{"id":39422,"date":"2026-07-28T15:55:35","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:55:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/padmasambhava-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T15:55:55","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:55:55","slug":"padmasambhava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/padmasambhava\/","title":{"rendered":"Padmasambhava"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39422\" class=\"elementor elementor-39422 elementor-3039\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9a7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52e9a7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d75fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56d75fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf05bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf05bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a6dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26a6dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava, fundador do budismo tibetano<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a21472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a21472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> Padmasambhava \u00e9 considerado o mestre t\u00e2ntrico que enraizou definitivamente o Budismo no Tibete e fundou numerosos ritos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o. Padmasambhava (&#8220;o Nascido do L\u00f3tus&#8221;), designado em tibetano habitualmente como Guru Rinpoche ou Padmakara, \u00e9 tido como o principal fundador do Budismo Vajrayana tibetano.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> associa-o \u00e0 transmiss\u00e3o do tantra indiano para o Tibete no final do s\u00e9culo VIII. Na escola tibetana mais antiga, a Nyingma, \u00e9 venerado como &#8220;segundo Buda&#8221;. Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, a sua apreens\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 contestada, sendo a imagem transmitida fortemente reconfigurada pela lenda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4c9fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc4c9fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"695667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com dom\u00ednios bem definidos, for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Bodhisattvas, divindades protetoras, esp\u00edritos famintos e guardi\u00f5es do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f9eb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13f9eb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411777f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"411777f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08182e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08182e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864be76 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864be76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3277\" alt=\"Padmasambhava - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5748d05 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5748d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11a7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882952f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"882952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto hist\u00f3rico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As poucas fontes contempor\u00e2neas mencionam um mestre t\u00e2ntrico de origem indiana ou de Oddiyana, convidado a ir ao Tibete no tempo do rei Trisong Detsen (reinou c. 755 a 797).<\/p><p>Oddiyana \u00e9 identificada na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atual, na maior parte dos casos, com o vale de Swat no atual Paquist\u00e3o ou com Odisha no leste da \u00cdndia. O rei precisava de um t\u00e2ntriko porque o mestre mon\u00e1stico indiano Shantarakshita encontrara resist\u00eancia por parte dos esp\u00edritos locais aquando da constru\u00e7\u00e3o do primeiro mosteiro tibetano, Samye.<\/p><p>Padmasambhava teria subjugado esses esp\u00edritos e integrado-os no sistema budista como divindades protetoras. A data de funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Samye \u00e9 tradicionalmente fixada em 779. David Snellgrove e Hugh Richardson (&#8220;A Cultural History of Tibet&#8221;, Londres 1968) consideram plaus\u00edvel este n\u00facleo hist\u00f3rico, atribuindo os numerosos ornamentos mitol\u00f3gicos a uma forma\u00e7\u00e3o lend\u00e1ria posterior.<\/p>\n<p>As fontes mais detalhadas, o Padma Thang Yig (Cr\u00f4nica de Padma) e o Pema Kathang, s\u00e3o transmitidas como &#8220;textos-tesouro&#8221; (terma) da escola dos descobridores de tesouros (tert\u00f6n). Foram sobretudo &#8220;desvelados&#8221; no s\u00e9culo XIV por Orgyen Lingpa e, no s\u00e9culo XVII, por outros descobridores de tesouros.<\/p><p>A confiabilidade hist\u00f3rica destes textos \u00e9 limitada, mas o seu impacto religioso foi enorme. Janet Gyatso, em &#8220;Apparitions of the Self&#8221; (Princeton 1998), analisou a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o terma como uma forma pr\u00f3pria de autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa, na qual vis\u00f5es, ocultamento e reencontro assumem fun\u00e7\u00f5es can\u00f4nicas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e027c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1e027c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0260798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O nascimento do l\u00f3tus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebd706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ebd706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segundo a narrativa tradicional, Padmasambhava n\u00e3o nasceu de m\u00e3e, mas apareceu como uma crian\u00e7a de oito anos numa flor de l\u00f3tus no centro do lago Dhanakosha, na terra de Oddiyana.<\/p><p>O rei Indrabhuti, que naquele momento procurava pedras preciosas sem ter filhos, encontrou a crian\u00e7a e acolheu-a como seu filho. Esta narrativa contrasta visivelmente com o nascimento humano de Shakyamuni e sublinha o status extraordin\u00e1rio da figura.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> deve ser lido como um elemento t\u00edpico da hagiografia t\u00e2ntrica, que coloca a origem &#8220;sobrenatural&#8221; do mestre acima da factualidade biogr\u00e1fica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2be71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2be71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b10303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b10303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oito manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6317e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6317e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o enumera oito manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es principais de Padmasambhava, que corporizam as suas diversas atividades em diferentes fases da vida ou situa\u00e7\u00f5es de ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Entre elas contam-se Guru Padma Gyalpo (o r\u00e9gio), Guru Loden Chokse (o onisciente), Guru Pema Jungne (o Nascido do L\u00f3tus), Guru Padmasambhava (manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o pac\u00edfica), Guru Shakya Senge (Le\u00e3o dos Shakya, em forma mon\u00e1stica), Guru Senge Dradok (Le\u00e3o Trovejante, em disputa com hereges), Guru Nyima Ozer (Raio de Sol, como yogi em cemit\u00e9rios), Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (forma irada sobre uma tigresa voadora).<\/p><p>Estas oito constituem um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cole\u00e7\u00e3o de escrituras sagradas reconhecida como vinculativa numa religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e2none<\/span> sistematizado que organiza a diversidade mitol\u00f3gica da vida de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708cb59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708cb59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7d36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b7d36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As cinco companheiras<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2616577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2616577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um papel importante na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Padmasambhava \u00e9 desempenhado pelas suas cinco &#8220;companheiras de sabedoria&#8221; (yum). As mais conhecidas s\u00e3o Yeshe Tsogyal, uma rainha tibetana considerada sua disc\u00edpula principal e amada, e Mandarava, uma princesa indiana. Yeshe Tsogyal \u00e9 a autora ou compiladora de numerosos textos terma descobertos posteriormente.<\/p><p>A sua hagiografia (&#8220;Lady of the Lotus-Born&#8221;) s\u00f3 foi redigida na forma hoje conhecida no s\u00e9culo XVII. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o debate se se trata de uma pessoa hist\u00f3rica ou de uma personifica\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso defende, em &#8220;Women in Tibet&#8221; (Bloomington 2005), uma leitura diferenciada que classifica Yeshe Tsogyal como figura historicamente prov\u00e1vel, mas fortemente reconfigurada pela literatura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f50750 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f50750\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe3315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe3315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os textos-tesouro (terma)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a3df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39a3df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diz-se que Padmasambhava, durante a sua estadia no Tibete, escondeu numerosos textos doutrinais destinados a \u00e9pocas futuras. Estes &#8220;tesouros&#8221; (terma) podem dividir-se em materiais (ter) e mentais (gongter). Os materiais est\u00e3o ocultos em grutas, rochas, est\u00e1tuas ou cursos de \u00e1gua e s\u00e3o redescobertos em vidas predeterminadas por descobridores de tesouros predestinados (tert\u00f6n).<\/p><p>Os mentais est\u00e3o impressos num &#8220;estado mental&#8221; especial que pode ser contemplado diretamente. Esta concep\u00e7\u00e3o permitiu \u00e0s gera\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores legitimar novos textos doutrinais como provenientes diretamente de Padmasambhava, sem que fosse poss\u00edvel uma verifica\u00e7\u00e3o textual cr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista acad\u00eamico, a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o terma \u00e9 um exemplo de tradi\u00e7\u00e3o textual religiosa &#8220;aberta&#8221;, que se op\u00f5e \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica indiana de transmiss\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao conjunto de escrituras reconhecido como vinculativo numa religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonicamente<\/span> fechada do tantra indiano, tradi\u00e7\u00e3o essa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> que se encontra encerrada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801c16e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801c16e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e817ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e817ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Doutrina e pr\u00e1tica Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad8fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os conte\u00fados doutrinais atribu\u00eddos \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Padmasambhava abrangem sobretudo a &#8220;Grande Perfei\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; (Dzogchen), o ramo de transmiss\u00e3o considerado o sistema doutrinal mais elevado da escola Nyingma. Para al\u00e9m disso, v\u00e1rios Yogatantras superiores fazem parte do corpus de Padmasambhava, como o Vajrakilaya-Tantra.<\/p><p>A forma pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 o &#8220;Guru-Yoga&#8221; (Lama-Yoga), na qual os disc\u00edpulos evocam Padmasambhava como a corporiza\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os Budas, Bodhisattvas e mestres. O mantra-raiz de sete s\u00edlabas &#8220;om ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum&#8221; est\u00e1 amplamente difundido em toda a pr\u00e1tica Nyingma e tamb\u00e9m nas escolas tibetanas n\u00e3o-Nyingma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cfb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38cfb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ada09d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ada09d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Difus\u00e3o fora do Tibete<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f838d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f838d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava \u00e9 igualmente venerado nas regi\u00f5es de influ\u00eancia tibetana do But\u00e3o, Sikkim, Ladaque e do planalto mongol. No But\u00e3o \u00e9 a figura religiosa central; o mosteiro de Taktsang (&#8220;Ninho do Tigre&#8221;), na encosta \u00edngreme do vale de Paro, assinala segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o o local onde meditou sobre uma tigresa.<\/p><p>O seu oitavo fim de vida na &#8220;Montanha da Cor do Cobre&#8221; (Zangdok Palri) \u00e9 considerado uma terra pura que existe em paralelo com o Sukhavati de Amitabha e constitui o destino de renascimento dos praticantes no final da vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb7dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debate no \u00e2mbito da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8b2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8b2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A quest\u00e3o de quanto da imagem transmitida remonta a uma pessoa hist\u00f3rica n\u00e3o pode ser respondida de forma definitiva. Robert Mayer e Cathy Cantwell demonstraram em v\u00e1rios trabalhos (&#8220;The Padmasambhava Cycle&#8221;, Oxford 2013) que a difus\u00e3o do culto de Padmasambhava se encontrou em estreita intera\u00e7\u00e3o com as convuls\u00f5es pol\u00edticas no Tibete.<\/p><p>Em fases de enfraquecimento do poder central, a import\u00e2ncia de Padmasambhava aumentou, uma vez que, como patrono translocal do Tibete, podia forjar uma identidade para al\u00e9m das estruturas din\u00e1sticas. Esta fun\u00e7\u00e3o explica em parte por que raz\u00e3o a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Padmasambhava se expandiu de forma t\u00e3o acentuada precisamente nos &#8220;s\u00e9culos obscuros&#8221; ap\u00f3s o colapso do reino de Yarlung no s\u00e9culo IX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fba3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fba3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca67a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca67a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliografia complementar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcc19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes prim\u00e1rias: Padma Thang Yig (Cr\u00f4nica de Padma), atribu\u00eddo a Orgyen Lingpa; Pema Kathang; Bardo Th\u00f6dol (Livro Tibetano dos Mortos, cujo colof\u00e3o o atribui a Padmasambhava); Vajrakilaya-Tantra.<\/p>\n<p>Literatura secund\u00e1ria: David Snellgrove e Hugh Richardson, &#8220;A Cultural History of Tibet&#8221;, Londres 1968; David Snellgrove, &#8220;Indo-Tibetan Buddhism&#8221;, Londres 1987; Janet Gyatso, &#8220;Apparitions of the Self&#8221;, Princeton 1998; Cathy Cantwell e Robert Mayer, &#8220;The Padmasambhava Cycle&#8221;, Oxford 2013; Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p>\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f489c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f489c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50de9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50de9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samye e as \"Tr\u00eas Joias\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a016ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a016ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O mosteiro de Samye, a cerca de 50 quil\u00f4metros a sudeste de Lhasa, \u00e9 o primeiro mosteiro tibetano e \u00e9 considerado pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o como obra de Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita e do rei Trisong Detsen.<\/p><p>Este trio (&#8220;tr\u00eas joias&#8221;, ston pa gsum) \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao conjunto de escrituras reconhecido como vinculativo numa religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f4nico<\/span> na mem\u00f3ria religiosa tibetana; representa a articula\u00e7\u00e3o entre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> t\u00e2ntrica (Padmasambhava), a disciplina mon\u00e1stica (Shantarakshita) e o poder r\u00e9gio (Trisong Detsen).<\/p><p>O mosteiro foi concebido segundo o modelo do mosteiro indiano de Odantapuri; a sua planta forma um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que, no Hindu\u00edsmo e no Budismo, representa o cosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> do Monte Meru no centro, quatro capelas principais orientadas pelos pontos cardeais e um muro perimetral com 108 stupas.<\/p><p>Foi restaurado v\u00e1rias vezes ap\u00f3s diversas destrui\u00e7\u00f5es, a \u00faltima das quais durante a revolta de 1959. O c\u00e9lebre &#8220;Conc\u00edlio de Samye&#8221; (792 a 794) decidiu a favor da forma indiana do Budismo em detrimento da chinesa, o que fixou a orienta\u00e7\u00e3o a longo prazo do Budismo tibetano para a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica indiana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8734ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8734ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb26340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb26340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As linhas de transmiss\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd23e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fd23e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As linhagens de ensinamento de Padmasambhava (man ngag) dividem-se em tr\u00eas ramos principais. A &#8220;linhagem longa&#8221; (ring brgyud) vai de Padmasambhava, atrav\u00e9s dos principais disc\u00edpulos hist\u00f3ricos, at\u00e9 ao presente, por transmiss\u00e3o oral ininterrupta. A &#8220;linhagem curta&#8221; (nye brgyud), atrav\u00e9s dos descobridores de tesouros (tert\u00f6n), que estabelecem contato direto com Padmasambhava em vis\u00f5es e assim encurtam a via de transmiss\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A &#8220;linhagem de vis\u00e3o pura&#8221; (dag snang brgyud), na qual os mestres recebem instru\u00e7\u00f5es diretas com base na contempla\u00e7\u00e3o da pureza. Esta estrutura tripartida \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana caracter\u00edstica que integra vis\u00f5es, descobertas de tesouros e transmiss\u00e3o oral em um \u00fanico sistema. As escolas Karma-Kagy\u00fc, Sakya, Gelug e, sobretudo, Nyingma cultivam cada uma as suas pr\u00f3prias linhagens de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8cb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd8cb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f063a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f063a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os vinte Sad-Mahasiddhas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6733e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6733e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diz-se que Padmasambhava foi mestre de vinte &#8220;Mahasiddhas&#8221;, ou seja, yogis t\u00e2ntricos plenamente realizados. Estes s\u00e3o habitualmente divididos em dois grupos: os &#8220;externos&#8221; (disc\u00edpulos no Tibete) e os &#8220;internos&#8221; (condisc\u00edpulos na \u00cdndia). O primeiro grupo inclui Yeshe Tsogyal, Vairochana, Nyak Jnanakumara, Drogmi Palgi Yeshe e outros yogis tibetanos do s\u00e9culo VIII e IX documentados historicamente.<\/p><p>Este grupo est\u00e1 relativamente bem atestado do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es; os textos do conjunto de Dunhuang (s\u00e9culos VIII a X), provenientes das grutas de Dunhuang, confirmam alguns destes nomes. Janet Gyatso e Sam van Schaik analisaram em v\u00e1rios estudos a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre os achados de Dunhuang e a hagiografia tibetana posterior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c4b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8c4b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d67f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d67f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava e o Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d615a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d615a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O &#8220;Livro Tibetano dos Mortos&#8221; (Bardo Th\u00f6dol), atribu\u00eddo a Padmasambhava no seu colof\u00e3o, \u00e9 no Ocidente uma das obras mais conhecidas da literatura religiosa tibetana.<\/p><p>Segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional, foi composto por Padmasambhava, ocultado por Yeshe Tsogyal e redescoberto no s\u00e9culo XIV por Karma Lingpa como terma. Do ponto de vista acad\u00eamico, a atribui\u00e7\u00e3o a Padmasambhava \u00e9 incerta; o texto na sua forma atual \u00e9 uma compila\u00e7\u00e3o do final do s\u00e9culo XIV.<\/p><p>Descreve as fases pelas quais a consci\u00eancia passa ap\u00f3s a morte e fornece instru\u00e7\u00f5es sobre como o moribundo ou os seus pr\u00f3ximos podem apoiar a viagem da consci\u00eancia pelos estados intermedi\u00e1rios (bardo).<\/p><p>A primeira tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa de Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1927) exerceu uma influ\u00eancia consider\u00e1vel sobre a espiritualidade ocidental, mas est\u00e1 filologicamente desatualizada. Uma edi\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa moderna e confi\u00e1vel foi apresentada por Robert Thurman em 1994.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b544069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fcc070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A figura irada Dorje Drol\u00f6<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8569b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8569b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma das oito manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es principais de Padmasambhava, Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6, tem merecido especial aten\u00e7\u00e3o na religiosidade tibetana moderna. Esta forma irada representa Padmasambhava montado numa tigresa gr\u00e1vida a voar, com a tez vermelho-escura, tr\u00eas olhos e um phurpa de vajra como arma.<\/p><p>O modelo iconogr\u00e1fico prov\u00e9m da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> segundo a qual Padmasambhava teria fundado nesta forma o mosteiro de Paro Taktsang (&#8220;Ninho do Tigre&#8221;) no But\u00e3o, constru\u00eddo numa encosta rochosa \u00edngreme sobre o vale de Paro.<\/p><p>A venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Dorje Drol\u00f6 est\u00e1 particularmente difundida no But\u00e3o e nas prov\u00edncias tibetanas orientais. Ela corporiza a for\u00e7a transformadora com que Padmasambhava converte as for\u00e7as hostis em guardi\u00f5es protetores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d51bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d51bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79206f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79206f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Padma bka' thang como fonte principal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04fb02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04fb02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O &#8220;Padma bka&#8217; thang&#8221; (Livro das Palavras de Padmasambhava) \u00e9 a hagiografia mais detalhada do mestre. Foi descoberto por Orgyan Lingpa no s\u00e9culo XIV como Terma (texto-tesouro oculto) e cont\u00e9m 108 cap\u00edtulos que descrevem o nascimento, a atividade doutrinal, os feitos miraculosos e a partida de Padmasambhava. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Anne-Marie Blondeau e Matthew Kapstein analisou a estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o textual desta fonte.<\/p><p>Enquanto as camadas mais antigas remontam aos s\u00e9culos XI e XII, muitas narrativas de milagres s\u00e3o acr\u00e9scimos das linhagens terma posteriores. A fonte paralela &#8220;Pema Kathang Yiges Cinma&#8221; (Sete Cap\u00edtulos) de Sangye Lingpa (s\u00e9culo XIV) oferece uma camada narrativa alternativa. Ambos os textos s\u00e3o recitados liturgicamente no Himalaia ocidental e no Sikkim at\u00e9 hoje, sobretudo durante os festivais Tsechu no But\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afb269 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afb269\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ed18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a47ed18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As oito manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es em detalhe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcab2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcab2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As oito formas de apari\u00e7\u00e3o de Padmasambhava (gu ru mtshan brgyad) s\u00e3o: Guru Tsokye Dorje (nascido no l\u00f3tus), Guru Shakya Senge (em forma mon\u00e1stica), Guru Padmasambhava (no pal\u00e1cio de Indrabhuti), Guru Padmakara (na fase de pr\u00e1tica), Guru Dorje Drolo (forma irada), Guru Nyima \u00d6zer (em irradia\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00fadica), Guru Senge Dradok (voz do le\u00e3o) e Guru Loden Choksey (o que encerra a vida).<\/p><p>Cada manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o corresponde a uma fase doutrinal e a um dom\u00ednio de pr\u00e1tica espec\u00edfico. Esta estrutura de oito elementos foi codificada no s\u00e9culo XII e est\u00e1 padronizada nas pinturas murais dos templos tibetanos. N\u00e3o por acaso, corresponde aos oito grandes Bodhisattvas do Mahayana. Roger Jackson interpretou esta analogia estrutural como uma incultura\u00e7\u00e3o deliberada do esquema bodhisattva indiano no ensinamento tibetano do guru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91bea2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c91bea2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57c1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b57c1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yeshe Tsogyal como escriba e coensina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd743ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd743ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yeshe Tsogyal (c. 757 a 817), companheira espiritual e disc\u00edpula principal de Padmasambhava, \u00e9 considerada a escriba dos textos terma mais importantes. Teria registrado, com a sua capacidade de mem\u00f3ria, todos os ensinamentos de Padmasambhava e ocultado alguns deles em rochas, lagos e na corrente mental das suas futuras reencarna\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso (&#8220;Apparitions of the Self&#8221;, Princeton 1998) analisou a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de Yeshe Tsogyal como modelo para a classe de mulheres Terton que surgiu posteriormente.<\/p><p>A sua hagiografia &#8220;Mkha&#8217; &#8216;gro ye shes mtsho rgyal gyi rnam thar&#8221; foi revelada por Taksham Nuden Dorje como Terma e \u00e9 uma das poucas biografias femininas detalhadas da literatura religiosa tibetana. Combina elementos biogr\u00e1ficos com <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> vision\u00e1ria, ocupando assim uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o singular na hist\u00f3ria da literatura tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06cb12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06cb12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0f880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0f880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Terma e a quest\u00e3o da sua autenticidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Terma, pilar central da escola Nyingma, assenta no pressuposto de que Padmasambhava e Yeshe Tsogyal ocultaram ensinamentos destinados a ser redescobertos em momentos posteriores por &#8220;descobridores de tesouros&#8221; predestinados (Tert\u00f6n).<\/p><p>Esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o produziu, do s\u00e9culo XI ao s\u00e9culo XX, uma camada aut\u00f4noma de literatura budista. A quest\u00e3o da autenticidade \u00e9 debatida tanto internamente na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o como na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso argumentou em &#8220;Apparitions of the Self&#8221; que os textos terma se distinguem em &#8220;Terma-de-terra&#8221; (sa gter, achados materiais) e &#8220;Terma-de-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>&#8221; (dgongs gter, revela\u00e7\u00f5es vision\u00e1rias).<\/p><p>Ambas as categorias exigem m\u00e9todos filol\u00f3gicos e acad\u00eamicos distintos. Ronald Davidson (&#8220;Tibetan Renaissance&#8221;, Nova York 2005) inseriu a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Terma no contexto mais amplo da forma\u00e7\u00e3o da identidade tibetana, iniciada no s\u00e9culo XI ap\u00f3s o colapso do reino de Yarlung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00aa18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e00aa18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59e7d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava e os ensinamentos do Bardo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4394f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4394f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um pilar central da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Padmasambhava \u00e9 o ensinamento sobre o Bardo, o estado intermedi\u00e1rio entre a morte e o renascimento. O &#8220;Bardo Th\u00f6dol&#8221; (Liberta\u00e7\u00e3o pela audi\u00e7\u00e3o no estado intermedi\u00e1rio, conhecido no Ocidente como &#8220;Livro Tibetano dos Mortos&#8221;) \u00e9 transmitido como terma de Padmasambhava, descoberto por Karma Lingpa no s\u00e9culo XIV.<\/p><p>O texto descreve seis fases de Bardo nas quais a consci\u00eancia tem a possibilidade de dar os \u00faltimos passos rumo \u00e0 liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Bryan Cuevas (&#8220;The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead&#8221;, Oxford 2003) reconstruiu detalhadamente a hist\u00f3ria do texto e demonstrou que a obra s\u00f3 se tornou conhecida no Ocidente atrav\u00e9s de Walter Y. Evans-Wentz (1927) e da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o de Kazi Dawa Samdup que lhe serviu de base.<\/p><p>Esta recep\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental deu origem a uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do Bardo, que nem sempre \u00e9 compat\u00edvel com a pr\u00e1tica tradicional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e57d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"542e57d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os cinco reis Tert\u00f6n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6707d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6707d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana conhece cinco &#8220;reis-Tert\u00f6n&#8221; (gter ston rgyal po lnga), considerados os mais importantes descobridores de tesouros: Nyangrel Nyima \u00d6zer (1124 a 1192), Guru Ch\u00f6wang (1212 a 1270), Dorje Lingpa (1346 a 1405), Padma Lingpa (1450 a 1521) e Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820 a 1892).<\/p><p>Em conjunto, redescobriram milhares de textos e tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de pr\u00e1tica. A forma de contagem varia nas fontes, e algumas escolas acrescentam outros nomes como Sangye Lingpa, Ratna Lingpa ou Orgyen Lingpa. Esta linhagem de Tert\u00f6n n\u00e3o se entende como uma sucess\u00e3o apost\u00f3lica, mas sim como uma sequ\u00eancia de redescobridores predestinados cujo karma estava orientado para esta fun\u00e7\u00e3o desde a \u00e9poca de Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957a0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d276cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d276cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Padmasambhava foi uma pessoa hist\u00f3rica?<\/strong> O n\u00facleo hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 plaus\u00edvel: um mestre t\u00e2ntrico indiano ou da \u00c1sia Central que foi ao Tibete no final do s\u00e9culo VIII. No entanto, a vida detalhada que lhe \u00e9 atribu\u00edda est\u00e1 fortemente reconfigurada pela lenda e n\u00e3o \u00e9 historicamente verific\u00e1vel na maior parte dos seus pormenores.<\/p>\n<p><strong>O que s\u00e3o terma?<\/strong> &#8220;Tesouros&#8221;, textos doutrinais ou objetos que, segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, Padmasambhava teria ocultado e que s\u00e3o posteriormente redescobertos por descobridores de tesouros predestinados (tert\u00f6n). Constituem uma parte importante da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o doutrinal Nyingma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>O que significa o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo \u00e9 proferida de forma repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> de Padmasambhava?<\/strong> &#8220;Om ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum&#8221; significa aproximadamente &#8220;om ah hum, mestre Diamante L\u00f3tus, concede a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o, hum&#8221;. \u00c9 um dos mantras mais importantes do Budismo tibetano e \u00e9 recitado na pr\u00e1tica do Guru-Yoga.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onde vive Padmasambhava hoje, segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/strong> No mundo puro da &#8220;Montanha da Cor do Cobre&#8221; (Zangdok Palri), que existe em paralelo com o mundo humano. Os praticantes esperam renascer a\u00ed no final da vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Padmasambhava, fundador do budismo tibetano Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Padmasambhava \u00e9 considerado o mestre t\u00e2ntrico que enraizou definitivamente o Budismo no Tibete e fundou numerosos ritos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o. Padmasambhava (&#8220;o Nascido do L\u00f3tus&#8221;), designado em tibetano habitualmente como Guru Rinpoche ou Padmakara, \u00e9 tido como o principal fundador do Budismo Vajrayana tibetano. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o associa-o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3277,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"padmasambhava","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Padmasambhava: Mestre T\u00e2ntrico do Tibete | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), o mestre t\u00e2ntrico nascido do l\u00f3tus, trouxe o Budismo ao Tibete no s\u00e9culo VIII. 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