{"id":38830,"date":"2026-07-28T13:26:29","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T13:26:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/deuses-amerindios-wakan-tanka-e-as-primeiras-nacoes\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T13:26:47","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T13:26:47","slug":"native-american","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/native-american\/","title":{"rendered":"Deuses amer\u00edndios: Wakan Tanka e as Primeiras Na\u00e7\u00f5es"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"38830\" class=\"elementor elementor-38830 elementor-2565\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-hero iwg-kultur-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-hl iwg-kultur-hero-left e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deuses ind\u00edgenas norte-americanos, Wakan Tanka e o pante\u00e3o das Primeiras Na\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-leadc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-leadc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas dos povos ind\u00edgenas e amer\u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte s\u00e3o t\u00e3o diversas quanto as pr\u00f3prias l\u00ednguas e culturas: os Lakota nas Plan\u00edcies, os Hopi e os Pueblo no Sudoeste, os Navajo (Din\u00e9) como maior na\u00e7\u00e3o tribal, os Inuit no extremo Norte, os Cherokee no Sudeste, os Haida e os Tlingit na costa Noroeste.<\/p><p>Apesar da sua diversidade, muitas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es partilham refer\u00eancias ao Grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span>, conhecido entre os Lakota como Wakan Tanka, a guias espirituais animais, \u00e0 paisagem sagrada e a objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis.<\/p><p>As religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte, os seus deuses ind\u00edgenas norte-americanos e as suas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e3o no centro desta panor\u00e2mica.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">As Primeiras Na\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o partilham um pante\u00e3o comum; cada uma das muitas na\u00e7\u00f5es transmite os seus pr\u00f3prios deuses e esp\u00edritos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-hr iwg-kultur-hero-right e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-himg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-himg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_changing-woman-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2703\" alt=\"Changing Woman - G\u00f6tter aus der Native-american-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_changing-woman-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_changing-woman-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_changing-woman-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_changing-woman.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diversidade das \u00e1reas culturais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s0-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s0-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A antropologia divide tradicionalmente os ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte em \u00e1reas culturais: \u00c1rtico (Inuit, Yupik), Sub\u00e1rtico (Dene), Costa Noroeste (Haida, Tlingit, Kwakwaka&#8217;wakw), Planalto (Nez Perce), Plan\u00edcies (Lakota, Cheyenne, Crow, Blackfoot), Florestas do Leste (Iroquois, Cherokee, Algonkin), Sudoeste (Hopi, Pueblo, Navajo, Apache), Grande Bacia (Shoshone, Ute), Calif\u00f3rnia (Pomo, Chumash).<\/p><p>Cada \u00e1rea tem as suas pr\u00f3prias \u00eanfases religiosas, desde pr\u00e1ticas xam\u00e2nicas \u00e0 medicina das plantas, at\u00e9 \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a estrutura e a ordem do mundo no \u00e2mbito de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lakota, Wakan Tanka, Sun Dance, Vision Quest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s1-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s1-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os Lakota (uma das tr\u00eas l\u00ednguas principais dos Sioux) veneram Wakan Tanka, o &#8216;Grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span>&#8216; ou, mais precisamente, o &#8216;grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao divino e, por isso, retirado do uso cotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sagrado<\/span>&#8216;: um princ\u00edpio permeante que se manifesta em muitos aspectos. A Sun Dance \u00e9 o principal ritual anual de c\u00edrculo, combinando dan\u00e7a, jejum e prova\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00edsica.<\/p><p>A Vision Quest (Hanblecha), quatro dias de jejum em solid\u00e3o na natureza, assinala transi\u00e7\u00f5es de vida e o encontro pessoal com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span>. Importante objeto cerimonial: a Chanunpa (cachimbo sagrado), que a Mulher B\u00fafalo Branco trouxe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hopi e Pueblo, religi\u00e3o Kachina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s2-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s2-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entre os Hopi e os Pueblo do Sudoeste, os esp\u00edritos Kachina organizam a vida religiosa. Os Kachina s\u00e3o mediadores entre o mundo dos deuses e o dos humanos, encarnados em ciclos anuais de dan\u00e7a por dan\u00e7arinos mascarados.<\/p><p>Entre os Hopi existem mais de 300 figuras Kachina, cada uma com fun\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria (chuva, fertilidade, cura de doen\u00e7as, ensino dos jovens). Bonecos Kachina esculpidos em madeira de choupo servem a educa\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Pueblo conhece a Kiva como espa\u00e7o de reuni\u00e3o e inicia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navajo (Din\u00e9), Hozh\u00f3 e caminhos de cura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s3-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s3-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os Navajo denominam-se a si pr\u00f3prios Din\u00e9 (&#8216;o Povo&#8217;). No centro da sua religi\u00e3o est\u00e1 Hozh\u00f3: beleza, harmonia, equil\u00edbrio. Os mitos da cria\u00e7\u00e3o narram a ascens\u00e3o a partir de quatro mundos subterr\u00e2neos at\u00e9 ao mundo atual.<\/p><p>Os rituais de cura (Chants, Caminhos) como o Blessingway, o Enemyway e o Nightway s\u00e3o cerim\u00f4nias complexas de v\u00e1rios dias com pinturas de areia (Iik\u00e1\u00e1h), c\u00e2nticos e ora\u00e7\u00f5es. As pinturas de areia s\u00e3o destru\u00eddas ap\u00f3s utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o: existem para o ato de cura, n\u00e3o para a eternidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o: bolsas de medicina, apanhadores de sonhos, penas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s4-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s4-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os sacos de medicina (Medicine Bundle \/ Pouch), bolsas de couro com objetos sagrados adquiridos pessoalmente, s\u00e3o centrais em muitas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es das Plan\u00edcies e das florestas. Os apanhadores de sonhos (Dreamcatcher, originalmente de tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Ojibwe) pendurados sobre os locais de dormir filtram os sonhos atrav\u00e9s do seu padr\u00e3o de teia de aranha.<\/p><p>As penas de \u00e1guia s\u00e3o consideradas os objetos port\u00e1teis mais sagrados; a sua atribui\u00e7\u00e3o exige autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e ato merecido. A turquesa \u00e9 a pedra de prote\u00e7\u00e3o central no Sudoeste (tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de joalheria Navajo, Pueblo, Hopi). Fetiches de esp\u00edritos animais em pedra (Zuni) s\u00e3o utilizados na pr\u00e1tica do saco de medicina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-native-american-s-faq e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-native-american-s-faq\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-native-american-h-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-native-american-h-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes sobre os deuses ind\u00edgenas americanos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s4-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s4-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-native-american-t-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-native-american-t-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Quantos deuses ind\u00edgenas existem?<\/h3>\n<p>N\u00e3o existe uma \u00fanica religi\u00e3o ind\u00edgena; mais de 500 tribos das First Nations da Am\u00e9rica do Norte possuem, cada uma, as suas pr\u00f3prias religi\u00f5es. Os \u00edndios das Plan\u00edcies (Lakota, Cheyenne, Crow) centram-se em Wakan Tanka. As fam\u00edlias lingu\u00edsticas algonquinas (Cree, Ojibwe) em Manitou. Os \u00edndios Pueblo (Hopi, Zuni) nos esp\u00edritos Kachina. O Coyote-Trickster est\u00e1 amplamente difundido no Oeste americano. No total, existem centenas de divindades e esp\u00edritos distintos.<\/p>\n<h3>Quem \u00e9 Wakan Tanka?<\/h3>\n<p>Wakan Tanka (Lakota: Grande Mist\u00e9rio) \u00e9 o poder sagrado supremo dos Lakota-Sioux. Ao contr\u00e1rio do Deus crist\u00e3o, Wakan Tanka n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma pessoa, mas uma realidade que tudo permeia, com sete aspectos. O encontro com a Mulher B\u00fafalo Branco \u00e9 o mito fundador do cachimbo sagrado (Chanunpa) e dos sete ritos Lakota.<\/p>\n<h3>O que \u00e9 a Sun Dance?<\/h3>\n<p>A Sun Dance (Lakota: Wi Wanyang Wachipi) \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> mais importante dos \u00edndios das Plan\u00edcies, uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o solene que decorre segundo regras fixas.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f4nia<\/span> de quatro dias no solst\u00edcio de ver\u00e3o. Os dan\u00e7arinos abst\u00eam-se de comida e bebida; alguns s\u00e3o ligados por correias \u00e0 \u00e1rvore da dan\u00e7a solar atrav\u00e9s de espig\u00f5es de madeira presos na pele do peito. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> foi proibido pelo governo dos EUA em 1881 e voltou a ser legal em 1978 com o American Indian Religious Freedom Act.<\/p>\n<h3>Quem \u00e9 Coyote?<\/h3>\n<p>Coyote \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> Trickster de muitas tribos do Oeste da Am\u00e9rica do Norte (Navajo, Apache, Klamath, Maidu, entre outras), sendo simultaneamente criador e trapaceiro. Traz ao povo o fogo e as plantas de milho, mas \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m sedutor e mentiroso.<\/p><p>As suas hist\u00f3rias cont\u00eam frequentemente elementos er\u00f3ticos e obscenos, ao contr\u00e1rio dos contos ind\u00edgenas cristianizados destinados \u00e0s crian\u00e7as. Do ponto de vista dos estudos religiosos, Coyote \u00e9 o Trickster protot\u00edpico, aparentado com o Anansi-aranha da \u00c1frica Ocidental e com Loki da mitologia n\u00f3rdica.<\/p>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Quantos deuses ind\u00edgenas existem?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"N\u00e3o existe uma \u00fanica religi\u00e3o ind\u00edgena; mais de 500 tribos das First Nations da Am\u00e9rica do Norte possuem, cada uma, as suas pr\u00f3prias religi\u00f5es. Os \u00edndios das Plan\u00edcies (Lakota, Cheyenne, Crow) centram-se em Wakan Tanka. As fam\u00edlias lingu\u00edsticas algonquinas (Cree, Ojibwe) em Manitou. Os \u00edndios Pueblo (Hopi, Zuni) nos esp\u00edritos Kachina. O Coyote-Trickster est\u00e1 amplamente difundido no Oeste americano. No total, existem centenas de divindades e esp\u00edritos distintos.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Quem \u00e9 Wakan Tanka?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Wakan Tanka (Lakota: Grande Mist\u00e9rio) \u00e9 o poder sagrado supremo dos Lakota-Sioux. Ao contr\u00e1rio do Deus crist\u00e3o, Wakan Tanka n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma pessoa, mas uma realidade que tudo permeia, com sete aspectos. O encontro com a Mulher B\u00fafalo Branco \u00e9 o mito fundador do cachimbo sagrado (Chanunpa) e dos sete ritos Lakota.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"O que \u00e9 a Sun Dance?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A Sun Dance (Lakota: Wi Wanyang Wachipi) \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> mais importante dos \u00edndios das Plan\u00edcies, uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o solene que decorre segundo regras fixas.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f4nia<\/span> de quatro dias no solst\u00edcio de ver\u00e3o. Os dan\u00e7arinos abst\u00eam-se de comida e bebida; alguns s\u00e3o ligados por correias \u00e0 \u00e1rvore da dan\u00e7a solar atrav\u00e9s de espig\u00f5es de madeira presos na pele do peito. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> foi proibido pelo governo dos EUA em 1881 e voltou a ser legal em 1978 com o American Indian Religious Freedom Act.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Quem \u00e9 Coyote?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Coyote \u00e9 o Trickster-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> de muitas tribos do Oeste da Am\u00e9rica do Norte (Navajo, Apache, Klamath, Maidu, entre outras), sendo simultaneamente criador e trapaceiro. Traz ao povo o fogo e as plantas de milho, mas \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m sedutor e mentiroso. As suas hist\u00f3rias cont\u00eam frequentemente elementos er\u00f3ticos e obscenos, ao contr\u00e1rio dos contos ind\u00edgenas cristianizados destinados \u00e0s crian\u00e7as. Do ponto de vista dos estudos religiosos, Coyote \u00e9 o Trickster protot\u00edpico, aparentado com o Anansi-aranha da \u00c1frica Ocidental e com Loki da mitologia n\u00f3rdica.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sweat Lodge, ritual do cachimbo, peiote<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s5-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s5-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Sweat Lodge (Inipi em Lakota) \u00e9 uma pr\u00e1tica de purifica\u00e7\u00e3o pan-ind\u00edgena: uma tenda abaulada de baixa altura feita de vimes, com pedras quentes e \u00e1gua, quatro rondas com ora\u00e7\u00f5es, c\u00e2nticos de cura e reflex\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o solene que decorre segundo regras fixas.\" tabindex=\"0\">cerim\u00f4nia<\/span> do cachimbo (Pipe Ceremony) santifica assembleias e tratados. A Native American Church (fundada em 1918) utiliza o peiote (Lophophora williamsii) como medicina vegetal sacramental e \u00e9 hoje uma grande organiza\u00e7\u00e3o com <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u00e7\u00e3o atual e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s6-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s6-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cerca de 5,6 milh\u00f5es de Native Americans vivem hoje nos EUA e outros cerca de 2 milh\u00f5es no Canad\u00e1. A liberdade religiosa s\u00f3 foi garantida de forma expressa pelo American Indian Religious Freedom Act de 1978; at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o, muitas pr\u00e1ticas estavam proibidas.<\/p><p>Obras cient\u00edficas de refer\u00eancia: Ake Hultkrantz, <em>The Religions of the American Indians<\/em>, Sam Gill, Joel Martin, Vine Deloria Jr. (perspetiva ind\u00edgena).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp272f9782 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp272f9782\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2db7ec3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2db7ec3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1reas culturais e a diversidade das na\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c9c87c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c9c87c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cad2b1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cad2b1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A ideia de uma \u00fanica religi\u00e3o dos Native Americans \u00e9 uma simplifica\u00e7\u00e3o que a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o h\u00e1 muito reconhece como problem\u00e1tica. Na Am\u00e9rica do Norte existiram e existem centenas de na\u00e7\u00f5es independentes, com l\u00ednguas, formas sociais e concep\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas pr\u00f3prias. N\u00e3o existe uma \u00fanica religi\u00e3o ind\u00edgena, tal como n\u00e3o existe uma \u00fanica religi\u00e3o europeia.<\/p><p>Para organizar esta diversidade, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00eancia que estuda comparativamente culturas e sociedades.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologia<\/span> utiliza o conceito de \u00e1reas culturais, ou seja, regi\u00f5es mais amplas com condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais e tra\u00e7os culturais semelhantes.<\/p><p>\u00c9 habitual distinguir, por exemplo, a Costa Noroeste, a \u00e1rea da Calif\u00f3rnia, o Planalto, as Grandes Plan\u00edcies, o Sub\u00e1rtico, o \u00c1rtico, o Sudoeste, o Sudeste e as Florestas do Nordeste. Esta divis\u00e3o \u00e9 um instrumento de an\u00e1lise, n\u00e3o uma autodefini\u00e7\u00e3o ind\u00edgena.<\/p><p>Mesmo dentro de uma mesma \u00e1rea existem grandes diferen\u00e7as. No Sudoeste, por exemplo, as comunidades Pueblo sedent\u00e1rias dos Hopi e Zuni, com os seus ritos de Kiva e dan\u00e7arinos mascarados, distinguem-se claramente dos Din\u00e9, os Navajo, cujas cerim\u00f4nias de cura e pinturas de areia obedecem a uma l\u00f3gica pr\u00f3pria.<\/p><p>Na Costa Noroeste, a religi\u00e3o foi marcada pela pesca do salm\u00e3o, pelos festivais Potlatch e por um complexo sistema de emblemas e hierarquias; nas Grandes Plan\u00edcies, pelo contr\u00e1rio, pela ca\u00e7a ao bis\u00e3o, pela vis\u00e3o de busca e por cerim\u00f4nias como a dan\u00e7a do sol.<\/p><p>Uma apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e9ria deve, por isso, perguntar sempre de que na\u00e7\u00e3o, de que regi\u00e3o e de que \u00e9poca se fala. Afirma\u00e7\u00f5es gen\u00e9ricas sobre espiritualidade ind\u00edgena n\u00e3o fazem jus ao seu objeto. Temas afins s\u00e3o tratados nas p\u00e1ginas dedicadas a seres individuais deste espa\u00e7o cultural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26746451 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26746451\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2331554d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2331554d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padr\u00f5es recorrentes de representa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ff0d8b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ff0d8b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2435d678 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2435d678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apesar de toda a diversidade, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel identificar alguns padr\u00f5es de concep\u00e7\u00e3o que surgem em muitas, mas n\u00e3o em todas, as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es norte-americanas. \u00c9 frequente a ideia de que n\u00e3o s\u00f3 os seres humanos, mas tamb\u00e9m os animais, as plantas, os lugares e as for\u00e7as da natureza podem ser pessoas dotadas de vontade pr\u00f3pria.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o fala aqui de uma ontologia relacional ou pessoal, na qual a fronteira entre o humano e o n\u00e3o humano \u00e9 perme\u00e1vel.<\/p><p>Encontra-se frequentemente a concep\u00e7\u00e3o de uma for\u00e7a ou mist\u00e9rio que tudo permeia, designada de forma diferente em cada tradi\u00e7\u00e3o. Tais conceitos s\u00e3o dif\u00edceis de traduzir, e as antigas interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es como &#8216;grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>&#8216; distorcem muitas vezes mais do que explicam. Os termos pertencem ao seu contexto lingu\u00edstico e cultural espec\u00edfico.<\/p><p>Muito difundida \u00e9 a figura do <em>Trickster<\/em>, um ser amb\u00edguo que \u00e9 simultaneamente portador de cultura e perturbador da ordem, e que aparece, consoante a regi\u00e3o, como coiote, corvo, aranha ou lontra. As narrativas do Trickster explicam a origem do mundo e da ordem, mas transgridem ao mesmo tempo as normas e mostram os seus limites.<\/p><p>Igualmente frequente \u00e9 a vis\u00e3o de busca, um empenho geralmente acompanhado de jejum e isolamento para alcan\u00e7ar um encontro marcante com um poder protetor. Al\u00e9m disso, os rituais de cura e purifica\u00e7\u00e3o desempenham um papel importante, como a cabana de suor, bem como as festividades comunit\u00e1rias de car\u00e1ter calend\u00e1rio. Importa sublinhar que cada um destes padr\u00f5es tem, em cada na\u00e7\u00e3o, uma express\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria, regras pr\u00f3prias e significados pr\u00f3prios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp224447f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp224447f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp203f136e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp203f136e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Registro escrito, hist\u00f3ria da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e cr\u00edtica das fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2481166d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2481166d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf90ac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2bf90ac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es norte-americanas foram transmitidas oralmente. As fontes escritas prov\u00eam, por isso, quase sempre de pessoas externas: mission\u00e1rios, viajantes, funcion\u00e1rios administrativos e, mais tarde, etn\u00f3logos. Cada uma destas fontes transporta o ponto de vista e os interesses dos seus autores, o que torna a cr\u00edtica das fontes uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o fundamental para qualquer abordagem ao tema.<\/p><p>Um papel importante, mas ambivalente, desempenhou a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00eancia que estuda comparativamente culturas e sociedades.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologia<\/span> americana em torno de Franz Boas e dos seus disc\u00edpulos no final do s\u00e9culo XIX e in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>Recolheram em grande escala narrativas, c\u00e2nticos e descri\u00e7\u00f5es rituais, frequentemente partindo do pressuposto de que documentavam um mundo em vias de extin\u00e7\u00e3o. A esta abordagem deve a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o um vasto material, mas ela nasceu tamb\u00e9m da concep\u00e7\u00e3o err\u00f4nea do &#8216;\u00edndio em desaparecimento&#8217;.<\/p><p>\u00c9 igualmente problem\u00e1tico o fato de muitos registros terem sido feitos sem o consentimento das comunidades e de, em parte, terem fixado saberes que estavam reservados aos iniciados. Investigadores e comunidades ind\u00edgenas de hoje reivindicam, por isso, o direito de participar nas decis\u00f5es sobre o que pode ser investigado, publicado e exposto. Legisla\u00e7\u00e3o como a que regula o tratamento norte-americano de ossadas e objetos rituais trouxe altera\u00e7\u00f5es neste dom\u00ednio.<\/p><p>Acresce uma hist\u00f3ria de apropria\u00e7\u00e3o popular. Desde o s\u00e9culo XIX, as concep\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas foram romantizadas, reelaboradas na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termo coletivo para doutrinas que reivindicam um saber oculto, acess\u00edvel apenas aos iniciados.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteria<\/span> e misturadas com elementos inventados, como, por exemplo, a constru\u00e7\u00e3o amplamente difundida, mas tardia e em parte n\u00e3o ind\u00edgena, dos animais de poder.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> distingue, por isso, cuidadosamente entre as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es hist\u00f3ricas e atuais de cada na\u00e7\u00e3o e aquilo que o Ocidente delas fez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e2cb90a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2e2cb90a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274f0d22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp274f0d22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Press\u00e3o colonial, novos movimentos e revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21fd34af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21fd34af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6864ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6864ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A hist\u00f3ria religiosa do Norte da Am\u00e9rica ind\u00edgena desde a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 marcada por uma press\u00e3o massiva. A perda de terras, a deporta\u00e7\u00e3o, as epidemias e pol\u00edticas deliberadas atingiram os alicerces religiosos de muitas na\u00e7\u00f5es. Nos Estados Unidos e no Canad\u00e1, crian\u00e7as ind\u00edgenas foram levadas, durante gera\u00e7\u00f5es, para internatos onde as l\u00ednguas e as cerim\u00f4nias eram proibidas. Determinados rituais chegaram a ser legalmente interditos.<\/p><p>Sob esta press\u00e3o surgiram tamb\u00e9m novos movimentos religiosos. No s\u00e9culo XIX difundiu-se a Dan\u00e7a dos Esp\u00edritos, um movimento prof\u00e9tico que esperava uma renova\u00e7\u00e3o do mundo e o regresso dos mortos, cuja repress\u00e3o culminou, em 1890, no massacre de Wounded Knee.<\/p><p>Aproximadamente na mesma \u00e9poca nasceu a Native American Church, que combina o uso ritual do cacto peiote com elementos crist\u00e3os e \u00e9 hoje uma comunidade religiosa reconhecida e supra-regional.<\/p><p>S\u00f3 no s\u00e9culo XX mais tardio melhorou a situa\u00e7\u00e3o jur\u00eddica. Nos Estados Unidos, o American Indian Religious Freedom Act de 1978 colocou expressamente o livre exerc\u00edcio da religi\u00e3o sob prote\u00e7\u00e3o, ainda que a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica, nomeadamente no acesso a locais sagrados, continue a ser objeto de controv\u00e9rsia.<\/p><p>A partir dos anos 1970 observa-se uma ampla revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o. As na\u00e7\u00f5es desenvolvem programas lingu\u00edsticos, retomam cerim\u00f4nias e reclamam a devolu\u00e7\u00e3o de objetos sacros e ossos de antepassados que se encontram em museus.<\/p><p>Ao mesmo tempo, muitas comunidades delimitam-se firmemente contra a apropria\u00e7\u00e3o comercial da sua religi\u00e3o por parte de pessoas externas. Uma apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o adequada mostra, por isso, a religi\u00e3o ind\u00edgena na Am\u00e9rica do Norte como uma realidade viva, sustentada por na\u00e7\u00f5es independentes, e n\u00e3o como um cap\u00edtulo hist\u00f3rico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-nativeameric-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgha-nativeameric-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-nativeameric-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgha-nativeameric-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seres desta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o (10)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-nativeameric-gc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgha-nativeameric-gc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgha-nativeameric-grid elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgha-nativeameric-grid\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/changing-woman\/\" aria-label=\"Changing Woman: deusa do ciclo da vida dos navajos\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_changing-woman-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Changing Woman: deusa do ciclo da vida dos navajos\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Changing Woman: deusa do ciclo da vida dos navajos<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/coyote\/\" aria-label=\"Coyote: trapaceiro dos \u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_coyote-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Coyote: trapaceiro dos \u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Coyote: trapaceiro dos \u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/iktomi\/\" aria-label=\"Iktomi: trapaceiro e esp\u00edrito-aranha dos lakota\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_iktomi-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Iktomi: trapaceiro e esp\u00edrito-aranha dos lakota\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Iktomi: trapaceiro e esp\u00edrito-aranha dos lakota<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/kachina\/\" aria-label=\"Kachina: esp\u00edrito ajudante dos povos Hopi e Pueblo\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Kachina: esp\u00edrito ajudante dos povos Hopi e Pueblo\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Kachina: esp\u00edrito ajudante dos povos Hopi e Pueblo<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/spider-grandmother\/\" aria-label=\"Spider Grandmother, av\u00f3 criadora dos povos pueblo\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_spider-grandmother-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Spider Grandmother, av\u00f3 criadora dos povos pueblo\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Spider Grandmother, av\u00f3 criadora dos povos pueblo<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/thunderbird\/\" aria-label=\"Thunderbird: p\u00e1ssaro do trov\u00e3o dos \u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_thunderbird-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Thunderbird: p\u00e1ssaro do trov\u00e3o dos \u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Thunderbird: p\u00e1ssaro do trov\u00e3o dos \u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/tunkasila-avo-ceu\/\" aria-label=\"Tunkasila, av\u00f4 c\u00e9u dos lakota\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Tunkasila, av\u00f4 c\u00e9u dos lakota\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Tunkasila, av\u00f4 c\u00e9u dos lakota<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/wakan-tanka\/\" aria-label=\"Wakan Tanka, o grande poder sagrado dos lakota\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Wakan Tanka, o grande poder sagrado dos lakota\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Wakan Tanka, o grande poder sagrado dos lakota<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/wendigo\/\" aria-label=\"Wendigo, esp\u00edrito canibal dos povos da floresta da Am\u00e9rica do Norte\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_wendigo-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Wendigo, esp\u00edrito canibal dos povos da floresta da Am\u00e9rica do Norte\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Wendigo, esp\u00edrito canibal dos povos da floresta da Am\u00e9rica do Norte<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/white-buffalo-calf-woman\/\" aria-label=\"White Buffalo Calf Woman: a mulher sagrada dos lakota\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_white-buffalo-calf-woman-200x300.webp\" alt=\"White Buffalo Calf Woman: a mulher sagrada dos lakota\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">White Buffalo Calf Woman: a mulher sagrada dos lakota<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 Para o ser<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-kwd-c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-kwd-c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Lakota Hopi Navajo Din\u00e9 Cherokee Haida Tlingit Inuit Manitou Wakan Tanka Sun Dance Vision Quest Medicine Bundle Dreamcatcher Kachina.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-native-american\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o nesta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte (Lakota, Hopi, Navajo e muitas outras) conhecem sacos de medicina (Medicine Bundle), apanhadores de sonhos, penas de \u00e1guia e fetiches de esp\u00edritos animais em pedra como objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis; os adornos de turquesa dos Pueblo do Sudoeste s\u00e3o muito estimados.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard retoma essa linha hist\u00f3rico-cultural de objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis e representa uma forma contempor\u00e2nea dela, em uma arquitetura de materiais fabricada na Alemanha: 41 n\u00edveis de ouro genu\u00edno, platina e prata. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=kultur-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico. Sem promessas de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcn-nativeamer-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgcn-nativeamer-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00eautico. Os conte\u00fados de ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o cultural e hist\u00f3rica, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-nativeamerican e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-nativeamerican\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-nativeamerican-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-nativeamerican-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o das culturas ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-nativeamerican-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-nativeamerican-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O l\u00e9xico dos s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o trata v\u00e1rios sinais e objetos das culturas ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte em p\u00e1ginas pr\u00f3prias: <a href=\"\/pt-br\/apanhador-de-sonhos\/\">Apanhador de Sonhos<\/a>. Uma vis\u00e3o panor\u00e2mica sobre as culturas \u00e9 oferecida na p\u00e1gina dedicada aos <a href=\"\/pt-br\/simbolos-protetores\/\">s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deuses ind\u00edgenas norte-americanos, Wakan Tanka e o pante\u00e3o das Primeiras Na\u00e7\u00f5es As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas dos povos ind\u00edgenas e amer\u00edndios da Am\u00e9rica do Norte s\u00e3o t\u00e3o diversas quanto as pr\u00f3prias l\u00ednguas e culturas: os Lakota nas Plan\u00edcies, os Hopi e os Pueblo no Sudoeste, os Navajo (Din\u00e9) como maior na\u00e7\u00e3o tribal, os Inuit no extremo Norte, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2703,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"deuses ind\u00edgenas","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Deuses Ind\u00edgenas: Wakan Tanka e as First Nations","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Deuses dos ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte: Wakan Tanka (Lakota), Manitou (Algonkin), Awonawilona (Zuni). Sun Dance, Pipe Ceremony e Coyote-Trickster.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-38830","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Deuses Ind\u00edgenas: Wakan Tanka e as First Nations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Deuses dos ind\u00edgenas da Am\u00e9rica do Norte: Wakan Tanka (Lakota), Manitou (Algonkin), Awonawilona (Zuni). 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