{"id":39416,"date":"2026-07-28T15:54:10","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:54:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/xi-wangmu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T15:54:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:54:30","slug":"xi-wangmu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/xi-wangmu\/","title":{"rendered":"Xi Wangmu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"39416\" class=\"elementor elementor-39416 elementor-3044\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9657ee0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9657ee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b1ecb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78b1ecb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a729d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74a729d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da3cc37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da3cc37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xi Wangmu, Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9043efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9043efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Xi Wangmu, a &#8220;Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente&#8221;, \u00e9 uma das mais antigas e, ao mesmo tempo, mais complexas figuras divinas femininas da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> chinesa. Segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional, reside no monte Kunlun, no long\u00ednquo Ocidente, e possui os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade, que amadurecem de tr\u00eas mil em tr\u00eas mil ou de nove mil em nove mil anos.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, passou por uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o not\u00e1vel, de monstro arcaico e semibestial do Ocidente, caracter\u00edstico da \u00e9poca Shang, a elegante rainha celeste dao\u00edsta da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o posterior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d13aac5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d13aac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fbc7a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5fbc7a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas, for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-chineses\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00e3o popular chinesa dos deuses e esp\u00edritos: dao\u00edsta, budista, confucionista.\">China<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-348dd89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"348dd89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c4cf6 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"54c4cf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a95859 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a95859\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08bc788 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"08bc788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3214\" alt=\"Xi Wangmu - G\u00f6tter aus der China-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f79af e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1f79af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29633cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29633cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5895c46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5895c46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testemunhos antigos no Shanhaijing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e617f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e617f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O testemunho mais antigo sobre Xi Wangmu encontra-se no &#8220;Shanhaijing&#8221; (&#8220;Cl\u00e1ssico dos Montes e Mares&#8221;), obra cujas camadas mais antigas remontam ao s\u00e9culo IV a.C. ao s\u00e9culo III a.C.<\/p><p>O livro &#8220;Montes Ocidentais&#8221; descreve-a como um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser que re\u00fane em si caracter\u00edsticas de diferentes criaturas vivas.\" tabindex=\"0\">ser h\u00edbrido<\/span> com tra\u00e7os humanos, cauda de leopardo, dentes de tigre e cabelos desgrenhados, que habita uma montanha a ocidente e \u00e9 respons\u00e1vel por pestil\u00eancias e puni\u00e7\u00f5es divinas.<\/p><p>Esta figura primitiva est\u00e1 longe de ser graciosa; insere-se numa s\u00e9rie de outros seres divinos arcaicos chineses que exibem elementos zoom\u00f3rficos. Edward Schafer demonstrou em &#8220;The Divine Woman&#8221; (San Francisco 1973) que o refinamento iconogr\u00e1fico posterior de Xi Wangmu apenas se inicia a partir da \u00e9poca Han e reflete uma profunda transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de significado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca7262 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ca7262\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e575668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e575668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A transforma\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e9poca Han<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c2c7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6c2c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na \u00e9poca Han (206 a.C. a 220 d.C.), a imagem de Xi Wangmu se transforma radicalmente. A monstruosa deusa da peste converte-se na doadora da imortalidade.<\/p><p>Os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade, que crescem nas suas \u00e1rvores no Kunlun, tornam-se o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> central. A \u00e9poca Han conhece uma intensa dedica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 busca da imortalidade corporal (xian), e Xi Wangmu passa a ser a suprema padroeira dessa procura.<\/p><p>No &#8220;Huainanzi&#8221; (s\u00e9culo II a.C.), ela \u00e9 a guardi\u00e3 do elixir da imortalidade, que o arqueiro Hou Yi recebe dela e que a sua esposa Chang&#8217;e leva depois consigo para a Lua. Esta narrativa associa a Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente \u00e0 deusa da Lua e estabelece uma dimens\u00e3o astron\u00f4mico-cosmol\u00f3gica de grande profundidade.<\/p>\n<p>Um epis\u00f3dio significativo \u00e9 o lend\u00e1rio encontro de Xi Wangmu com o rei Mu da dinastia Zhou, transmitido no &#8220;Mu Tianzi Zhuan&#8221; (s\u00e9culos IV-III a.C.). O rei viaja para o ocidente, encontra a Rainha-M\u00e3e numa das suas montanhas e troca poemas com ela.<\/p><p>Este encontro foi retomado numerosas vezes na literatura e na arte chinesas posteriores e simbolizou a conex\u00e3o do soberano terreno com as pot\u00eancias divinas do Ocidente. Stephen Bokenkamp (&#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221;, Berkeley 1997) analisou a import\u00e2ncia desta narrativa para a autolegitima\u00e7\u00e3o dos primeiros movimentos dao\u00edstas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691b21f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"691b21f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96514c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96514c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d9a7f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d9a7f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As Pantao, os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade, s\u00e3o o atributo iconicamente mais importante de Xi Wangmu. Segundo as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es, amadurecem apenas de tr\u00eas mil em tr\u00eas mil anos; algumas vers\u00f5es falam em tr\u00eas mil, seis mil e nove mil anos para tr\u00eas variedades distintas. Quem comer um fruto torna-se xian, um imortal.<\/p><p>Em &#8220;Viagem ao Ocidente&#8221; (Xiyou Ji), o saque do jardim de p\u00eassegos pelo rei macaco Sun Wukong \u00e9 um dos epis\u00f3dios mais conhecidos da literatura romanesca chinesa. Esta elabora\u00e7\u00e3o narrativa \u00e9 de car\u00e1ter liter\u00e1rio, mas retoma um complexo mitol\u00f3gico que remonta \u00e0 \u00e9poca Han.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9650940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9650940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45570bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45570bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liga\u00e7\u00e3o com Yu Huang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c03cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c03cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a consolida\u00e7\u00e3o do Imperador de Jade na \u00e9poca Song, Xi Wangmu torna-se a &#8220;M\u00e3e Real&#8221; (Wangmu Niangniang), sua consorte. Esta associa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9, do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o tardia que re\u00fane dois complexos divinos originalmente distintos. Nesta configura\u00e7\u00e3o, governa a metade feminina do c\u00e9u divino e \u00e9 padroeira das imortais femininas, as mulheres Xian.<\/p><p>As suas sete filhas s\u00e3o figuras centrais nas narrativas da religi\u00e3o popular, sobretudo a s\u00e9tima filha, Zhin\u00fc, a &#8220;menina tecel\u00e3&#8221;, cuja hist\u00f3ria com o pastor Niulang est\u00e1 na origem da festa Qixi, no s\u00e9timo dia do s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0f263 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b0f263\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c5721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"27c5721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99476c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99476c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A transforma\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica de Xi Wangmu evidencia uma mudan\u00e7a de significado exemplar para a hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es na China. Os relevos Han das sepulturas de Sichuan e Shandong mostram-na ainda frequentemente com o ornamento de cabe\u00e7a Sheng, um adorno caracter\u00edstico semelhante \u00e0 lan\u00e7adeira do tear, e com o seu animal acompanhante, o p\u00e1ssaro de tr\u00eas pernas que lhe traz os alimentos, bem como a raposa de nove caudas e o coelho da Lua.<\/p><p>A partir da \u00e9poca Tang, a sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o se transforma numa dama cortes\u00e3 idealizada, de vestes compridas, frequentemente com um p\u00eassego ou uma pena de f\u00eanix. Nas \u00e9pocas Ming e Qing, \u00e9 iconograficamente quase indistingu\u00edvel das outras damas celestes dao\u00edstas; o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou um significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> continua a ser o p\u00eassego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52bbc08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52bbc08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24c721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b24c721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-026d838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"026d838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templos<\/span> de Xi Wangmu est\u00e3o amplamente difundidos na China, concentrando-se sobretudo no oeste e no norte do pa\u00eds. O Pal\u00e1cio Wangmu no monte Huashan, em Shaanxi, \u00e9 um dos santu\u00e1rios mais c\u00e9lebres. Os seus dias festivos coincidem com o terceiro dia do terceiro m\u00eas lunar (anivers\u00e1rio) e com o dia 18 do s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar (dia da festa do p\u00eassego).<\/p><p>Nesses dias s\u00e3o oferecidos bolos de p\u00eassego e macarr\u00e3o da longevidade. Em Taiwan e na di\u00e1spora chinesa, a sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 viva, sobretudo em associa\u00e7\u00e3o ao desejo de longevidade e \u00e0s celebra\u00e7\u00f5es de anivers\u00e1rio de membros mais idosos da fam\u00edlia, aos quais s\u00e3o frequentemente oferecidas esculturas de p\u00eassego feitas em massa de arroz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1d2b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b1d2b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b78191 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b78191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Motivo ocidental e contatos culturais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d6afc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30d6afc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A localiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Xi Wangmu no &#8220;long\u00ednquo Ocidente&#8221; \u00e9 um elemento geograficamente-religioso de interesse. Na consci\u00eancia do in\u00edcio da \u00e9poca Han, o extremo ocidente conhecido situava-se nas regi\u00f5es do atual Xinjiang, Cazaquist\u00e3o e Ir\u00e3. A Rainha-M\u00e3e tornava-se assim a personifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica do exterior desconhecido.<\/p><p>Com a abertura da Rota da Seda a partir do final do s\u00e9culo II a.C., estabeleceram-se efetivamente conex\u00f5es com reinos ocidentais, e o interesse por Xi Wangmu se intensificou.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer considerou em v\u00e1rios estudos a possibilidade de concep\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas iranianas ou da \u00c1sia Central terem influenciado a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o posterior da Rainha-M\u00e3e, sem que se possa demonstrar uma via de transmiss\u00e3o direta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b4585 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5b4585\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0a352 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad0a352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apropria\u00e7\u00e3o dao\u00edsta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58fef7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58fef7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> organizado, sobretudo na escola Shangqing dos s\u00e9culos IV a VI, Xi Wangmu tornou-se a suprema mestra feminina da imortalidade. Ter\u00e1 revelado v\u00e1rios textos centrais da escola, incluindo instru\u00e7\u00f5es sobre medita\u00e7\u00e3o respirat\u00f3ria e alquimia interior. Suzanne Cahill estudou em pormenor esta apropria\u00e7\u00e3o dao\u00edsta em &#8220;Transcendence and Divine Passion.<\/p><p>The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China&#8221; (Stanford 1993) e demonstrou que Xi Wangmu ocupa na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Shangqing uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria, independente da hierarquia de matriz confucionista que se imp\u00f4s posteriormente.<\/p><p>No seu estudo, torna-se tamb\u00e9m evidente que as praticantes dao\u00edstas femininas encontravam em Xi Wangmu uma figura de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o direta, cuja exist\u00eancia n\u00e3o era legitimada por uma media\u00e7\u00e3o masculina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71eb24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c71eb24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6192592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6192592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f84b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f84b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anne Birrell e Sarah Allan salientaram independentemente uma da outra que Xi Wangmu, enquanto figura divina, incorpora uma transi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o arcaica e m\u00e1gico-natural para uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o cortes\u00e3 e civilizacional.<\/p><p>Os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade n\u00e3o simbolizam apenas o poder sobre a vida e a morte; s\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m uma imagem de cultivo, pois o p\u00eassego \u00e9 um fruto conscientemente cultivado e representa, por isso, uma conquista civilizacional.<\/p><p>Nesta tens\u00e3o entre poder selvagem e dignidade cultivada reside um dos fundamentos do significado duradouro de Xi Wangmu para a religi\u00e3o chinesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da9250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7da9250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7e447a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7e447a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliografia complementar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a634e28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a634e28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes prim\u00e1rias: Shanhaijing (&#8220;Cl\u00e1ssico dos Montes e Mares&#8221;), livro &#8220;Montes Ocidentais&#8221;; Mu Tianzi Zhuan (s\u00e9culos IV-III a.C.); Huainanzi; relevos funer\u00e1rios Han de Sichuan e Shandong; textos Shangqing dos s\u00e9culos IV-VI; Xiyou Ji (Viagem ao Ocidente).<\/p>\n<p>Bibliografia secund\u00e1ria: Edward Schafer, &#8220;The Divine Woman&#8221;, San Francisco 1973; Suzanne Cahill, &#8220;Transcendence and Divine Passion. The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China&#8221;, Stanford 1993; Anne Birrell, &#8220;Chinese Mythology.<\/p><p>An Introduction&#8221;, Baltimore 1993; Stephen Bokenkamp, &#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221;, Berkeley 1997; Sarah Allan, &#8220;The Shape of the Turtle&#8221;, Albany 1991; Mark Lewis, &#8220;The Construction of Space in Early China&#8221;, Albany 2006.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6047f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b6047f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-515b864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"515b864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O monte Kunlun como lugar c\u00f3smico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fef03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5fef03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O monte Kunlun, onde Xi Wangmu reside segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> chinesa um lugar c\u00f3smico central.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista geogr\u00e1fico, \u00e9 geralmente identificado com o atual maci\u00e7o Kunlun no Xinjiang ou com as cadeias montanhosas do Tibete oriental; do ponto de vista mitol\u00f3gico, \u00e9 sobretudo uma montanha-eixo do mundo na vertical, compar\u00e1vel ao monte Meru da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o indiana ou ao Olimpo da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o grega.<\/p><p>No seu cume existe, segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o do Huainanzi, o &#8220;Jardim Suspenso&#8221; (Xuanpu), que sustenta os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade. Do Kunlun descem os principais rios chineses, entre os quais o Rio Amarelo, cuja nascente, segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e9poca Han, se localizaria na montanha.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer descreveu em pormenor em &#8220;Pacing the Void&#8221; (Berkeley 1977) como o Kunlun foi constru\u00eddo, na cosmografia dao\u00edsta das \u00e9pocas Han e Tang, como centro da geografia c\u00f3smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab463b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab463b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e74366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e74366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00e1ssaro de tr\u00eas patas e a raposa de nove caudas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aaea46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aaea46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os acompanhantes de Xi Wangmu, sobretudo na iconografia da \u00e9poca Han, formam um conjunto mitol\u00f3gico pr\u00f3prio. O p\u00e1ssaro de tr\u00eas pernas (sanzu wu) \u00e9 considerado o portador de alimentos da deusa; \u00e9 frequentemente identificado tamb\u00e9m com o Sol, no qual, segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional, habita um corvo de tr\u00eas pernas.<\/p><p>A raposa de nove caudas (jiuwei hu) \u00e9 um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou um significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de prosperidade c\u00f3smica e de bem-aventuran\u00e7a; nas narrativas posteriores, esta raposa assumiu tamb\u00e9m conota\u00e7\u00f5es ambivalentes, por vezes demon\u00edacas.<\/p><p>O coelho da Lua, que pila o elixir da imortalidade, \u00e9, segundo algumas vers\u00f5es, identificado com a mulher Chang&#8217;e, que recebeu o elixir de Xi Wangmu e o levou consigo para a Lua. Estas tr\u00eas figuras animais formam em conjunto a corte c\u00f3smica da Rainha-M\u00e3e e est\u00e3o representadas na sua companhia em numerosos relevos funer\u00e1rios da \u00e9poca Han.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83bf23e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83bf23e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1861bdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1861bdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xi Wangmu e a escola Shangqing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5de5307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5de5307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A escola Shangqing do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span>, fundada na d\u00e9cada de 360 no sul da China, atribuiu a Xi Wangmu um status especial. Segundo as revela\u00e7\u00f5es concedidas a Yang Xi e aos seus companheiros, ela \u00e9 a suprema mestra feminina da imortalidade.<\/p><p>Ter\u00e1 revelado v\u00e1rios textos centrais da escola, incluindo instru\u00e7\u00f5es sobre medita\u00e7\u00e3o respirat\u00f3ria, imagina\u00e7\u00e3o visual do corpo interior e absor\u00e7\u00e3o da luz das estrelas.<\/p><p>Suzanne Cahill traduziu e comentou em pormenor, em &#8220;Transcendence and Divine Passion&#8221; (Stanford 1993), os textos Shangqing sobre Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>Uma das suas observa\u00e7\u00f5es mais importantes \u00e9 que a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Shangqing permite \u00e0s praticantes femininas uma identifica\u00e7\u00e3o direta com Xi Wangmu, sem necessidade de media\u00e7\u00e3o por mestres masculinos. Esta configura\u00e7\u00e3o foi descrita na pesquisa hist\u00f3rico-religiosa como um dos raros espa\u00e7os de pr\u00e1tica dao\u00edsta de autonomia feminina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32649c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32649c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b9c39c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b9c39c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00eassego como s\u00edmbolo cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab018e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab018e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O p\u00eassego (tao), o atributo mais importante de Xi Wangmu, \u00e9 no contexto cultural chin\u00eas muito mais do que um simples fruto. Representa a longevidade, tem efic\u00e1cia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apotropaico: diz-se de sinais e objetos destinados a afastar influ\u00eancias prejudiciais.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span> (a madeira de p\u00eassego \u00e9 usada tradicionalmente para expulsar dem\u00f4nios) e simboliza fertilidade, juventude e gra\u00e7a feminina.<\/p><p>Nas celebra\u00e7\u00f5es de anivers\u00e1rio de membros mais idosos da fam\u00edlia, \u00e9 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o oferecer bolos em forma de p\u00eassego feitos em massa de arroz (shoutao, &#8220;p\u00eassegos da longevidade&#8221;). Esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o remonta \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o das Pantao de Xi Wangmu e constitui um bom exemplo de como uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa pode passar a um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos costumes transmitidos pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> cultural laico sem que a raiz religiosa precise estar explicitamente presente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e77517 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e77517\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b8a308 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b8a308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O encontro no Mu-Tianzi-Zhuan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45abd8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45abd8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O &#8220;Mu Tianzi Zhuan&#8221; (Registros do Filho do C\u00e9u Mu), texto provavelmente composto no final da \u00e9poca Zhou ou no in\u00edcio da \u00e9poca Han, descreve a lend\u00e1ria viagem do rei Mu da dinastia Zhou (que reinou c. 956-918 a.C.) \u00e0 resid\u00eancia de Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>O texto foi redescoberto em 281 d.C. numa sepultura real em Ji (Henan), estando, portanto, atestado arqueologicamente. Descreve em pormenor a viagem do rei para o ocidente, o encontro com Xi Wangmu no monte Kunlun e a troca de cantos po\u00e9ticos entre ambos.<\/p><p>Esta narrativa marca a transi\u00e7\u00e3o de Xi Wangmu de uma divindade selvagem e semib\u00e1rbara, nas camadas mais antigas, para uma rainha digna que trata o Filho do C\u00e9u de igual para igual. R\u00e9mi Mathieu traduziu e comentou o Mu Tianzi Zhuan em franc\u00eas em 1978.<\/p><p>A import\u00e2ncia cient\u00edfica do texto reside no fato de documentar a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o da deusa numa fase intermedi\u00e1ria: o ser selvagem com dentes de tigre do Shanhaijing j\u00e1 se encontra aqui atenuado, mas o pleno refinamento da \u00e9poca Han que a transformou em deusa cortes\u00e3 ainda n\u00e3o ocorreu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10145e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c10145e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99228bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99228bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os relevos Han e o motivo ocidental<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aafbe47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aafbe47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nos relevos funer\u00e1rios Han (s\u00e9culos I-III d.C.), Xi Wangmu \u00e9 uma das representa\u00e7\u00f5es mais frequentes. Senta-se tipicamente num trono, ladeada pelo p\u00e1ssaro de tr\u00eas pernas (san zu wu), pela raposa de nove caudas (jiu wei hu) e pelo coelho da Lua, que pila o elixir da imortalidade.<\/p><p>Estes animais acompanhantes s\u00e3o atributos iconogr\u00e1ficos can\u00f4nicos. Suzanne Cahill (&#8220;Transcendence and Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China&#8221;, Stanford 1993) analisou sistematicamente a iconografia Han e demonstrou que os relevos se concentram em duas regi\u00f5es principais: Shandong e Sichuan.<\/p><p>Os relevos de Sichuan provenientes das c\u00e2maras funer\u00e1rias de Cangshan e de outros locais s\u00e3o particularmente ricos em pormenores e representam Xi Wangmu numa corte do C\u00e9u Ocidental rodeada por numerosos imortais. Esta visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o tinha uma motiva\u00e7\u00e3o religioso-escatol\u00f3gica: esperava-se alcan\u00e7ar, no al\u00e9m, a presen\u00e7a de Xi Wangmu e obter a imortalidade na sua corte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddcc500 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddcc500\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-198facc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"198facc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O motivo do p\u00eassego no Han Wudi neizhuan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9300987 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9300987\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> das pereiras-de-p\u00eassego no jardim de Xi Wangmu, cujos frutos amadurecem apenas de 3000 em 3000 ou de 9000 em 9000 anos e conferem a imortalidade, \u00e9 uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Han mais antiga que recebeu a sua forma can\u00f4nica no &#8220;Han Wudi neizhuan&#8221; (Registros Internos do Imperador Wu dos Han, provavelmente s\u00e9culos IV-VI).<\/p><p>Neste texto relata-se como Xi Wangmu ofereceu sete p\u00eassegos ao imperador Han Wu (que reinou de 141 a 87 a.C.).<\/p><p>O imperador guardou os caro\u00e7os para cultiv\u00e1-los ele pr\u00f3prio, ao que Xi Wangmu respondeu que esses p\u00eassegos cresciam apenas no C\u00e9u Ocidental e n\u00e3o no mundo terreno.<\/p><p>Este epis\u00f3dio \u00e9 religioso-politicamente interessante, pois tematiza a tens\u00e3o entre o poder imperial e a imortalidade transcendente. No &#8220;Xiyou Ji&#8221; (Viagem ao Ocidente, s\u00e9culo XVI), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> foi retomado literariamente, com Sun Wukong saqueando a planta\u00e7\u00e3o de p\u00eassegos de Xi Wangmu e perturbando assim a c\u00e9lebre festa buc\u00f3lica dos deuses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab076aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab076aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070a91a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"070a91a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A escola Shangqing e a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o espiritual de Xi Wangmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1004c74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1004c74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na escola Shangqing do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa que se orienta pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> (fundada no s\u00e9culo IV d.C.), Xi Wangmu sofreu uma reinterpreta\u00e7\u00e3o espiritual. Tornou-se mestra dos imortais e guardi\u00e3 das revela\u00e7\u00f5es secretas.<\/p><p>Os textos Shangqing, em especial os &#8220;Escritos Verdadeiros do Grande Puro&#8221; (Shangqing Jing), descrevem como Xi Wangmu apareceu a Yang Xi (330-386) e a outros vision\u00e1rios no interior das montanhas e lhes transmitiu ensinamentos secretos.<\/p><p>Isabelle Robinet (&#8220;M\u00e9ditation tao\u00efste&#8221;, Paris 1979) e Edward Schafer (&#8220;Mirages on the Sea of Time&#8221;, Berkeley 1985) estudaram em profundidade a literatura vision\u00e1ria Shangqing. O refinamento de Xi Wangmu em suprema dao\u00edsta feminina est\u00e1 consumado nesta escola: ela se torna m\u00e3e de todas as imortais femininas e mestra de textos inici\u00e1ticos paradigm\u00e1ticos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa41cd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa41cd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d92d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d92d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00eassego como s\u00edmbolo de longevidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e41e4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e41e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O p\u00eassego \u00e9, no espa\u00e7o cultural chin\u00eas, um dos s\u00edmbolos mais proeminentes da longevidade. Esta simbologia remete diretamente para o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>Na arte das \u00e9pocas Ming e Qing, o p\u00eassego, ao lado do grou e do pinheiro, tornou-se uma cifra imag\u00e9tica consagrada para uma vida longa. Tamb\u00e9m na cultura moderna do mundo sin\u00f3fono, os p\u00eassegos s\u00e3o presentes de anivers\u00e1rio tradicionais para os mais idosos.<\/p><p>A religi\u00e3o popular interpreta ainda o p\u00eassego de forma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apotropaico: diz-se de sinais e objetos destinados a afastar influ\u00eancias prejudiciais.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span>: as espadas de madeira de p\u00eassego (taomu jian) s\u00e3o consideradas eficazes contra dem\u00f4nios. Esta fun\u00e7\u00e3o apotropaica est\u00e1 documentada no coment\u00e1rio ao Yijing e nos prontu\u00e1rios da \u00e9poca Han (Shuowen Jiezi). A pereira-de-p\u00eassego de Xi Wangmu n\u00e3o \u00e9, portanto, apenas um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou um significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da imortalidade, mas tamb\u00e9m do poder protetor cosmol\u00f3gico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eef0f8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eef0f8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa7c6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5aa7c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O lebre lunar e o elixir da imortalidade<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be3c720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be3c720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O coelho da Lua (Yutu) integra a corte de Xi Wangmu e pila na Lua o elixir da imortalidade num almofariz. Esta concep\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 documentada desde os relevos Han e \u00e9 transmitida de forma compar\u00e1vel na Coreia, no Jap\u00e3o e no Vietn\u00e3.<\/p><p>A associa\u00e7\u00e3o do coelho com a Lua e com a imortalidade \u00e9 possivelmente de origem centro-asi\u00e1tica e ter\u00e1 entrado no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cole\u00e7\u00e3o de escrituras sagradas reconhecida como vinculativa por uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e2none<\/span> chin\u00eas por meio da Rota da Seda.<\/p><p>O coelho aparece j\u00e1 nas hist\u00f3rias Jataka indianas e em mitos mongolo-turcos. Edward Schafer discutiu em v\u00e1rios estudos sobre a \u00e9poca Tang a difus\u00e3o transcontinental do motivo do coelho da Lua. No moderno Festival do Meio-Outono chin\u00eas (Zhongqiu Jie), o coelho da Lua \u00e9 uma figura imag\u00e9tica central, sobretudo na literatura infantil e na concep\u00e7\u00e3o das embalagens de mooncakes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95dbd08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"95dbd08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f7ec17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f7ec17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3e0453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3e0453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Quem \u00e9 Xi Wangmu?<\/strong> A &#8220;Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente&#8221;, uma das mais antigas figuras divinas femininas da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> chinesa. Ao longo da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, foi reinterpretada de uma divindade arcaica da peste a elegante doadora da imortalidade.<\/p>\n<p><strong>O que s\u00e3o os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade?<\/strong> As Pantao, que segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o amadurecem apenas de tr\u00eas mil em tr\u00eas mil, de seis mil em seis mil ou de nove mil em nove mil anos. Quem comer uma delas torna-se xian, um imortal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onde habita Xi Wangmu?<\/strong> No monte Kunlun, no long\u00ednquo Ocidente. Geograficamente, esta montanha \u00e9 geralmente identificada com o atual maci\u00e7o Kunlun no Xinjiang ou com o Tibete oriental; do ponto de vista mitol\u00f3gico, \u00e9 sobretudo uma montanha-eixo do mundo na vertical.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que rela\u00e7\u00e3o tem ela com o Imperador de Jade?<\/strong> Na cren\u00e7a popular chinesa posterior (a partir da \u00e9poca Song), \u00e9 venerada como consorte do Imperador de Jade. Esta associa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica tardia que re\u00fane dois complexos divinos originalmente distintos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Xi Wangmu, Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente Xi Wangmu, a &#8220;Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente&#8221;, \u00e9 uma das mais antigas e, ao mesmo tempo, mais complexas figuras divinas femininas da mitologia chinesa. Segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional, reside no monte Kunlun, no long\u00ednquo Ocidente, e possui os p\u00eassegos da imortalidade, que amadurecem de tr\u00eas mil em tr\u00eas mil ou de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3214,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Xi Wangmu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Xi Wangmu: Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Xi Wangmu, a Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente, guarda a pereira-de-p\u00eassego da imortalidade. Principal divindade dao\u00edsta, monte Kunlun: mito e culto.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"china","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-39416","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Xi Wangmu: Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Xi Wangmu, a Rainha-M\u00e3e do Ocidente, guarda a pereira-de-p\u00eassego da imortalidade. 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