{"id":39688,"date":"2026-07-28T18:45:10","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:45:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/reshef-deus-fenicio-da-peste-e-da-guerra\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T18:45:28","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T18:45:28","slug":"reshef","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/reshef\/","title":{"rendered":"Reshef: deus fen\u00edcio da peste e da guerra"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39688\" class=\"elementor elementor-39688 elementor-2633\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reshef, deus fen\u00edcio-cananeu da peste e da guerra<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reshef (fen\u00edcio <em>r\u0161p<\/em>, ugar\u00edtico <em>r\u0161p<\/em>) \u00e9 o deus fen\u00edcio-cananeu da peste, da guerra e do arco. Foi venerado no Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente e no Egito fara\u00f4nico como uma pot\u00eancia ambivalente: portador de doen\u00e7a e morte e, ao mesmo tempo, deus protetor contra esses males.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.\">Fen\u00edcio<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus da peste e da guerra.\">Deus da peste e da guerra<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-reshef-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-reshef-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-reshef-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2852\" alt=\"Reshef - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_reshef.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-reshef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-reshef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-reshef\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-reshef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-reshef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-reshef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reshef surge como <strong>fen\u00edcio-cananeu<\/strong> deus da peste e da guerra nos textos de Ugarit e do Levante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e perfil resumido<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reshef pertence aos deuses mais antigos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sem\u00edtica ocidental; est\u00e1 documentado desde o per\u00edodo s\u00edrio antigo (finais do 3.\u00ba mil\u00eanio a.C.) em Ebla e permanece ativo at\u00e9 ao per\u00edodo helen\u00edstico-romano.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati demonstrou em <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) que Reshef desempenha um papel importante em quase todas as cidades-estado fen\u00edcias; o seu perfil como deus da peste e da guerra torna-o ambivalente, temido e ao mesmo tempo invocado em busca de aux\u00edlio.<\/p><p>Paolo Xella, em <em>I testi rituali di Ugarit<\/em> (1981), e Maciej M\u00fcnnich, em <em>The God Resheph<\/em> (2013), estudaram exaustivamente os textos relativos a Reshef. A monografia de M\u00fcnnich \u00e9 o estudo moderno mais completo sobre este deus e constitui a refer\u00eancia padr\u00e3o. No \u00e2mbito da <a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia<\/a>, Reshef \u00e9 o deus ambivalente protot\u00edpico da doen\u00e7a e da morte violenta.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, Reshef integra a fam\u00edlia internacional dos deuses da &#8216;flecha da peste&#8217;, presentes em quase todas as mitologias do Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente: Erra\/Nergal na Mesopot\u00e2mia, os aspectos de deus da peste do grego Apolo, o hitita Yarri e v\u00e1rios outros. Estes deuses enviam flechas que trazem doen\u00e7a e morte, mas podem igualmente ser invocados para prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra esses males. Esta ambival\u00eancia \u00e9 o tra\u00e7o distintivo do perfil de Reshef.<\/p><p>Uma particularidade not\u00e1vel de Reshef \u00e9 a liga\u00e7\u00e3o ao cavalo: em textos ugar\u00edticos \u00e9 ocasionalmente designado &#8216;Reshef dos cavalos&#8217;, o que possivelmente remete para uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o de deus protetor das tropas de carros de combate. Esta amplitude funcional, peste, guerra, cavalo, arco, torna Reshef um deus complexo com m\u00faltiplos aspectos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome <em>r\u0161p<\/em> \u00e9 sem\u00edtico ocidental; a etimologia n\u00e3o est\u00e1 definitivamente esclarecida. Uma interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o plaus\u00edvel relaciona-o com a raiz <em>r\u0161p<\/em> &#8216;chama, rel\u00e2mpago, fa\u00edsca&#8217;, o que se coadunaria com a sua iconografia de flecha e peste. Em hebraico, <em>re\u0161ef<\/em> aparece como substantivo significando &#8216;flecha&#8217; ou &#8216;doen\u00e7a ardente&#8217; (Dt 32,24; Job 5,7; Ct 8,6), uma heran\u00e7a sem\u00e2ntica direta.<\/p><p>Em inscri\u00e7\u00f5es surge como <em>r\u0161p<\/em>, frequentemente acompanhado de ep\u00edtetos: Reshef-Hagab (&#8216;Reshef do gafanhoto&#8217;), Reshef-Mlk (&#8216;Reshef rei&#8217;), Reshef-\u0160uluman (&#8216;Reshef da paz&#8217;). Esta diversidade de ep\u00edtetos reflete as suas m\u00faltiplas hip\u00f3stases em diferentes contextos locais. Em Ebla aparece j\u00e1 no s\u00e9culo XXIV a.C.; em Ugarit \u00e9 uma divindade proeminente.<\/p><p>No Egito surge desde o Novo Imp\u00e9rio como &#8216;Reshep&#8217;, integrado no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> eg\u00edpcio. O fara\u00f3 Amenhotep II (s\u00e9culo XV a.C.) venerava-o como deus da guerra e do arco; em numerosas estelas da regi\u00e3o de Tebas aparece como guerreiro barbado com capacete e arco.<\/p><p>A venera\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia de Reshef \u00e9 uma not\u00e1vel importa\u00e7\u00e3o do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, tratada pormenorizadamente nos estudos de Izak Cornelius (<em>The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Ba\u02bfal<\/em>, 1994).<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m no material aramaico do 1.\u00ba mil\u00eanio a.C. Reshef aparece em v\u00e1rias inscri\u00e7\u00f5es, designadamente na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira, vertical, com inscri\u00e7\u00f5es ou imagens.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> de Bar-Rakib de Sam&#8217;al (s\u00e9culo VIII a.C.). Esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o aramaica de Reshef demonstra a persist\u00eancia da sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo processamento do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o e iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reshef aparece na iconografia sem\u00edtica ocidental e eg\u00edpcia como um homem barbado com saiote curto, usando capacete ou gorro c\u00f4nico alto, empunhando na m\u00e3o direita um arco ou um machado de guerra e na outra uma lan\u00e7a ou um escudo.<\/p><p>Uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica caracter\u00edstica mostra-o com uma flecha na m\u00e3o erguida, pronto para disparar; outro tipo imag\u00e9tico apresenta-o com uma cabe\u00e7a de gazela na testa.<\/p><p>O seu animal sagrado \u00e9 a gazela; em algumas representa\u00e7\u00f5es cavalga uma gazela ou segura-a pelo chifre. A gazela \u00e9 historicamente reveladora: representa a rapidez das flechas da peste e a fugacidade da doen\u00e7a. O cavalo e o touro surgem tamb\u00e9m ocasionalmente como animais que o acompanham.<\/p><p>No Egito, Reshef foi frequentemente representado em tr\u00edade com Min (deus eg\u00edpcio da fertilidade) e Qadeshet (deusa sem\u00edtica do amor, aparentada com Astarte); esta tr\u00edade &#8216;Reshef-Min-Qadeshet&#8217; aparece em v\u00e1rias estelas de M\u00eanfis e Tanis. Esta tr\u00edade eg\u00edpcia \u00e9 um desenvolvimento hist\u00f3rico aut\u00f4nomo, n\u00e3o atestado da mesma forma na Fen\u00edcia de origem.<\/p><p>Uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica eg\u00edpcia particular mostra Reshef com a coroa &#8216;\u0160sm&#8217; caracter\u00edstica, composta de an\u00e9is ou gorros c\u00f4nicos, uma conven\u00e7\u00e3o que o distingue das divindades eg\u00edpcias e marca a sua origem sem\u00edtica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitos propriamente ditos sobre Reshef s\u00e3o escassamente transmitidos; trata-se sobretudo de uma figura cultual e ritual. Em textos ugar\u00edticos surge ocasionalmente como deus mensageiro ou da doen\u00e7a, sem sequ\u00eancia narrativa pr\u00f3pria. Em inscri\u00e7\u00f5es fen\u00edcias \u00e9 invocado como deus da peste e da guerra, sem suporte mitol\u00f3gico.<\/p><p>Uma narrativa fragment\u00e1ria associa Reshef \u00e0s &#8216;Sete Flechas&#8217; que lan\u00e7a contra os inimigos de Israel (assim no material hebraico) ou contra os inimigos dos fen\u00edcios (em textos sem\u00edticos ocidentais).<\/p><p>No livro hebraico de Habacuc (Hab 3,5), Reshef surge como acompanhante de Jav\u00e9, que precede o guerreiro divino: &#8216;Diante dele vai a peste, e Reshef segue os seus passos.&#8217; Esta dupla apari\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 historicamente esclarecedora e demonstra a persist\u00eancia das concep\u00e7\u00f5es relativas a Reshef na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o po\u00e9tica hebraica.<\/p><p>No \u00c9pico de Aqhat e no \u00c9pico de Keret, Reshef \u00e9 ocasionalmente invocado sem aparecer como figura atuante. Maciej M\u00fcnnich, em <em>The God Resheph<\/em> (2013), analisou e comentou a totalidade do material textual; a escassez de mitos sobre Reshef \u00e9 um dado de fato, n\u00e3o uma lacuna da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo das gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/p><p>Na vis\u00e3o teof\u00e2nica de Habacuc (Hab 3,3-6), Reshef surge numa constela\u00e7\u00e3o impressionante: diante de Jav\u00e9 marcham a &#8216;Peste&#8217; (Deber) e &#8216;Reshef&#8217; como avan\u00e7adas c\u00f3smicas.<\/p><p>Este dado hebraico tardio \u00e9 historicamente muito elucidativo, pois documenta a persist\u00eancia das concep\u00e7\u00f5es relativas a Reshef na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> monote\u00edsta; o deus aut\u00f4nomo converte-se aqui num &#8216;mensageiro divino&#8217; ou numa personifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos instrumentos punitivos de Jav\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os principais centros de culto de Reshef na Fen\u00edcia eram Biblos, Tiro, S\u00eddon, Beirute, Idalion em Chipre e Sarepta. No Egito fara\u00f4nico era venerado em M\u00eanfis e Tanis; uma &#8216;cidade de Reshef&#8217; (atual Tell Reshef na Fen\u00edcia?) \u00e9 mencionada em alguns textos, mas n\u00e3o foi identificada de forma inequ\u00edvoca por via arqueol\u00f3gica.<\/p><p>A principal base documental s\u00e3o estelas e inscri\u00e7\u00f5es votivas; em Cartago, Motia e Sulci, Reshef aparece regularmente como destinat\u00e1rio de oferendas votivas, frequentemente junto de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a> ou <a href=\"\/pt-br\/eshmun\/\">Eshmun<\/a>. Charles Krahmalkov, em <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001), e Wolfgang R\u00f6llig nas <em>Kanaan\u00e4ischen und aram\u00e4ischen Inschriften<\/em> reuniram os principais testemunhos epigr\u00e1ficos.<\/p><p>No Egito fara\u00f4nico, Reshef pertencia \u00e0 categoria dos &#8216;deuses asi\u00e1ticos&#8217;, ativamente promovidos durante o Novo Imp\u00e9rio.<\/p><p>O fara\u00f3 Amenhotep II e os seus sucessores veneravam-no como deus do arco e da guerra; estelas de Reshef surgem mesmo no \u00e2mbito r\u00e9gio, designadamente nos t\u00famulos reais tebanos. Os fara\u00f3s se identificavam com Reshef como figura guerreira e atra\u00edam o seu poder protetor para a pessoa real.<\/p><p>No Egito fara\u00f4nico, Reshef era igualmente venerado por particulares; uma c\u00e9lebre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira, vertical, com inscri\u00e7\u00f5es ou imagens.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> de Tanis mostra um homem privado chamado &#8216;Pa-Aper-Reshef&#8217; que dirige ao deus um pedido de cura de uma doen\u00e7a ocular. Esta devo\u00e7\u00e3o privada \u00e9 um ind\u00edcio importante da difus\u00e3o popular do culto no Novo Imp\u00e9rio eg\u00edpcio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e apotropaico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o protetora de Reshef tinha dupla orienta\u00e7\u00e3o: prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra doen\u00e7as (sobretudo epidemias, febre, peste) e prote\u00e7\u00e3o em contexto de guerra. Em tempos de peste era invocado para p\u00f4r fim \u00e0 epidemia; em tempos de guerra, para a vit\u00f3ria sobre os inimigos. Esta fun\u00e7\u00e3o ambivalente torna-o o deus apotropaico protot\u00edpico.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apotropaico: diz-se de sinais e objetos destinados a afastar influ\u00eancias nefastas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaicamente<\/span>, estatuetas e amuletos de Reshef eram colocados nas habita\u00e7\u00f5es; pequenas figuras de bronze representando um guerreiro em marcha com machado erguido foram encontradas em numerosos s\u00edtios fen\u00edcios. Escarav\u00e9lhos com motivos do arco de Reshef eram usados como amuletos pessoais de prote\u00e7\u00e3o. Em Ugarit, as &#8216;flechas de Reshef&#8217; circulavam como &#8216;amuletos de flecha&#8217;.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Em nomes pessoais fen\u00edcios, os te\u00f4nimos relacionados com Reshef s\u00e3o frequentes: Bod-Reshef, Reshef-Bar, Reshef-Jaton (&#8216;Reshef deu&#8217;). Esta frequ\u00eancia evidencia a intensa devo\u00e7\u00e3o privada. Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o protetora ambivalente de Reshef \u00e9 um exemplo da concep\u00e7\u00e3o oriental antiga de que o poder destrutivo e o protetor podem residir na mesma m\u00e3o. O iWell-Guard registra Reshef como figura hist\u00f3rico-religiosa, sem refer\u00eancias a promessas de cura atuais.<\/p><p>Os amuletos de arco de Reshef estavam entre os objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcios-eg\u00edpcios mais amplamente difundidos. Eram depositados em esp\u00f3lios funer\u00e1rios, em habita\u00e7\u00f5es e em templos. A forma \u00e9 geralmente um arco tensionado ou um arco com flecha; alguns est\u00e3o inscritos com o nome de Reshef ou com f\u00f3rmulas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reshef est\u00e1 historicamente associado a Nergal e Erra na Mesopot\u00e2mia, ambos deuses da peste e da guerra. Com Erra partilha o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> da flecha-peste; com Nergal, a componente ct\u00f4nica presente em alguns textos mais tardios.<\/p><p>O hitita Yarri, deus do arco e da peste, \u00e9-lhe igualmente pr\u00f3ximo do ponto de vista funcional; Volkert Haas tratou em <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003) a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o <a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-hitita\/\">hitita<\/a> dos deuses da peste.<\/p><p>Com o grego Apolo, Reshef partilha as componentes do arco e da peste; na Il\u00edada, Apolo dispara flechas de peste sobre o ex\u00e9rcito aqueu, uma paralela direta \u00e0 iconografia de Reshef. Walter Burkert, em <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984), assinalou a prov\u00e1vel transmiss\u00e3o do motivo da flecha-peste da \u00e1rea sem\u00edtica ocidental para a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o grega de Apolo.<\/p><p>No material hebraico, Reshef ainda est\u00e1 presente como &#8216;re\u0161ef&#8217; no sentido de flecha e peste; em Hab 3,5 surge mesmo como acompanhante divino. Esta presen\u00e7a persistente das concep\u00e7\u00f5es relativas a Reshef \u00e9 historicamente not\u00e1vel. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica e crist\u00e3 posterior \u00e9 reduzido a &#8216;flecha de Deus&#8217; ou &#8216;praga&#8217;, sem divindade aut\u00f4noma.<\/p><p>Em Idalion de Chipre, Reshef era igualmente venerado de forma destacada; uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um texto gravado ou entalhado num suporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> bilingue de Idalion (s\u00e9culo V a.C., fen\u00edcio-grego) identifica Reshef-Mikal com o grego Apolo Amiclaio. Esta identifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 historicamente muito elucidativa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre Reshef encontra-se hoje a um n\u00edvel elevado. A monografia de Maciej M\u00fcnnich <em>The God Resheph<\/em> (2013) \u00e9 a refer\u00eancia padr\u00e3o; o estudo iconogr\u00e1fico de Izak Cornelius (1994) oferece a hist\u00f3ria da imagem eg\u00edpcia; Paolo Xella editou os textos rituais de Ugarit. Sabatino Moscati e H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader apresentaram contributos importantes para o estudo da venera\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia de Reshef.<\/p><p>Na recep\u00e7\u00e3o popular, Reshef \u00e9 conhecido sobretudo pela sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia e pelas alus\u00f5es b\u00edblico-hebraicas. Falta uma revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o espiritual no sentido neopag\u00e3o; o ambivalente deus da peste e da guerra \u00e9 demasiado estranho e teologicamente problem\u00e1tico para as formas de devo\u00e7\u00e3o modernas.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, Reshef \u00e9 hoje considerado um objeto de estudo central para a teologia oriental antiga da peste e da guerra. Os focos de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atuais incidem na diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o das hip\u00f3stases locais de Reshef, na tr\u00edade eg\u00edpcia Reshef-Min-Qadeshet e na quest\u00e3o das vias de transmiss\u00e3o para a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o grega de Apolo. O iWell-Guard registra Reshef como exemplo hist\u00f3rico-religioso, sem refer\u00eancia pr\u00e1tica \u00e0 prote\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es recentes de Maciej M\u00fcnnich e H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader inserem Reshef num contexto hist\u00f3rico ampliado: como representante de uma fam\u00edlia de deuses s\u00edrio-antiga e sem\u00edtica ocidental, cuja persist\u00eancia do 3.\u00ba mil\u00eanio a.C. at\u00e9 \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo processamento do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span> constitui um fen\u00f4meno not\u00e1vel na hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A sele\u00e7\u00e3o a seguir re\u00fane as principais obras de refer\u00eancia sobre a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Reshef. Inclui monografias, estudos iconogr\u00e1ficos, edi\u00e7\u00f5es de textos e s\u00ednteses hist\u00f3ricas. A monografia de M\u00fcnnich \u00e9 o estudo moderno mais completo; Cornelius oferece a perspectiva iconogr\u00e1fica; Xella a base textual ritual\u00edstica; Moscati o enquadramento hist\u00f3rico-cultural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21744d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21744d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2be1cbf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2be1cbf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reschef na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia do Novo Reino<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c20c806 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c20c806\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f07db72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f07db72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma particularidade de <em>Reshef<\/em> \u00e9 surgir em dois corpora de fontes distintos: nos textos sem\u00edticos ocidentais da sua regi\u00e3o de origem e, de forma muito desenvolvida, em monumentos eg\u00edpcios do Novo Imp\u00e9rio.<\/p><p>Pelo menos a partir da 18.\u00aa Dinastia, Reshef foi integrado no Egito, provavelmente atrav\u00e9s da estreita articula\u00e7\u00e3o militar e pol\u00edtica com o Levante. Os fara\u00f3s do per\u00edodo ram\u00e9ssida gostavam de se fazer representar na proximidade de Reshef, por ser considerado um deus guerreiro e poderoso.<\/p><p>Em estelas eg\u00edpcias, muitas vezes ofertadas por particulares, Reshef aparece com uma iconografia fixa: um deus em marcha com o bra\u00e7o erguido, brandindo uma ma\u00e7a ou um machado, frequentemente com um escudo e uma lan\u00e7a, na cabe\u00e7a a coroa do Alto Egito, cuja frente ostenta, em vez da serpente uraeus, uma cabe\u00e7a de gazela.<\/p><p>Esta cabe\u00e7a de gazela \u00e9 considerada um dos tra\u00e7os distintivos mais fi\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>No Egito, a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o se transformou. O deus que traz epidemia e morte s\u00fabita tornou-se simultaneamente um deus a quem se recorria em busca de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e de cura. Isso ocorreu em parte no seio de um grupo com a deusa Qadeshu e o deus Min. Esta camada eg\u00edpcia \u00e9 documentalmente mais rica do que algumas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es levantinas, mas mostra j\u00e1 Reshef num ambiente estranho \u00e0 sua origem.<\/p><p>Quem procure o Reshef &#8216;original&#8217; deve ler os testemunhos eg\u00edpcios como uma apropria\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o como um espelho fiel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2858e9e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2858e9e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c2fb1d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c2fb1d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Flecha e peste: Reschef como senhor da epidemia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0acbb6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0acbb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28af87e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp28af87e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O n\u00facleo da concep\u00e7\u00e3o de Reshef nas fontes sem\u00edticas ocidentais \u00e9 a associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre arco, flecha e epidemia. Reshef traz doen\u00e7a e morte em massa, concebidas como flechas que dispara sobre pessoas e gado.<\/p><p>Esta concep\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 detect\u00e1vel em v\u00e1rias culturas: em textos ugar\u00edticos, <em>Rashap<\/em> aparece em listas de deuses e textos rituais; em fontes mesopot\u00e2micas \u00e9 associado ao deus da peste e do mundo subterr\u00e2neo, Nergal.<\/p><p>Particularmente esclarecedora \u00e9 a B\u00edblia hebraica. A\u00ed <em>re\u0161ef<\/em> j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 um deus venerado, mas um nome comum ou uma pot\u00eancia destitu\u00edda de car\u00e1ter divino. Em Habacuc 3,5, Deus avan\u00e7a e <em>Reshef<\/em> segue-o como sat\u00e9lite, a par da peste.<\/p><p>Em outras passagens, a palavra significa &#8216;brasa&#8217;, &#8216;fa\u00edsca&#8217; ou precisamente a doen\u00e7a da peste fulminante. Esta p\u00f3s-hist\u00f3ria b\u00edblica \u00e9 um exemplo cl\u00e1ssico de como um deus vizinho \u00e9 reduzido, pelos autores dos textos hebraicos, a mera for\u00e7a natural ou a imagem po\u00e9tica.<\/p><p>A simb\u00f3lica da flecha liga Reschef a um amplo grupo de divindades da peste, por exemplo o Apolo que dispara \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia na poesia grega primitiva, que no in\u00edcio da Il\u00edada envia a peste para o acampamento dos gregos. Este paralelo \u00e9 muitas vezes referido na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, mas deve ser entendido como semelhan\u00e7a tipol\u00f3gica, n\u00e3o como depend\u00eancia direta. A monografia padr\u00e3o sobre Reschef \u00e9 de William J. Fulco; importantes complementos foram dados por trabalhos de Paolo Xella e Maciej M\u00fcnnich, cujo extenso estudo examina criticamente os testemunhos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Maciej M\u00fcnnich: <em>The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East<\/em> (T\u00fcbingen 2013)<\/li><li>Izak Cornelius: <em>The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Ba\u02bfal<\/em> (Fribourg 1994)<\/li><li>Paolo Xella: <em>I testi rituali di Ugarit<\/em> (Roma 1981)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Wolfgang R\u00f6llig: <em>Kanaan\u00e4ische und aram\u00e4ische Inschriften<\/em> (Wiesbaden, com Donner)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-reshef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-reshef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-reshef-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-reshef-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span><\/em> de Reshef est\u00e1 documentado desde o terceiro mil\u00eanio a.C. em Ebla e posteriormente em Ugarit, Biblos e Chipre. Como deus da peste e da guerra foi representado com arco e escudo, era considerado propagador de epidemias, mas tamb\u00e9m protetor dos guerreiros. No Egito, Reshef foi integrado no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> oficial sob Amenophis II.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-reshef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-reshef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-reshef-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-reshef-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reshef \u00e9 considerado nas fontes de Ugarit e de Cartago um deus <em>cananeu<\/em> e <em>fen\u00edcio<\/em> da epidemia e do tiro de arco, cujo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> se difundiu ao longo da costa do Levante e, por Chipre, at\u00e9 ao Egito.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Reshef, fen\u00edcios, deus da peste, deus do arco, guerra, gazela, Apolo, Yarri.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-reshef\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard retoma a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o <a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\">fen\u00edcia<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico. N\u00e3o constitui uma promessa de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-reshef-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-reshef-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoter\u00e1pico. Os conte\u00fados das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reshef, deus fen\u00edcio-cananeu da peste e da guerra Reshef (fen\u00edcio r\u0161p, ugar\u00edtico r\u0161p) \u00e9 o deus fen\u00edcio-cananeu da peste, da guerra e do arco. Foi venerado no Pr\u00f3ximo Oriente e no Egito fara\u00f4nico como uma pot\u00eancia ambivalente: portador de doen\u00e7a e morte e, ao mesmo tempo, deus protetor contra esses males. DeusFen\u00edcioDeus da peste e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2852,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"reshef fen\u00edcios deus da peste deus do arco","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Reshef: Deus fen\u00edcio da peste, deus da guerra, culto","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Reshef \u00e9 o deus fen\u00edcio-cananeu da peste e da guerra, deus do arco e deus protetor. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o com fontes.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-39688","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reshef: Deus fen\u00edcio da peste, deus da guerra, culto<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Reshef \u00e9 o deus fen\u00edcio-cananeu da peste e da guerra, deus do arco e deus protetor. 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