{"id":39419,"date":"2026-07-28T15:54:50","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:54:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/milarepa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T15:55:15","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:55:15","slug":"milarepa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/milarepa\/","title":{"rendered":"Milarepa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39419\" class=\"elementor elementor-39419 elementor-3040\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c0acb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52c0acb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0ff9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac0ff9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c2abb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c2abb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f96346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f96346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa, iogue e santo tibetano<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d9b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1d9b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa \u00e9 um iogue e santo tibetano cujo percurso de vida, da grave falta \u00e0 ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 considerado um modelo exemplar. Milarepa (em tibetano Mila Repa, &#8220;o Mila vestido de algod\u00e3o&#8221;, c. 1052-1135) \u00e9 um dos ioguins mais conhecidos da hist\u00f3ria religiosa tibetana.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio de Padmasambhava, trata-se de uma pessoa historicamente identific\u00e1vel, cuja biografia foi ao mesmo tempo fortemente estilizada do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es. \u00c9 considerado o mestre central da escola Kagy\u00fc; seus versos (mgur) est\u00e3o entre os textos mais lidos da literatura religiosa tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4728ea5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4728ea5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa2e6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"aa2e6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com compet\u00eancias bem definidas: for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, oferendas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Bodhisattvas, divindades protetoras, esp\u00edritos famintos e guardi\u00f5es do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f06c579 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f06c579\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92ad8a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"c92ad8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d7944c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d7944c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd599cd iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dd599cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3276\" alt=\"Milarepa - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61fa776 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61fa776\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecda391 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ecda391\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d89a9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d89a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes biogr\u00e1ficas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da35bc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da35bc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o biogr\u00e1fica mais completa \u00e9 o &#8220;Nampar Tharpa&#8221; (t\u00edtulo completo de liberta\u00e7\u00e3o), abreviado &#8220;Mila Tharpa&#8221;, redigido por Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka (1452-1507), um ioguin e escritor que apresentou Milarepa de novo como figura idealizada de ioguin para seu movimento de reforma tardio da Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Essa vita \u00e9 literariamente extraordin\u00e1ria e foi traduzida para v\u00e1rias l\u00ednguas ocidentais; contudo, foi composta cerca de trezentos e cinquenta anos ap\u00f3s a morte de Milarepa e se apoia em tradi\u00e7\u00f5es orais e escritas mais antigas, em parte perdidas.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman reconstruiu, em &#8220;The Yogin and the Madman&#8221; (Nova York 2014), o desenvolvimento textual da vita de Milarepa e demonstrou que existiram pelo menos tr\u00eas vers\u00f5es mais antigas, das quais algumas se conservaram apenas em fragmentos.<\/p>\n<p>O &#8220;Cem Mil C\u00e2nticos&#8221; (Mila Gurbum), igualmente compilado por Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, re\u00fane os versos que Milarepa ter\u00e1 improvisado para seus disc\u00edpulos e suplicantes em diversas situa\u00e7\u00f5es de ensino. Essa compila\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a segunda fonte central sobre Milarepa; seus c\u00e2nticos individuais s\u00e3o datados de forma muito variada e refletem provavelmente uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o que se desenvolveu ao longo de v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9c360 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a9c360\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a83792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a83792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juventude e magia negra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a21ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16a21ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segundo a vita, Milarepa nasceu filho de um pr\u00f3spero grande propriet\u00e1rio de terras em Kya Ngatsa, no oeste do Tibete. Seu pai morreu cedo, ap\u00f3s o que o tio e a tia se apoderaram do patrim\u00f4nio e escravizaram a fam\u00edlia.<\/p><p>Por insist\u00eancia da m\u00e3e, Milarepa aprendeu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> negra e, por meio de um ritual de granizo, matou trinta e cinco parentes do tio e destruiu as colheitas que representavam sua riqueza.<\/p><p>O mau karma desse ato o levou mais tarde a procurar a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa. Essa narrativa \u00e9 importante do ponto de vista da fenomenologia da religi\u00e3o: apresenta um santo que n\u00e3o \u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por isso, retirado do uso cotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">santo<\/span> desde o in\u00edcio, mas que chega \u00e0 ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o a partir de uma culpa profunda.<\/p><p>Donald Lopez (&#8220;Religions of Tibet in Practice&#8221;, Princeton 1997) l\u00ea esse elemento como reflexo de ensinamentos t\u00e2ntricos que reconhecem o &#8220;caminho da contamina\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; (kleshamarga) como possibilidade de liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e753fd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e753fd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84127d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84127d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marpa como mestre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27889e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d27889e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa encontrou seu mestre em Marpa Ch\u00f6kyi Lodr\u00f6 (1012-1097), um tradutor tibetano que havia realizado v\u00e1rias viagens \u00e0 \u00cdndia e ali recebido ensinamentos de Naropa.<\/p><p>Marpa submeteu Milarepa, durante muitos anos, a uma prova de resist\u00eancia extrema: mandou que ele erguesse sozinho in\u00fameras torres de pedra, com a instru\u00e7\u00e3o de demoli-las assim que estivessem conclu\u00eddas.<\/p><p>A torre de Sekhar Guthok, no sul do Tibete, em Lhodrak, ainda hoje conservada, \u00e9 considerada pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o a obra definitiva que Milarepa n\u00e3o teve de demolir. Segundo a vita, a prova se destinava a purificar o mau karma da magia do granizo antes de Milarepa poder receber as inicia\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e2ntricas superiores.<\/p>\n<p>Ap\u00f3s a conclus\u00e3o da prova, recebeu a transmiss\u00e3o completa do ensinamento Mahamudra e dos Seis Yogas de Naropa, incluindo o calor interior (tummo), o corpo de luz clara (\u00f6dsal) e o ioga do sonho (milam). Essas transmiss\u00f5es constituem o n\u00facleo do ensinamento Kagy\u00fc e s\u00e3o transmitidas at\u00e9 hoje em linhagem ininterrupta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec45904 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec45904\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e685e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e685e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vida de eremita em cavernas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8377eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8377eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ap\u00f3s o per\u00edodo de aprendizagem, Milarepa se retirou para as grutas do Himalaia, sobretudo para a regi\u00e3o em torno do maci\u00e7o de Lapchi, situado entre o Tibete e o Nepal.<\/p><p>A vita o descreve, durante d\u00e9cadas, em eremit\u00e9rios de montanha isolados, muitas vezes quase nu, alimentando-se de urtiga selvagem, que teria tingido seu corpo de verde. Desenvolveu o calor interior a tal ponto que suportava as nevascas vestindo apenas um pano de algod\u00e3o (repa), da\u00ed o cognome Repa.<\/p><p>Essa pr\u00e1tica est\u00e1 documentada, al\u00e9m da narrativa hagiogr\u00e1fica, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iogue tibetana; no s\u00e9culo XX, Alexandra David-N\u00e9el a registrou etnograficamente, e estudos fisiol\u00f3gicos mais recentes sobre praticantes de tummo em Ladakh e no Nepal mediram efeitos de aquecimento mensur\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, \u00e9 relevante que a associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre ascese extrema e produ\u00e7\u00e3o de calor corporal constitui, no Vajrayana, uma via de pr\u00e1tica sistematicamente descrita nos tantras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6d992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d6d992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef249c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef249c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Can\u00e7\u00f5es e forma pedag\u00f3gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33c35c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33c35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa n\u00e3o ensinava sob a forma de prele\u00e7\u00f5es can\u00f4nicas nem por meio de livros; em vez disso, improvisava versos espont\u00e2neos adequados \u00e0 situa\u00e7\u00e3o do momento. Um ca\u00e7ador, uma disc\u00edpula em d\u00favida, um grupo de bandoleiros, todos eram interpelados de acordo com seu estado de consci\u00eancia. Os &#8220;Cem Mil C\u00e2nticos&#8221; s\u00e3o a compila\u00e7\u00e3o escrita dessas improvisa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Inscrevem-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da literatura indiana doha e caryagiti, que j\u00e1 desempenhava um papel importante no Vajrayana indiano. No Tibete do s\u00e9culo XI, a forma da prele\u00e7\u00e3o cantada era um m\u00e9todo eficaz de transmitir conte\u00fados doutrinais tamb\u00e9m a ouvintes analfabetos.<\/p><p>Roger Jackson documentou em &#8220;Tantric Treasures&#8221; (Oxford 2004), em pormenor, a liga\u00e7\u00e3o da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana dos mgur com os modelos indianos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e19ec7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e19ec7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4f2e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disc\u00edpulos e sucess\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b11763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b11763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa teve dois disc\u00edpulos principais, Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079-1153) e Rechungpa (1085-1161). Gampopa, antigo m\u00e9dico e monge da escola Kadam, integrou a pr\u00e1tica iogue t\u00e2ntrica de Milarepa em um quadro mon\u00e1stico e fundou assim a linhagem mon\u00e1stica das escolas Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Rechungpa preservou a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iogue n\u00e3o mon\u00e1stica. Dos disc\u00edpulos de Gampopa nasceram as &#8220;quatro grandes&#8221; e as &#8220;oito pequenas&#8221; subtradi\u00e7\u00f5es Kagy\u00fc, entre as quais a Karma Kagy\u00fc com a c\u00e9lebre linhagem de encarna\u00e7\u00f5es dos Karmapas. Dessa forma, a experi\u00eancia individual de prova e ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o de Milarepa se tornou o fundamento de uma grande escola institucional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9ff0fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9ff0fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edca6c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"edca6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af3f9de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af3f9de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew Quintman demonstra que a vita de Milarepa estabeleceu um modelo do &#8220;iluminado a partir de culpa profunda&#8221; que foi repetido m\u00faltiplas vezes na hist\u00f3ria religiosa tibetana posterior.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio da concep\u00e7\u00e3o theravadina de santidade, em que a pureza e o m\u00e9rito est\u00e3o presentes desde o in\u00edcio, a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Milarepa sublinha que mesmo faltas morais graves podem ser purificadas, por meio da pr\u00e1tica t\u00e2ntrica, em uma \u00fanica vida.<\/p><p>Essa \u00e9, do ponto de vista da fenomenologia da religi\u00e3o, uma afirma\u00e7\u00e3o central do Vajrayana, que o distingue das escolas budistas mais antigas, nas quais se consideravam necess\u00e1rias v\u00e1rias exist\u00eancias para uma purifica\u00e7\u00e3o completa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47965f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47965f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555a7da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"555a7da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o no Ocidente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82970f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82970f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A primeira tradu\u00e7\u00e3o europeia da vita de Milarepa \u00e9 de autoria de Jacques Bacot (Paris 1925); a primeira em ingl\u00eas foi realizada por Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1928). Esta \u00faltima \u00e9 conhecida por sua colora\u00e7\u00e3o teos\u00f3fica e hoje se encontra ultrapassada na tibetologia acad\u00eamica. Lobsang Lhalungpa apresentou, em 1977, uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa filologicamente confi\u00e1vel.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XX, Milarepa se tornou, ao lado de Padmasambhava, a figura tibetana mais proeminente na recep\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental do budismo. Sua acessibilidade biogr\u00e1fica, a combina\u00e7\u00e3o entre falta moral e santifica\u00e7\u00e3o, bem como os c\u00e2nticos simples e frequentemente de cunho natural-po\u00e9tico, lhe conferiram uma influ\u00eancia aut\u00f4noma para al\u00e9m da estrita linhagem de transmiss\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96d20ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96d20ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d10a01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d10a01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliografia complementar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-050e560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"050e560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes prim\u00e1rias: Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, &#8220;Mila Tharpa&#8221; (Vita de Milarepa), s\u00e9culo XV; &#8220;Mila Gurbum&#8221; (Cem Mil C\u00e2nticos de Milarepa), s\u00e9culo XV.<\/p>\n<p>Literatura secund\u00e1ria: Andrew Quintman, &#8220;The Yogin and the Madman.<\/p><p>Reading the Biographical Corpus of Tibet&#8217;s Great Saint Milarepa&#8221;, Nova York 2014; Donald Lopez, &#8220;Religions of Tibet in Practice&#8221;, Princeton 1997; David Snellgrove, &#8220;Indo-Tibetan Buddhism&#8221;, Londres 1987; Roger Jackson, &#8220;Tantric Treasures&#8221;, Oxford 2004; Lobsang Lhalungpa, &#8220;The Life of Milarepa&#8221;, Nova York 1977; Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6396940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6396940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7811b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7811b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahamudra e Dzogchen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d7f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5d7f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O ensinamento que Milarepa recebeu de Marpa e transmitiu a seus disc\u00edpulos pertence \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Mahamudra (&#8220;Grande Selo&#8221;). Tem por objetivo o reconhecimento direto e n\u00e3o conceitual da natureza da mente. A Mahamudra \u00e9 estruturalmente semelhante \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Dzogchen (&#8220;Grande Perfei\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;) da escola Nyingma, mas metodicamente distinta.<\/p><p>Enquanto o Dzogchen parte da pureza original da mente como ponto de partida, a Mahamudra progride gradualmente do reconhecimento conceitual para a vis\u00e3o direta.<\/p><p>David Jackson documentou em &#8220;Enlightenment by a Single Means&#8221; (Viena 1994) o debate hist\u00f3rico entre a concep\u00e7\u00e3o Sakya da Mahamudra e a concep\u00e7\u00e3o Kagy\u00fc. Esse debate \u00e9 um dos mais importantes da filosofia tibetana entre os s\u00e9culos XIII e XV e diz respeito diretamente \u00e0 interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do ensinamento de Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e68a954 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e68a954\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c788afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c788afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os seis yogas de Naropa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cdc8ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cdc8ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u00e9m da Mahamudra, a transmiss\u00e3o dos &#8220;seis yogas de Naropa&#8221; constitui a segunda linhagem principal da pr\u00e1tica Kagy\u00fc que remonta a Milarepa.<\/p><p>Esses seis yogas compreendem o calor interior (tummo), o corpo de luz clara (\u00f6dsal), o ioga do sonho (milam), o ioga do bardo (ioga do estado intermedi\u00e1rio), a transfer\u00eancia de consci\u00eancia (phowa) e a pr\u00e1tica do corpo ilus\u00f3rio (gyul\u00fc). Formam um programa de pr\u00e1tica sistem\u00e1tico que remonta ao ioguin indiano Naropa e foi transmitido a Milarepa por meio de Marpa.<\/p><p>O calor interior, pelo qual Milarepa se tornou famoso, \u00e9 a primeira e, sob muitos aspectos, a pr\u00e1tica mais fundamental deste conjunto. Glenn Mullin traduziu e comentou o corpus de pr\u00e1ticas em &#8220;The Six Yogas of Naropa&#8221; (Ithaca 1996).<\/p><p>A pesquisa etnogr\u00e1fica junto a praticantes de tummo contempor\u00e2neos, em particular os trabalhos de Herbert Benson na Harvard Medical School nos anos 1980, documentou aumentos mensur\u00e1veis da temperatura cut\u00e2nea, sem que isso confirme ou refute as pretens\u00f5es religiosas da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8c8bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a8c8bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02be439 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02be439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As grutas de Milarepa como locais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a9549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05a9549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As grutas em que Milarepa meditou segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o, ainda hoje, locais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o. Destacam-se em particular a gruta de Drakar Taso (&#8220;Dente de Cavalo de Rocha Branca&#8221;), as grutas de Lapchi na fronteira entre o Tibete e o Nepal, as grutas de Chuwar na regi\u00e3o de Nyalam e as grutas de Kyirong, igualmente junto \u00e0 fronteira nepalesa.<\/p><p>Os caminhos de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o para esses locais constitu\u00edam, at\u00e9 a anexa\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa do Tibete, um eixo importante da espiritualidade budista.<\/p><p>Atualmente est\u00e3o parcialmente acess\u00edveis, mas o tr\u00e1fego de peregrinos \u00e9 limitado por restri\u00e7\u00f5es pol\u00edticas. No Nepal, a regi\u00e3o de Lapchi e o monte Kailash (acess\u00edvel a partir do Tibete) s\u00e3o destinos de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o centrais tamb\u00e9m para a devo\u00e7\u00e3o a Milarepa. Toni Huber documentou em pormenor a geografia da peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana em &#8220;The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain&#8221; (Nova York 1999).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42766a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a42766a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3699add elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3699add\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa na recep\u00e7\u00e3o moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5e66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a5e66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No s\u00e9culo XX, Milarepa se tornou uma das figuras tibetanas mais proeminentes na recep\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental do budismo.<\/p><p>Lama Anagarika Govinda lhe dedicou extensas passagens em &#8220;The Way of the White Clouds&#8221; (Londres 1966), nas quais a liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre vida asc\u00e9tica e conhecimento m\u00edstico \u00e9 apresentada como conquista central tibetana. A tradu\u00e7\u00e3o de Lobsang Lhalungpa (1977) deu in\u00edcio a uma ampla recep\u00e7\u00e3o ocidental.<\/p><p>O filme tibetano &#8220;Milarepa&#8221; (2006) do mestre Neten Chokling levou a hist\u00f3ria a um p\u00fablico cinematogr\u00e1fico internacional pela primeira vez. No budismo tibetano ocidental, em particular nas linhagens Kagy\u00fc, Milarepa \u00e9 uma das figuras centrais de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos praticantes, para quem a associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre falta \u00e9tica, prova e ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o em sua vita \u00e9 lida como modelo para o pr\u00f3prio caminho.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c510076 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c510076\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b269ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b269ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa e a poesia da natureza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b42109d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b42109d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seus poemas de natureza constituem uma linha liter\u00e1ria pr\u00f3pria dentro dos c\u00e2nticos de Milarepa. Descrevem a vida nos eremit\u00e9rios de montanha, a percep\u00e7\u00e3o das esta\u00e7\u00f5es, dos animais, das rochas, da neve e do vento. Esses poemas se inserem em uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de poesia asc\u00e9tica tibetana que, \u00e0 semelhan\u00e7a da poesia zen japonesa, desenvolve uma linguagem da natureza direta e despojada.<\/p><p>Foram recebidos por literatos ocidentais como Gary Snyder e Allen Ginsberg, exercendo assim uma influ\u00eancia mais ampla do que apenas no \u00e2mbito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o estritamente religiosa. Per S\u00f8rensen analisou em &#8220;Divinity Secularized.<\/p><p>An Inquiry into the Nature and Form of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama&#8221; (Viena 1990) os v\u00ednculos estruturais entre os c\u00e2nticos de Milarepa e a posterior poesia amorosa profana tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05aa2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c05aa2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a11e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a11e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsangnyon Heruka e a vida padr\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a17ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a17ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A descri\u00e7\u00e3o biogr\u00e1fica hoje can\u00f4nica de Milarepa (Mi la ras pa&#8217;i rnam thar) foi redigida no ano de 1488 por Tsangnyon Heruka (1452-1507).<\/p><p>Tsangnyon, ele pr\u00f3prio um ioguin exc\u00eantrico da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos &#8220;Santos Loucos&#8221;, se serviu de fontes anteriores, mas as moldou em uma obra liter\u00e1ria coesa com uma estrutura clara: antecedentes e nascimento, juventude e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span>, Marpa e as provas, caminho de liberta\u00e7\u00e3o, anos de ensino, morte.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman (&#8220;The Yogin and the Madman&#8221;, Nova York 2014) reconstruiu em pormenor a hist\u00f3ria das fontes da vita de Milarepa. Demonstra que existem pelo menos nove camadas mais antigas da vita, das quais a mais antiga remonta a Gampopa (1079-1153), disc\u00edpulo direto de Milarepa.<\/p><p>A vers\u00e3o de Tsangnyon \u00e9 literariamente t\u00e3o bem-sucedida que praticamente suplantou as fontes mais antigas. Tornou-se a refer\u00eancia da hagiografia tibetana e continua a moldar at\u00e9 hoje a imagem popular de Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6ef287 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6ef287\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b2d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84b2d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os 100 000 cantos como obra liter\u00e1ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9be78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c9be78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A compila\u00e7\u00e3o &#8220;Mila Grubum&#8221; (100.000 C\u00e2nticos de Milarepa) foi igualmente colocada em forma liter\u00e1ria por Tsangnyon Heruka, mas cont\u00e9m material mais antigo. Compreende cerca de 130 epis\u00f3dios em que Milarepa transmite ensinamentos em versos po\u00e9ticos (&#8220;mgur&#8221;), examina disc\u00edpulos ou trava conversa com o povo. Os mgur constituem um g\u00eanero liter\u00e1rio tibetano pr\u00f3prio que alia a espiritualidade religiosa \u00e0 poesia popular.<\/p><p>Garma C.C. Chang (&#8220;The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa&#8221;, Nova York 1962) apresentou uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa completa. Os c\u00e2nticos t\u00eam estrutura m\u00e9trica variada e seguem uma altern\u00e2ncia entre o tema doutrin\u00e1rio e a mem\u00f3ria pessoal. S\u00e3o simultaneamente material de pr\u00e1tica religiosa e literatura popular, o que explica sua ampla influ\u00eancia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d9990 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5d9990\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e21311c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e21311c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As grutas de Milarepa e os locais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a26a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a26a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As grutas mais importantes em que Milarepa meditou segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o Drakar Taso, perto de Nyalam no sul do Tibete, Chubar perto de Kyirong, Lapchi na zona fronteiri\u00e7a tibetano-nepalesa e as grutas junto ao monte Kailash. Lapchi e Kailash s\u00e3o hoje de dif\u00edcil acesso devido \u00e0 pandemia e \u00e0s restri\u00e7\u00f5es de viagem chinesas; Drakar Taso foi parcialmente reconstru\u00edda como ru\u00edna mon\u00e1stica ap\u00f3s 1980.<\/p><p>Toni Huber (&#8220;The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain&#8221;, Nova York 1999) documentou etnograficamente a pr\u00e1tica de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o em torno de Tsari, outro cen\u00e1rio ligado a Milarepa, e demonstrou como os locais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o funcionam como extens\u00e3o espacial da hagiografia.<\/p><p>A liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre o texto da vita e o local de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um fen\u00f4meno cl\u00e1ssico da geografia religiosa, e Milarepa est\u00e1 entre os santos tibetanos com maior ancoragem espacial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1971a07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1971a07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5980702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5980702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A linhagem Kagy\u00fc e suas quatro grandes subdivis\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dfbe61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dfbe61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa se insere na linhagem principal da escola Kagy\u00fc (bka&#8217; brgyud, &#8220;linhagem de transmiss\u00e3o dos ensinamentos orais&#8221;). Essa linhagem foi trazida da \u00cdndia para o Tibete por Marpa Lotsawa. Ap\u00f3s Gampopa, disc\u00edpulo principal de Milarepa, a Kagy\u00fc se dividiu em quatro grandes e oito pequenas sublinhagens. As quatro grandes s\u00e3o a Karma Kagy\u00fc (com os Karmapas), a Tselpa Kagy\u00fc, a Baram Kagy\u00fc e a Phagdru Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Da linhagem Phagdru surgiram por sua vez a Drikung Kagy\u00fc, a Drugpa Kagy\u00fc e a Taglung Kagy\u00fc. A linhagem Drukpa \u00e9 a escola estatal do But\u00e3o. Karenina Kollmar-Paulenz (&#8220;Geschichte der Mongolen&#8221;, Munique 2005) e Matthew Kapstein (&#8220;The Tibetans&#8221;, Oxford 2006) apresentaram o desenvolvimento das escolas no contexto da hist\u00f3ria pol\u00edtica do Tibete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5359825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5359825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddc1941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ddc1941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O ensinamento Mahamudra de Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce56ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce56ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa praticou e transmitiu o ensinamento Mahamudra (&#8220;Grande Selo&#8221;), que se insere no n\u00edvel mais elevado da pr\u00e1tica Anuttarayoga-Tantra. A transmiss\u00e3o da Mahamudra chegou a Marpa por meio de Maitripa e Naropa, e deste a Milarepa.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio do ensinamento Dzogchen da escola Nyingma, com o qual a Mahamudra \u00e9 filosoficamente aparentada, a pr\u00e1tica Mahamudra enfatiza a progress\u00e3o gradual pelo Shamatha (quietude mental) e pelo Vipashyana (vis\u00e3o penetrante) at\u00e9 o reconhecimento direto da natureza da mente.<\/p><p>Os &#8220;Quatro Yogas da Mahamudra&#8221; (a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o em um \u00fanico ponto, o n\u00e3o-construir, o sabor \u00fanico e a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o-meditativa) s\u00e3o considerados a sequ\u00eancia central de etapas. David Jackson (&#8220;Enlightenment by a Single Means&#8221;, Viena 1994) analisou em profundidade a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Mahamudra em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Lam-Rim dos Gelugs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adcdb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adcdb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa12c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daa12c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa na literatura e arte modernas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f003a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7f003a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa exerceu uma ampla influ\u00eancia na literatura ocidental e nas artes pl\u00e1sticas. Eric Frechette traduziu os &#8220;Cem Mil C\u00e2nticos&#8221; para o franc\u00eas em 1968. Lobsang Lhalungpa apresentou em 1977 uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa muito apreciada da vita. O cineasta butan\u00eas Neten Chokling rodou em 2006 um filme em duas partes, &#8220;Milarepa&#8221;, que retrata a juventude e o caminho de liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O pintor su\u00ed\u00e7o Aldo Walker e o artista budista americano Robert Beer criaram retratos de Milarepa orientados pelos modelos tibetanos tradicionais. A di\u00e1spora tibetana moderna fez de Milarepa uma figura de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de uma espiritualidade que medeia entre a disciplina mon\u00e1stica e a autonomia iogue.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2207bde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2207bde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f7a869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f7a869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a39e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a39e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Milarepa foi uma pessoa hist\u00f3rica?<\/strong> Sim. Suas datas de vida s\u00e3o geralmente situadas entre cerca de 1052 e 1135, embora alguns aspectos permane\u00e7am controversos. Andrew Quintman analisou em pormenor a confiabilidade hist\u00f3rica da situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes em &#8220;The Yogin and the Madman&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>O que s\u00e3o os &#8220;seis yogas de Naropa&#8221;?<\/strong> Um programa de pr\u00e1tica iogue t\u00e2ntrica que compreende o calor interior, o corpo de luz clara, o ioga do sonho, o ioga do bardo, a transfer\u00eancia de consci\u00eancia e a pr\u00e1tica do corpo ilus\u00f3rio. Constituem a principal linhagem de pr\u00e1tica das escolas Kagy\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Por que motivo Milarepa era esverdeado?<\/strong> Segundo a vita, ele se alimentou durante d\u00e9cadas quase exclusivamente de urtiga selvagem, o que teria tingido seu corpo. Se isso ocorreu historicamente exatamente dessa forma \u00e9 incerto; o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> ressalta, em qualquer caso, sua ascese extrema.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quem foram os disc\u00edpulos mais importantes de Milarepa?<\/strong> Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079-1153), que fundou a linhagem mon\u00e1stica das escolas Kagy\u00fc, e Rechungpa (1085-1161), que deu continuidade \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iogue n\u00e3o mon\u00e1stica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Milarepa, iogue e santo tibetano Milarepa \u00e9 um iogue e santo tibetano cujo percurso de vida, da grave falta \u00e0 ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 considerado um modelo exemplar. Milarepa (em tibetano Mila Repa, &#8220;o Mila vestido de algod\u00e3o&#8221;, c. 1052-1135) \u00e9 um dos ioguins mais conhecidos da hist\u00f3ria religiosa tibetana. Ao contr\u00e1rio de Padmasambhava, trata-se de uma [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3276,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"milarepa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Milarepa: Ioguin e Santo Tibetano | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Milarepa (1052-1135) \u00e9 o ioguin e poeta tibetano mais c\u00e9lebre, disc\u00edpulo de Marpa, fundador da linhagem Kagy\u00fc. De mago negro \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00e3o de Buda.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-39419","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Milarepa: Ioguin e Santo Tibetano | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Milarepa (1052-1135) \u00e9 o ioguin e poeta tibetano mais c\u00e9lebre, disc\u00edpulo de Marpa, fundador da linhagem Kagy\u00fc. 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