{"id":38893,"date":"2026-07-28T13:41:04","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T13:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shamash-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T13:41:23","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T13:41:23","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"38893\" class=\"elementor elementor-38893 elementor-2081\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 o deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica.<\/p><p><strong>Deus do sol, guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a, luz sobre todas as coisas.<\/strong> Shamash (em sum\u00e9rio Utu) \u00e9 um dos deuses mais profundamente venerados da Mesopot\u00e2mia, n\u00e3o como fogo selvagem, mas como for\u00e7a radiante e constante da ordem. Diariamente percorre o c\u00e9u com o seu carro, v\u00ea tudo o que os homens fazem em segredo e leva todos a ju\u00edzo. Nenhum segredo escapa a Shamash, nenhuma injusti\u00e7a fica por expiar.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com compet\u00eancias definidas, for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, oferendas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ber\u00e7o da religi\u00e3o documentada, Sum\u00e9ria, Ac\u00e1dia, Babil\u00f4nia, Ass\u00edria (ca. 3500 a.C. at\u00e9 330 a.C.).\">Mesopot\u00e2mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1637\" alt=\"Shamash - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Em resumo: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal mesopot\u00e2mica, deus do sol e juiz divino<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Sum\u00e9ria (como Utu), Ac\u00e1dia\/Babil\u00f4nia\/Assur (como Shamash)<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: sol, luz do dia, direito, justi\u00e7a, verdade<br>Atributos principais: disco solar alado, serra (que corta o falso), cajado e anel<br>Principais centros de culto: Sippar (principal centro de culto, E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span>), Larsa, Ur, N\u00ednive<br>Irm\u00e3os: Sin (lua) como pai, Inanna\/Ishtar como irm\u00e3<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash est\u00e1 documentado desde o per\u00edodo proto-sumeriano (3.\u00ba mil\u00eanio a.C.); o deus do sol era a divindade principal de Sippar e de Larsa. Per\u00edodo de maior florescimento da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Shamash: \u00e9poca paleobabil\u00f4nica (a estela de Hammurabi, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira erguida na vertical, inscrita ou ilustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Estela<\/span>, mostra Shamash como juiz divino a entregar o c\u00f3digo de leis a Hammurabi).<\/p><p>Continuou a ser central no Imp\u00e9rio Neobabil\u00f4nico e ass\u00edrio. Com o decl\u00ednio do Imp\u00e9rio Babil\u00f4nico (s\u00e9c. I d.C.) extingue-se o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principais centros de culto: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (hoje Tell Abu Habba, ao norte de Babil\u00f4nia) com o templo do deus do sol, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> <em>E-babbar<\/em> (&#8220;Casa Branca&#8221;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (ao sul, igualmente com templo E-babbar, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span>), Babil\u00f4nia, N\u00ednive, Mari. As oferendas de cinza em milhares de t\u00famulos babil\u00f4nio-ass\u00edrios atestam o alcance do culto. Nos textos b\u00edblicos \u00e9 mencionado como <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = &#8220;Casa do Sol&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fontes centrais: a <em>Estela de Hammurabi, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira erguida na vertical, inscrita ou ilustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Estela<\/span><\/em> (ca. 1750 a.C., Shamash entrega a lei), <em>Codex Hammurabi<\/em>, pr\u00f3logo, o grande <em>Hino a Shamash<\/em> (paleobabil\u00f4nico), a t\u00e1bua de Nabu-apla-iddina (s\u00e9c. IX a.C., disco solar de Shamash pintado), t\u00e1buas de conjura\u00e7\u00e3o. Literatura secund\u00e1ria: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designa\u00e7\u00e3o e grafias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 representado como um homem imponente com diadema radiante ou coroa solar, frequentemente com um sol em forma de disco sobre a cabe\u00e7a. Est\u00e1 sentado em um trono ou de p\u00e9 no seu carro, puxado por dois cavalos em brasa.<\/p><p>Por vezes enverga uma aura de chamas ou est\u00e1 rodeado de raios de luz. A estrela-disco de oito pontas (o <em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span><\/em>) \u00e9 o seu sinal de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Um cajado de juiz ou uma espada da justi\u00e7a podem acompanh\u00e1-lo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 o deus do sol e da justi\u00e7a, duas for\u00e7as intimamente ligadas. Os ju\u00edzes rezavam a ele antes dos julgamentos para proferirem senten\u00e7as justas. Os doentes invocavam-no para a cura, pois o sol cura e purifica. O deus dos rios (Ea\/Enki) est\u00e1 sob a supervis\u00e3o de Shamash; a \u00e1gua necessita da luz solar para ser fecunda.<\/p><p>O seu templo principal era o <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Casa do Esplendor) em Sippar, um famoso centro de astronomia e ci\u00eancia jur\u00eddica. Diariamente, os sacerdotes ofereciam sacrif\u00edcios ao nascer do sol e rezavam pelo seu regresso. Shamash n\u00e3o era apenas venerado, mas amado, o mais confi\u00e1vel de todos os deuses.<\/p><h3>Apar\u00eancia e simbologia<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> \u00e9 representado como um homem barbudo em um disco solar ou rodeado de luz radiante. Veste frequentemente roupas reais e uma coroa que representa o disco solar. Na sua m\u00e3o segura por vezes um cetro da justi\u00e7a ou chamas do sol.<\/p><p>O seu corpo \u00e9 dourado e luminoso. O touro ou o cavalo s\u00e3o por vezes os seus animais sagrados, pois seguem o sol. <em>Shamash<\/em> \u00e9 frequentemente representado com asas ou auras de luz. Os quatro raios do sol s\u00e3o o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Shamash em uma s\u00f3 vis\u00e3o. Os campos a seguir resumem a origem, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o, a apar\u00eancia, a venera\u00e7\u00e3o, os s\u00edmbolos e os paralelos culturais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9 filho do deus da lua <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) e de <em>Ningal<\/em>, irm\u00e3o da deusa do amor e da guerra <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em>. Esposo de <em>Aya<\/em> (deusa do amanhecer). Na ordem teog\u00f4nica da segunda gera\u00e7\u00e3o do pante\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico. No Imp\u00e9rio Neobabil\u00f4nico, quase ao mesmo n\u00edvel de Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objeto de atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deus do sol e juiz divino. O seu olho tudo v\u00ea, pelo que governa sobre o crime e a justi\u00e7a. Os juramentos s\u00e3o prestados &#8220;perante Shamash&#8221;; as senten\u00e7as judiciais s\u00e3o <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (senten\u00e7as de Shamash). Juntamente com Adad (deus do tempo), principal proclamador das mensagens divinas (textos de agouro). Patrono dos viajantes (especialmente de dia) e da pr\u00e1tica divinat\u00f3ria. Protetor dos indefesos: vi\u00favas, \u00f3rf\u00e3os, escravos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfo, representado como figura masculina barbuda com alto diadema em forma de chap\u00e9u (frequentemente com disco solar) e longo manto de v\u00e1rias camadas. Atributos caracter\u00edsticos: <em>raios solares a sair dos ombros<\/em> (ou de um disco solar assente), <em>serra<\/em> (na m\u00e3o, que corta o falso), <em>cajado e anel<\/em> (ins\u00edgnias do julgamento).<\/p><p>Frequentemente sentado em um trono com os raios solares. Na estela de Hammurabi, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira erguida na vertical, inscrita ou ilustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Estela<\/span>, voltado para o rei, entregando-lhe o c\u00f3digo de leis. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00edmbolo<\/span>: disco solar alado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A a\u00e7\u00e3o de Shamash<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Shamash era invocado por ju\u00edzes, viajantes, adivinhos e por todos os que buscavam justi\u00e7a. Antes de audi\u00eancias judiciais, realizavam-se sacrif\u00edcios. Central na adivinha\u00e7\u00e3o: a haruspicina (exame do f\u00edgado) e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de sinais para conhecer o que est\u00e1 oculto ou o que est\u00e1 por vir.\" tabindex=\"0\">adivinha\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> do \u00f3leo sobre a \u00e1gua (lecanomancia) eram pr\u00e1ticas de Shamash. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> pessoal: antes de decis\u00f5es importantes, em viagens e em queixas judiciais. Sippar era destino de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o para peticion\u00e1rios de adivinha\u00e7\u00e3o e de justi\u00e7a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raios solares a sair dos ombros, disco solar alado, serra (que corta o falso), cajado e anel (ins\u00edgnias judiciais), alto diadema em forma de chap\u00e9u, longo manto, touro (animal secund\u00e1rio). Plantas: tamargueira. N\u00famero sagrado: 20. Dire\u00e7\u00e3o sagrada: leste (nascer do sol).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seres afins<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumeriano, precursor), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebraico), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egito, divindade solar principal), <em>Helios<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia), <em>Sol<\/em> (Roma), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (romano tardio), <em>S\u016brya<\/em> (hindu\u00edsmo), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Jap\u00e3o, deusa solar feminina), <em>Mithra<\/em> (persa, deus do sol e da justi\u00e7a). Funcionalmente: todos os ju\u00edzes divinos (Yama, Anubis, aspectos de Hades) compartilham fun\u00e7\u00f5es de Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituais de venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3><p>Shamash, deus do sol e da justi\u00e7a, tinha o seu principal centro de culto no templo E-babbar, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span>, em Sippar (e em Larsa). As oferendas di\u00e1rias ao nascer do sol (&#8220;nu\u1e2batim&#8221;, p\u00e3es cozidos, t\u00e2maras, cerveja) eram obriga\u00e7\u00e3o da classe sacerdotal <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>A festa do solst\u00edcio de ver\u00e3o <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> com <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma prociss\u00e3o religiosa solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span> da est\u00e1tua divina at\u00e9 a margem do Eufrates est\u00e1 documentada desde a \u00e9poca de Hammurabi (s\u00e9c. XVIII a.C.); tamb\u00e9m o pr\u00f3prio C\u00f3digo de Hammurabi come\u00e7a com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> de Shamash como garante da justi\u00e7a (cf. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Invoca\u00e7\u00f5es e hinos<\/h3><p>O &#8220;Grande Hino a Shamash&#8221; (BWL 121-138, Lambert), com mais de 200 linhas, \u00e9 um dos textos h\u00edmnicos mais centrais da religi\u00e3o ac\u00e1dica. As invoca\u00e7\u00f5es matinais di\u00e1rias come\u00e7avam com &#8220;\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t&#8221; (Shamash, condutor das quatro regi\u00f5es do mundo). Antes de processos judiciais, Shamash era invocado como testemunha.<\/p><h3>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3><p>S\u00edmbolos solares (disco solar alado, estrela de quatro pontas em c\u00edrculo) encontram-se em cilindros-selo babil\u00f4nicos (cf. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Placas solares de cornalina ou cristal de rocha eram usadas como prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra doen\u00e7as e injusti\u00e7a. O anel solar com doze raios (Babil\u00f4nia, s\u00e9c. VII a.C.) simboliza a onipresen\u00e7a de Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paralelos em outras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash se assemelha ao eg\u00edpcio Ra ou Aton; ambos s\u00e3o deuses solares com vis\u00e3o total. Com o grego Apolo compartilha aspectos de ordem e cura. O deus hebraico \u00e9 por vezes descrito com fun\u00e7\u00f5es de Shamash: o Todo-Vidente e Juiz.<\/p><p>Nas culturas indianas se assemelha a Surya, o deus do sol, ou a Mitra, o deus dos contratos e da justi\u00e7a. Shamash permanece em todas as culturas uma figura central da ordem e da luz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Codex Hammurapi e o sol como juiz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A liga\u00e7\u00e3o mais conhecida entre Shamash e a administra\u00e7\u00e3o real da justi\u00e7a \u00e9 o relevo no topo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira erguida na vertical, inscrita ou ilustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> do <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, hoje no Louvre. Representa o rei babil\u00f4nico Hammurapi de p\u00e9 diante de um deus entronizado.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga identificou durante muito tempo a figura como Shamash, porque ao deus crescem raios dos ombros e ele entrega um anel e um cajado, ins\u00edgnias que na iconografia mesopot\u00e2mica estavam associadas \u00e0 transfer\u00eancia de autoridade jur\u00eddica. Alguns pesquisadores propuseram alternativamente Marduk, mas os atributos dos raios apontam para Shamash.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista do conte\u00fado, a cena adequa-se \u00e0 autocompreens\u00e3o do texto. No pr\u00f3logo e no ep\u00edlogo do Codex, Hammurapi afirma repetidamente ter estabelecido o direito no pa\u00eds, e Shamash aparece a\u00ed como o deus que garante o direito e a justi\u00e7a.<\/p><p>O deus do sol v\u00ea tudo o que acontece durante o dia, e essa onisci\u00eancia tornava-o, na concep\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica, o garante natural do juramento, do contrato e da senten\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Esse papel \u00e9 anterior a Hammurapi. J\u00e1 em hinos sumerianos a Utu, o precursor de Shamash, o deus \u00e9 invocado para desvendar a injusti\u00e7a e assistir o oprimido. Em documentos judiciais e f\u00f3rmulas de juramento do segundo e do primeiro mil\u00eanio o seu nome aparece regularmente. Quem quebrava um juramento feito perante Shamash ficava sujeito \u00e0 sua puni\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre a met\u00e1fora da luz e a ideia de justi\u00e7a, a luz que traz o oculto \u00e0 superf\u00edcie, \u00e9 desenvolvida nas fontes de forma t\u00e3o coerente que pode ser considerada um tra\u00e7o fundamental da concep\u00e7\u00e3o divina mesopot\u00e2mica. Mostra ao mesmo tempo qu\u00e3o intimamente <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do modo como o mundo est\u00e1 estruturado e ordenado em uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> e ordem social estavam associadas nessa cultura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar e Larsa: os grandes centros de culto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash possu\u00eda dois templos principais; ambos recebiam o nome de <em>E-babbar<\/em>, a casa resplandecente ou branca. Um se situava em Sippar, no norte da Babil\u00f4nia, o outro em Larsa, no sul. Ambas as cidades foram consideradas durante mil\u00eanios os locais centrais do culto solar, e os seus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> foram restaurados e dotados por numerosos soberanos.<\/p><p>Para Sippar a situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes \u00e9 particularmente favor\u00e1vel. As escava\u00e7\u00f5es forneceram extensos arquivos templares do per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f4nico e neobabil\u00f4nico, que d\u00e3o acesso \u00e0 economia, administra\u00e7\u00e3o e pessoal do santu\u00e1rio. Um objeto muito citado \u00e9 a chamada t\u00e1bua solar de Nabu-apla-iddina, uma placa de pedra do s\u00e9culo IX antes da nossa era.<\/p><p>Mostra em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica em relevo trabalhada a partir de uma superf\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">relevo<\/span> Shamash entronizado e descreve no texto como o rei, ap\u00f3s um longo per\u00edodo de neglig\u00eancia, mandou executar uma nova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representa\u00e7\u00e3o figurada de uma divindade, venerada no templo ou santu\u00e1rio.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagem de culto<\/span> para o deus, depois de ter sido encontrado um antigo modelo em argila. O texto documenta assim tamb\u00e9m a preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o com o restabelecimento correto de uma imagem de culto perdida.<\/p><p>Em Larsa, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Shamash floresceu sob reis como Rim-Sin. Tamb\u00e9m aqui os soberanos mandaram renovar o E-babbar, e inscri\u00e7\u00f5es construtivas registram as suas funda\u00e7\u00f5es. A continuidade \u00e9 not\u00e1vel: ainda o rei neobabil\u00f4nico Nab\u00f4nides, conhecido sobretudo pelo seu apoio ao deus da lua Sin, se ocupou dos templos solares de ambas as cidades.<\/p><p>A duplica\u00e7\u00e3o dos centros de culto no norte e no sul reflete a estrutura geogr\u00e1fica da Babil\u00f4nia e assegurou ao deus do sol uma presen\u00e7a em todo o pa\u00eds, que o elevou acima das vincula\u00e7\u00f5es locais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash na adivinha\u00e7\u00e3o e na Epopeia de Gilgamesh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u00e9m do seu papel de juiz, Shamash era o deus da haruspicina e da pr\u00e1tica oracular. A haruspicina mesopot\u00e2mica, em que sacerdotes liam sinais no f\u00edgado de animais sacrificados, dirigia com frequ\u00eancia as suas consultas a Shamash em conjunto com o deus do tempo Adad.<\/p><p>Os chamados textos de consulta oracular, na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o frequentemente designados como textos <em>tamitu<\/em> ou consultas ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um local ou institui\u00e7\u00e3o onde se obt\u00e9m um pronunciamento divino.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1culo<\/span>, formulavam quest\u00f5es concretas, por exemplo, se uma campanha militar seria bem-sucedida, e pediam ao deus que inscrevesse a sua resposta nas entranhas. Assim, Shamash n\u00e3o era apenas aquele que desvendava a injusti\u00e7a existente, mas tamb\u00e9m aquele que revelava o que estava oculto acerca do futuro.<\/p><p>No <em>\u00c9pico de Gilgamesh<\/em>, Shamash surge como deus protetor dos her\u00f3is. Antes da expedi\u00e7\u00e3o contra Chumbaba, o guardi\u00e3o da floresta de cedros, Gilgamesh se dirige ao deus do sol e pede aux\u00edlio. Shamash envia ent\u00e3o ventos que atormentam Chumbaba e proporcionam aos her\u00f3is a vantagem decisiva.<\/p><p>Quando mais tarde Enkidu agoniza e profere a sua <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula verbal com a qual se pretende causar dano a uma pessoa ou coisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maldi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> contra a cortes\u00e3 que o introduziu na civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 Shamash quem o repreende e lhe recorda o bem que lhe aconteceu. Enkidu retira ent\u00e3o a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula verbal com a qual se pretende causar dano a uma pessoa ou coisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maldi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/p><p>Esses epis\u00f3dios mostram Shamash como uma inst\u00e2ncia ordenadora e moderadora dentro da narrativa. N\u00e3o interv\u00e9m de forma arbitr\u00e1ria, mas sustenta aqueles que a ele se dirigem e apela \u00e0 reflex\u00e3o quando amea\u00e7a a desmedida. Com isso, o seu papel no \u00e9pico integra-se na imagem global que os hinos e os textos jur\u00eddicos tra\u00e7am.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De Utu a Shamash: etimologia e ra\u00edzes sum\u00e9ricas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome Shamash \u00e9 a palavra ac\u00e1dica para sol e pertence a uma raiz sem\u00edtica comum que surge de forma afim tamb\u00e9m no hebraico como <em>schemesch<\/em>, no \u00e1rabe como <em>schams<\/em> e em outras l\u00ednguas sem\u00edticas. O deus e o corpo celeste partilham, portanto, o mesmo nome, o que sublinha a estreita rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre o fen\u00f4meno natural e a pessoa divina.<\/p><p>O predecessor sumeriano chamava-se Utu. Com a fus\u00e3o das religi\u00f5es sumeriana e ac\u00e1dica ao longo do terceiro e do segundo mil\u00eanio, Utu e Shamash foram em grande medida equiparados, sem que a figura mais antiga desaparecesse por completo. Em textos bil\u00edngues os dois nomes figuram lado a lado.<\/p><p>Utu era j\u00e1 em \u00e9poca sumeriana considerado filho do deus da lua Nanna e de Ningal, e irm\u00e3o de Inanna, a posterior Ischtar. Essas rela\u00e7\u00f5es familiares foram adotadas nos textos ac\u00e1dicos: Shamash \u00e9 filho de Sin e irm\u00e3o de Ischtar.<\/p><p>\u00c9 not\u00e1vel a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do sol como filho da lua. Em muitas outras mitologias, o sol \u00e9 considerado o astro de maior hierarquia ou mais antigo. A ordena\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica \u00e9 frequentemente explicada pelo fato de o deus da lua em Ur possuir um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> particularmente antigo e prestigiado.<\/p><p>A genealogia reflete assim mais a hist\u00f3ria dos centros de culto do que uma astronomia sistem\u00e1tica. Tamb\u00e9m a escrita do nome \u00e9 elucidativa: o signo do sol podia ser lido tanto em sumeriano como Utu, como em ac\u00e1dico como Shamash, de modo que os textos deixam muitas vezes em aberto qual a forma lingu\u00edstica que o escriba tinha em mente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o: o deus solar na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Antigo Oriente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash pertence \u00e0s divindades que se tornaram precocemente conhecidas de novo com a decifra\u00e7\u00e3o da escrita cuneiforme no s\u00e9culo XIX.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira erguida na vertical, inscrita ou ilustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> do <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, descoberta em 1901 e 1902 por uma expedi\u00e7\u00e3o francesa em Susa, tornou a imagem do deus entronizado com os raios nos ombros uma das representa\u00e7\u00f5es mais conhecidas do Antigo Oriente em geral. Est\u00e1 reproduzida em in\u00fameros manuais e continua a marcar at\u00e9 hoje a concep\u00e7\u00e3o popular da religi\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica.<\/span><\/p><p>No debate cient\u00edfico destacou-se durante muito tempo a quest\u00e3o de saber at\u00e9 que ponto o culto solar mesopot\u00e2mico estava ligado a concep\u00e7\u00f5es jur\u00eddicas e se essa liga\u00e7\u00e3o irradiou para culturas vizinhas.<\/p><p>Historiadores da religi\u00e3o discutiram paralelos com met\u00e1foras jur\u00eddicas da luz em textos sem\u00edticos ocidentais e b\u00edblicos, nomeadamente onde a justi\u00e7a e a salva\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o comparadas ao nascer do sol. Tais compara\u00e7\u00f5es devem ser conduzidas com cautela, uma vez que met\u00e1foras semelhantes podem surgir de forma independente; contudo, o conjunto de fontes mesopot\u00e2micas \u00e9 particularmente bem documentado.<\/p><p>Para a explora\u00e7\u00e3o moderna s\u00e3o fundamentais as edi\u00e7\u00f5es dos hinos e das ora\u00e7\u00f5es, entre as quais o grande Hino a Shamash, transmitido em v\u00e1rios testemunhos textuais, que exalta o deus de forma extensa como guardi\u00e3o onividente da justi\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Foi traduzido e comentado repetidamente e \u00e9 considerado um dos textos religiosos mais impressionantes da Mesopot\u00e2mia. Quem se dedica ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> mesopot\u00e2mico pode, a partir de Shamash, avan\u00e7ar para figuras afins, como o seu pai <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sin\/\">Sin<\/a> ou a sua irm\u00e3 <a href=\"\/pt-br\/ishtar\/\">Ischtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar, irm\u00e3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/marduk\/\">Marduk, hierarquicamente superior no pante\u00e3o neobabil\u00f4nico<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-mesopotamia\/\">Mesopot\u00e2mia, panorama do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-supremas\/\">Divindades supremas, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses\/\">Deuses, panorama das classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lema &#8220;Shamash&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shamash, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica Shamash \u00e9 o deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica. Deus do sol, guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a, luz sobre todas as coisas. Shamash (em sum\u00e9rio Utu) \u00e9 um dos deuses mais profundamente venerados da Mesopot\u00e2mia, n\u00e3o como fogo selvagem, mas como for\u00e7a radiante e constante da ordem. Diariamente percorre o c\u00e9u com o seu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash: Deus do sol e guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, deus do sol mesopot\u00e2mico e guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a. Papel no C\u00f3digo de Hammurabi, templos em Sippar e em Larsa, percurso di\u00e1rio pelo c\u00e9u.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-38893","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash: Deus do sol e guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, deus do sol mesopot\u00e2mico e guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a. 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