\"Baal Hadad - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fen\u00edcia, cidades e col\u00f4nias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As cidades-estado fen\u00edcias, Tiro, S\u00eddon, Biblos, Arado e Beritos, eram reinos amplamente independentes, unidos por uma l\u00edngua comum (cananeu-fen\u00edcio, de raiz sem\u00edtica) e por uma cultura partilhada. Praticavam o com\u00e9rcio de alto mar, a tinturaria (p\u00farpura), a manufatura de vidro e o com\u00e9rcio de madeira e metais.<\/p><p>As suas col\u00f4nias, Cartago, \u00datica, Motya, Tharros, Gades, foram fundadas entre os s\u00e9culos IX e VII a.C. Cartago tornou-se um grande imp\u00e9rio que colidiu com Roma nas Guerras P\u00fanicas e caiu em 146 a.C.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">O pante\u00e3o de Cartago, marcado pela di\u00e1spora l\u00edbio-p\u00fanica, destaca Baal Hammon e Tanit de forma particular, sendo considerado a express\u00e3o mais influente do c\u00e9u divino fen\u00edcio no Mediterr\u00e2neo ocidental.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pante\u00e3o, Baal, Astarte, Melqart, Eshmun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal (literalmente &#8220;Senhor&#8221;) n\u00e3o \u00e9 um \u00fanico deus, mas sim um t\u00edtulo: Baal Shamim (C\u00e9u), Baal Hadad (Tempestade), Baal Hammon (Cartago), Baal Melqart (Tiro). Astarte \u00e9 a principal deusa, do amor, da fertilidade e da guerra, com <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> pr\u00f3prio em S\u00eddon e Afaca.<\/p><p>Melqart (literalmente Milk-Qart, &#8220;Rei da Cidade&#8221;) \u00e9 o deus protetor de Tiro, ao qual est\u00e1 associado um rito primaveril de ressurrei\u00e7\u00e3o. Eshmun, em S\u00eddon, \u00e9 o deus da cura; o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um local sagrado dedicado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santu\u00e1rio<\/span> junto a Bostan e\u0161-\u0160\u0113h era um importante destino de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o. Em Cartago, Tanit surge como &#8220;Rosto de Baal&#8221;, equiparada a Baal Hammon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">No Mediterr\u00e2neo ocidental, foi sobretudo Cartago que moldou a imagem do pante\u00e3o fen\u00edcio: a di\u00e1spora l\u00edbio-p\u00fanica colocou Baal Hammon e Tanit no centro do seu culto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit, Baal Hammon e Tophet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em Cartago, Tanit (Tanit Pene Baal) tornou-se a divindade suprema. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span>, uma figura feminina estilizada com bra\u00e7os erguidos, tronco triangular e cabe\u00e7a circular, ornamentava estelas, mosaicos e pingentes port\u00e1teis.<\/p><p>Os s\u00edtios de Tophet em Cartago, Motya e outras col\u00f4nias p\u00fanicas s\u00e3o cemit\u00e9rios de rec\u00e9m-nascidos e crian\u00e7as pequenas, com inscri\u00e7\u00f5es que atestam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span> a Tanit e a Baal Hammon. A quest\u00e3o de saber se os sacrif\u00edcios infantis (mlk) foram efetivamente praticados, ou se as estelas comemoram crian\u00e7as falecidas, permanece controversa no \u00e2mbito dos estudos religiosos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitologia: os textos de Ugarit como chave<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> fen\u00edcia chegou at\u00e9 n\u00f3s apenas de forma fragment\u00e1ria (F\u00edlon de Biblos, cita\u00e7\u00f5es eusebinas). A principal fonte relacionada \u00e9 Ugarit (Ras Shamra, s\u00e9c. XIV a.C.): as t\u00e1buas de argila a\u00ed encontradas transmitem o Ciclo de Baal, o combate de Baal contra Yam, deus do mar, contra Mot, deus da morte, a sua morte e a sua ressurrei\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Estas narrativas moldam o horizonte conceitual subjacente \u00e0 B\u00edblia Hebraica (onde Baal surge como rival de YHWH) e os posteriores mitos de Ad\u00f4nis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o: olhos, m\u00e3os, s\u00edmbolo de Tanit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os fen\u00edcios e cartagineses, mestres da vidraria fina e da ourivesaria, produziram uma grande variedade de pingentes protetores: talism\u00e3s de olho (precursores do atual Nazar-Boncuk), amuletos de m\u00e3o (precursores da Hamsa), pingentes com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de Tanit, escaravelhOS (de influ\u00eancia eg\u00edpcia), figurinhas de Bes (tamb\u00e9m importadas do Egito) e pingentes em meia-lua (lunulae). O alcance transcultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcios \u00e9 enorme, de Espanha at\u00e9 a Mesopot\u00e2mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-phoenizisch-s-faq e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-phoenizisch-s-faq\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-phoenizisch-h-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-phoenizisch-h-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes sobre os deuses fen\u00edcios<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s4-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-phoenizisch-t-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-phoenizisch-t-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Quantos deuses fen\u00edcios existem?<\/h3>\n<p>Cerca de 30 a 40 deuses identificados pelo nome s\u00e3o conhecidos por meio de fontes fen\u00edcio-canananeias, sendo os mais bem documentados pelos textos de Ugarit (s\u00e9c. XIII a.C.) e por refer\u00eancias b\u00edblicas. Os principais deuses s\u00e3o El (pai), Baal (filho do trov\u00e3o), Aschera (m\u00e3e), Astarte\/Anat (amor\/guerra), Melkart (deus-rei da cidade), Eshmun (cura), Yamm (caos mar\u00edtimo) e Mot (morte).<\/p>\n<h3>Quem \u00e9 Baal na B\u00edblia?<\/h3>\n<p>Na B\u00edblia Hebraica, Baal \u00e9 o principal advers\u00e1rio de Iav\u00e9; os profetas israelitas combatem a sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o. O epis\u00f3dio mais c\u00e9lebre \u00e9 o confronto no monte Carmelo (1 Reis 18), onde Elias derrota 450 sacerdotes de Baal. No Novo Testamento, Belzebu (Baal-Zebul) tornou-se sin\u00f4nimo do diabo.<\/p>\n<h3>Quem eram os fen\u00edcios?<\/h3>\n<p>Os fen\u00edcios eram um povo sem\u00edtico de navegadores do Mediterr\u00e2neo oriental (atualmente L\u00edbano, S\u00edria e costa de Israel), organizados nas cidades-estado de Tiro, S\u00eddon e Biblos. Fundaram Cartago (na atual Tun\u00edsia, em 814 a.C.), que se tornou um imp\u00e9rio mediterr\u00e2neo at\u00e9 ser destru\u00edda por Roma em 146 a.C. Inventores do alfabeto fen\u00edcio, modelo do alfabeto grego, latino, hebraico e \u00e1rabe.<\/p>\n<h3>O que \u00e9 o Tophet?<\/h3>\n<p>Tophet (do hebraico, &#8220;tambor&#8221;) eram santu\u00e1rios fen\u00edcio-cartagineses onde crian\u00e7as eram sacrificadas, sobretudo em ritos Molk dedicados a Baal Hammon. Achados arqueol\u00f3gicos provenientes de Cartago, da Sardenha e da Sic\u00edlia mostram dezenas de milhares de urnas de rec\u00e9m-nascidos. A pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 controversa nos estudos religiosos: alguns investigadores veem mortalidade infantil, outros <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcios<\/span> reais. A B\u00edblia Hebraica condena a pr\u00e1tica (Lev\u00edtico 18,21) e designa o vale de Hinom, em Jerusal\u00e9m, como Tophet.<\/p>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Wie viele ph\u00f6nizische G\u00f6tter gibt es?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Etwa 30-40 namentliche G\u00f6tter sind aus ph\u00f6nizisch-kanaan\u00e4ischen Quellen bekannt, am besten dokumentiert durch die Ugarit-Texte (13. Jh. v. Chr.) und biblische Erw\u00e4hnungen. Hauptg\u00f6tter sind El (Vater), Baal (Donner-Sohn), Aschera (Mutter), Astarte\/Anat (Liebe\/Krieg), Melkart (K\u00f6nig-Stadtgott), Eshmun (Heilung), Yamm (Meer-Chaos), Mot (Tod).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Wer ist Baal in der Bibel?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Baal ist in der hebr\u00e4ischen Bibel der Hauptgegner Jahwes, die israelitischen Propheten k\u00e4mpfen gegen seine Verehrung. Das ber\u00fchmteste Ereignis ist der Wettstreit auf dem Berg Karmel (1. K\u00f6nige 18), wo Elia 450 Baal-Priester besiegt. Im Neuen Testament wurde Beelzebub (Baal-Zebul) zum Synonym f\u00fcr den Teufel.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Wer waren die Ph\u00f6nizier?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Die Ph\u00f6nizier waren ein semitisches Seefahrer-Volk des \u00f6stlichen Mittelmeers (heute Libanon, Syrien, Israel-K\u00fcste), Stadtstaaten Tyros, Sidon, Byblos. Sie gr\u00fcndeten Karthago (im heutigen Tunesien, 814 v. Chr.), das zu einem mediterranen Reich aufstieg, bis es 146 v. Chr. von Rom zerst\u00f6rt wurde. Erfinder des ph\u00f6nizischen Alphabets, Vorlage des griechischen, lateinischen, hebr\u00e4ischen und arabischen Alphabets.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Was ist der Tophet?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Tophet (hebr. Trommel) waren ph\u00f6nizisch-karthagische Heiligt\u00fcmer, in denen Kinder geopfert wurden, vor allem als Molk-Riten an Baal Hammon. Arch\u00e4ologische Funde aus Karthago, Sardinien und Sizilien zeigen zehntausende S\u00e4uglings-Urnen. Die Praxis ist wissenschaftlich umstritten, manche sehen Kindersterblichkeit, andere echte <span class=\\\"iwg-fachbegriff\\\" data-tooltip=\\\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\\\">sacrif\u00edcios<\/span>. A B\u00edblia hebraica condena a pr\u00e1tica (Lev\u00edtico 18,21) e refere o vale de Hinom, em Jerusal\u00e9m, como Tofet.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transi\u00e7\u00f5es: p\u00fanico, neop\u00fanico, cristianismo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s 146 a.C., a l\u00edngua e a religi\u00e3o p\u00fanicas sobreviveram nas prov\u00edncias romanas de \u00c1frica e Hisp\u00e2nia (inscri\u00e7\u00f5es at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo V). A venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Saturno na \u00c1frica romana do Norte \u00e9 uma continua\u00e7\u00e3o do culto de Baal Hammon. Agostinho de Hipona (354, 430), formado num ambiente norteafricano, conhecia pessoalmente a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fanica. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nea da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span>, defixiones, feiti\u00e7os de amor e de dano, tem ra\u00edzes p\u00fanicas profundas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os textos originais fen\u00edcios s\u00e3o inscri\u00e7\u00f5es breves; as mais importantes s\u00e3o o sarc\u00f3fago de Ahirom (Biblos), as t\u00e1buas de Pyrgi (na Etr\u00faria, tril\u00edngues) e as estelas de Cartago. Obras modernas de refer\u00eancia: Sabatino Moscati, <em>The Phoenicians<\/em>; Maria Eugenia Aubet, <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em>; Glenn Markoe. Aspectos religiosos em Corinne Bonnet e Paolo Xella.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp291034c7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp291034c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266d058f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp266d058f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As cidades-estado e os seus respectivos deuses tutelares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp242aeac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp242aeac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22b444d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22b444d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia n\u00e3o pode ser descrita como um sistema unit\u00e1rio, pois os fen\u00edcios nunca formaram um Estado \u00fanico. Organizavam-se em cidades-estado independentes ao longo da costa do Levante, sobretudo Biblos, S\u00eddon, Tiro e Arados. Cada cidade possu\u00eda a sua pr\u00f3pria constela\u00e7\u00e3o divina, encabe\u00e7ada, na maioria dos casos, por um par de divindades composto por um deus protetor e uma deusa.<\/p><p>Em Biblos, a mais antiga das cidades, o centro era a Senhora de Biblos, uma deusa que os observadores gregos identificavam com a sua pr\u00f3pria deusa do amor. Em S\u00eddon, eram preponderantes <a href=\"\/pt-br\/eshmun\/\">Eshmun<\/a>, um deus da cura, e a deusa Astarte; o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um local sagrado dedicado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santu\u00e1rio<\/span> de Eshmun, perto de S\u00eddon, \u00e9 um dos poucos santu\u00e1rios fen\u00edcios com boa preserva\u00e7\u00e3o arquitet\u00f4nica.<\/p><p>Tiro venerava <a href=\"\/pt-br\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a>, cujo nome significa literalmente Rei da Cidade e que estava estreitamente ligado \u00e0 casa real. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> inclu\u00eda uma festa anual em que se celebrava o despertar do deus.<\/p><p>Esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o dos deuses \u00e0 cidade explica por que raz\u00e3o a expans\u00e3o fen\u00edcia pelo Mediterr\u00e2neo foi tamb\u00e9m uma difus\u00e3o religiosa. Os colonos transportavam consigo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> da sua cidade-m\u00e3e. Assim, o Melqart de Tiro tornou-se o deus principal de Cartago e foi venerado at\u00e9 Gades, na atual Espanha.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa, nomeadamente os trabalhos de Corinne Bonnet, demonstrou que estes deuses n\u00e3o permaneciam imut\u00e1veis, mas se adaptavam ao ambiente local de cada contexto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb921f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2eb921f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26c47128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26c47128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A dif\u00edcil situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes e a perda da literatura fen\u00edcia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e1fe3e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e1fe3e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20c4e10a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20c4e10a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A reconstitui\u00e7\u00e3o da religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia padece de um problema fundamental. Os fen\u00edcios escreviam em papiro, que n\u00e3o resistiu ao clima \u00famido da costa. Uma literatura religiosa pr\u00f3pria, caso tivesse existido em extens\u00e3o consider\u00e1vel, est\u00e1 por isso quase inteiramente perdida. O que subsiste s\u00e3o inscri\u00e7\u00f5es em material duradouro, sobretudo inscri\u00e7\u00f5es votivas, funer\u00e1rias e construtivas em pedra e metal.<\/p><p>Estas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o formulaicas e breves. Indicam nomes de deuses, doadores e ocasi\u00f5es, mas raramente fornecem informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre mitos ou doutrinas.<\/p><p>O texto mais significativo de maior extens\u00e3o \u00e9 o sarc\u00f3fago do rei Eshmunazar de S\u00eddon, cuja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um texto gravado ou talhado num suporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> cont\u00e9m maldi\u00e7\u00f5es contra saqueadores de t\u00famulos e informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre funda\u00e7\u00f5es de templos. Das col\u00f4nias, em especial de Cartago, prov\u00eam milhares de estelas votivas, igualmente redigidas segundo um modelo fixo.<\/p><p>Para os mitos e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span>, dependemos de relatos externos. O mais importante \u00e9 a chamada Hist\u00f3ria Fen\u00edcia de F\u00edlon de Biblos, transmitida apenas em fragmentos pelo Pai da Igreja Eus\u00e9bio. F\u00edlon invocava um autor mais antigo chamado Sancuniaton.<\/p><p>A confiabilidade desta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> \u00e9 debatida h\u00e1 muito na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, tanto mais que F\u00edlon escreveu no per\u00edodo imperial romano e interpretou o seu material segundo uma perspectiva grega. Os achados de Ugarit, no norte da S\u00edria, uma cidade aparentada, mas mais antiga e n\u00e3o estritamente fen\u00edcia, fornecem paralelos valiosos, mas n\u00e3o podem ser transpostos sem reservas para os fen\u00edcios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26d88466 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26d88466\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24571bb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp24571bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Tophet e o debate sobre o sacrif\u00edcio de crian\u00e7as<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c4887e6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c4887e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24a9e18f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24a9e18f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poucos temas da religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcio-p\u00fanica s\u00e3o t\u00e3o controversos como os chamados santu\u00e1rios Tophet. Em Cartago e em outros s\u00edtios fen\u00edcios ocidentais encontraram-se recintos murados com milhares de urnas contendo ossos calcinados de crian\u00e7as pequenas e de animais jovens. Sobre as urnas erguiam-se estelas votivas frequentemente dedicadas aos deuses Baal Hammon e Tinnit.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Autores da <\/span>Antiguidade<\/p><p>Uma parte da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o interpretou assim os Tophet como cemit\u00e9rios comuns de crian\u00e7as falecidas prematuramente. Outros investigadores, apoiados em an\u00e1lises osteol\u00f3gicas e nas f\u00f3rmulas das inscri\u00e7\u00f5es, mant\u00eam a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de recinto sacrificial, onde em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de particular necessidade ou como cumprimento de um voto, crian\u00e7as eram <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Consagrado ao sagrado por meio de um ato religioso e, por isso, retirado do dom\u00ednio do cotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagradas<\/span>.<\/p><p>O estado atual da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 cauteloso e diferenciado. Muito aponta para que no Tophet tenham efetivamente ocorrido atos de sacrif\u00edcio, mas que estes n\u00e3o tinham o car\u00e1ter massivo e cotidiano sugerido pela pol\u00eamica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span>. A frequ\u00eancia, a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o regional e o desenrolar ritual exato permanecem incertos.<\/p><p>Este exemplo ilustra de forma exemplar como a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de uma religi\u00e3o pode ser fortemente condicionada pelas fontes dos seus advers\u00e1rios, e qu\u00e3o dif\u00edcil \u00e9 avaliar uma pr\u00e1tica cuja pr\u00f3pria voz se perdeu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b4b708f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b4b708f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bade67c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2bade67c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A expans\u00e3o pelo Mediterr\u00e2neo e as suas repercuss\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e59e6ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e59e6ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b3f4ceb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b3f4ceb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia difundiu-se, por meio do com\u00e9rcio e da funda\u00e7\u00e3o de col\u00f4nias, por todo o Mediterr\u00e2neo. Estabeleceram-se bases em Chipre, na Sic\u00edlia, na Sardenha, em Malta, na atual Tun\u00edsia e ao longo da costa ib\u00e9rica.<\/p><p>Nessas col\u00f4nias, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> fen\u00edcio encontrou tradi\u00e7\u00f5es locais, dando origem a m\u00faltiplas formas h\u00edbridas. Em Chipre, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Astarte fundiu-se com concep\u00e7\u00f5es locais e gregas, um processo considerado parcialmente respons\u00e1vel pela forma\u00e7\u00e3o da Afrodite grega.<\/p><p>Cartago desenvolveu, a partir da heran\u00e7a t\u00edria, uma religi\u00e3o p\u00fanica pr\u00f3pria, na qual Baal Hammon e a deusa Tinnit passaram para o centro. Ap\u00f3s a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de Cartago por Roma em 146 a.C., estes cultos continuaram em forma romanizada.<\/p><p>Baal Hammon foi assimilado ao Saturno romano, e no Norte de \u00c1frica os santu\u00e1rios de Saturno floresceram at\u00e9 a \u00e9poca imperial. Tamb\u00e9m Melqart foi amplamente identificado com H\u00e9racles, o que garantiu a sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o em locais como Gades para al\u00e9m da \u00e9poca fen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Uma influ\u00eancia indireta, mas de grande alcance, reside na escrita. O alfabeto fen\u00edcio, uma escrita puramente conson\u00e2ntica, foi adotado pelos gregos e ampliado com sinais voc\u00e1licos. Por meio do grego e do etrusco, chegou por fim ao mundo latino.<\/p><p>Historicamente relevante \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m o fato de muitos nomes de deuses e formas de culto dos fen\u00edcios serem estreitamente aparentados com os dos israelitas vizinhos. O confronto com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Baal descrito no Antigo Testamento constitui, assim, uma fonte importante, ainda que parcial, para a religi\u00e3o do Levante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seres desta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o (11)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-gc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-gc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-phoenizisch-grid elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgha-phoenizisch-grid\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/anat-phoenix\/\" aria-label=\"Anat: deusa da guerra fen\u00edcia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_anat-phoenix-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Anat: deusa da guerra fen\u00edcia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Anat: deusa da guerra fen\u00edcia<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/astarte-phoenix\/\" aria-label=\"Astarte: deusa fen\u00edcia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Astarte: deusa fen\u00edcia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Astarte: deusa fen\u00edcia<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/baal-hadad\/\" aria-label=\"Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/baal-hadad\/\" aria-label=\"Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/baal-hammon\/\" aria-label=\"Baal-Hammon: deus supremo cartagin\u00eas\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Baal-Hammon: deus supremo cartagin\u00eas\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Baal-Hammon: deus supremo cartagin\u00eas<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/eshmun\/\" aria-label=\"Eshmun: deus da cura de S\u00eddon\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Eshmun: deus da cura de S\u00eddon\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Eshmun: deus da cura de S\u00eddon<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/eshmun\/\" aria-label=\"Eshmun: deus da cura de S\u00eddon\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Eshmun: deus da cura de S\u00eddon\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Eshmun: deus da cura de S\u00eddon<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/melqart\/\" aria-label=\"Melqart: deus da cidade de Tiro\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Melqart: deus da cidade de Tiro\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Melqart: deus da cidade de Tiro<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/mot-phoenix\/\" aria-label=\"Mot: deus da morte fen\u00edcio\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_mot-phoenix-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Mot: deus da morte fen\u00edcio\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Mot: deus da morte fen\u00edcio<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/reshef\/\" aria-label=\"Reshef: deus fen\u00edcio da peste e da guerra\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Reshef: deus fen\u00edcio da peste e da guerra\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Reshef: deus fen\u00edcio da peste e da guerra<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/tanit\/\" aria-label=\"Tanit: deusa suprema de Cartago\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Tanit: deusa suprema de Cartago\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Tanit: deusa suprema de Cartago<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yam\/\" aria-label=\"Yam: deus do mar fen\u00edcio\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Yam: deus do mar fen\u00edcio\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Yam: deus do mar fen\u00edcio<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-phoenizisch-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> fen\u00edcia combinava amuletos de pasta de vidro, s\u00edmbolos de Tanit e cabe\u00e7as de Bes com altares dom\u00e9sticos dedicados a Baal e Astarte; achados arqueol\u00f3gicos provenientes de Cartago, S\u00eddon e da Sardenha atestam uma densa rede de sinais de prote\u00e7\u00e3o do cotidiano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwd-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Fen\u00edcios Cartago Tiro S\u00eddon Biblos Baal Tanit Melqart Astarte Eshmun Moloch Tophet P\u00fanico.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-phoenizisch\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o nesta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcio-p\u00fanica produziu amuletos de olho (precursores do Nazar-Boncuk), pingentes de m\u00e3o (precursores da Hamsa), joias com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de Tanit, escaravelhOS e pingentes em meia-lua (lunulae), uma das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1til mais influentes da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span>.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard retoma essa linha hist\u00f3rico-cultural de objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis e representa uma forma contempor\u00e2nea dela, em uma arquitetura de materiais fabricada na Alemanha: 41 n\u00edveis de ouro genu\u00edno, platina e prata. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=kultur-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico. N\u00e3o constitui uma promessa de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-phoenizisc-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgcn-phoenizisc-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard \u00e9 <strong>um produto n\u00e3o m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoter\u00e1pico. Os conte\u00fados de estudos religiosos constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deuses fen\u00edcios, Baal, Astarte e o pante\u00e3o de Cartago Os fen\u00edcios, habitantes da costa oriental do Mediterr\u00e2neo (atualmente L\u00edbano, norte de Israel, S\u00edria) a partir do final do 2.\u00ba mil\u00eanio a.C., foram os grandes navegadores e comerciantes da Antiguidade. As suas col\u00f4nias, com destaque para Cartago (fundada em 814 a.C.), Gades e Cartago Nova, difundiram [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2845,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"deuses fen\u00edcios","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Deuses Fen\u00edcios: Baal, Astarte, Cartago | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Deuses dos fen\u00edcios e cartagineses: Baal Hammon, Astarte (Tanit), Melkart, El, Aschera. Mito, templo de Tiro e conflitos b\u00edblicos.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-39733","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Deuses Fen\u00edcios: Baal, Astarte, Cartago | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Deuses dos fen\u00edcios e cartagineses: Baal Hammon, Astarte (Tanit), Melkart, El, Aschera. 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