{"id":38755,"date":"2026-07-28T13:08:58","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T13:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tupilak-espirito-de-vinganca-artificial-dos-inuites-da-groenlandia\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T13:09:19","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T13:09:19","slug":"tupilak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/tupilak\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak: esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a artificial dos inu\u00edtes da Groenl\u00e2ndia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"38755\" class=\"elementor elementor-38755 elementor-2657\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak: esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a produzido artificialmente na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da Groenl\u00e2ndia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Tupilak \u00e9, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos Inuit da Groenl\u00e2ndia, um ser artificialmente produzido e deliberadamente utilizado, feito de restos de animais e de seres humanos, com o qual um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem se atribui a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e3<\/span> pretendia prejudicar ou matar um inimigo. Atualmente, o termo \u00e9 sobretudo conhecido internacionalmente como figura esculpida em osso ou pedra. Do ponto de vista das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o, pertence \u00e0 rara classe dos esp\u00edritos de agress\u00e3o fabricados.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Inuit.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/inuit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Inuit.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito de dano artificial.\">Esp\u00edrito de dano artificial<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2881\" alt=\"Tupilak - Geister aus der Inuit-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e perfil resumido<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o, o Tupilak pertence ao raro grupo dos seres espirituais fabricados.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sedna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sila\/\">Sila<\/a> ou <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tornarssuk\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, que s\u00e3o considerados poderes c\u00f3smicos ou auxiliares dados, o Tupilak \u00e9 um constructo conscientemente fabricado que serve a um prop\u00f3sito concreto: causar dano a um inimigo. Esta dimens\u00e3o construtiva distingue-o fundamentalmente de todos os outros lemas do pante\u00e3o inuit.<\/p><p>As fontes sobre o Tupilak concentram-se na Groenl\u00e2ndia, em particular na costa leste e na ba\u00eda de Disko, e abrangem desde o s\u00e9culo XVIII com Hans Egede, passando por Henrik Rink no s\u00e9culo XIX, at\u00e9 William Thalbitzer e Robert Petersen no s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m no \u00c1rtico canadense central est\u00e3o documentados termos afins como <em>tupilaq<\/em> ou <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, embora com significados parcialmente distintos. A especificidade regional \u00e9 cientificamente reveladora.<\/p><p>Hoje o Tupilak existe em dois planos em paralelo: como conceito hist\u00f3rico de um ser de dano efetivamente fabricado e magicamente animado, e como designa\u00e7\u00e3o das figuras esculpidas em marfim de morsa, chifre de rena e osso, que desde a d\u00e9cada de 1880 se desenvolveram como forma de artesanato art\u00edstico groenland\u00eas. Esta dupla camada torna qualquer discuss\u00e3o sobre o Tupilak metodologicamente exigente e requer uma cuidadosa diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>No caso do Tupilak, a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente ampliou seus instrumentos metodol\u00f3gicos, combinando rigor etnogr\u00e1fico, cr\u00edtica lingu\u00edstica das fontes e perspectiva comparativa. Este aperfei\u00e7oamento \u00e9 aqui particularmente necess\u00e1rio, porque representa\u00e7\u00f5es ocidentais mais antigas sensacionalizavam frequentemente o ser de dano artificialmente fabricado; a comunidade de saberes Inuit, hoje ela pr\u00f3pria participante na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, corrige tais atribui\u00e7\u00f5es, em parte de cunho colonial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia e hist\u00f3ria da palavra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimologicamente, <em>tupilak<\/em> ou <em>tupilaq<\/em> deriva do radical <em>tupi-<\/em>, que em v\u00e1rias l\u00ednguas inuit significa ancestral ou alma de um morto. Tupilak significaria assim, literalmente, algo como figura ancestral ou criatura espiritual. Robert Petersen, nos seus estudos de hist\u00f3ria lingu\u00edstica, estabeleceu o parentesco com termos relativos ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> de um falecido, criando assim uma ponte lingu\u00edstica para o mundo dos mortos dos Inuit.<\/p><p>Na l\u00edngua groenlandesa existe tamb\u00e9m o plural <em>tupilait<\/em>, que designa o conjunto destes seres. No uso moderno da l\u00edngua, o significado expandiu-se e \u00e9 frequentemente traduzido como figura aterradora ou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> mal\u00e9volo, o que abrevia o significado original e faz perder a dimens\u00e3o espec\u00edfica de constru\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta abrevia\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser tratada criticamente do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico.<\/p><p>\u00c9 not\u00e1vel que o Tupilak n\u00e3o tenha conota\u00e7\u00e3o negativa na etimologia. A valora\u00e7\u00e3o negativa decorre da fun\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o da palavra em si.<\/p><p>Um Tupilak n\u00e3o \u00e9 mau por natureza, mas \u00e9 utilizado para fins de agress\u00e3o. Esta neutralidade \u00e9tica da palavra em si \u00e9 cientificamente interessante, porque mostra que a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o moral s\u00f3 emerge pelo uso intencional.<\/p><p>\u00c9 igualmente pertinente o olhar sociorreligioso sobre o papel que o Tupilak desempenhava na ordem social da comunidade Inuit tradicional.<\/p><p>Uma vez que tal ser era dirigido deliberadamente contra um inimigo, nele se pode ler com particular clareza que a estrutura religiosa n\u00e3o estava separada da pr\u00e1tica social, mas intimamente entrela\u00e7ada com ela. Este entrela\u00e7amento constitui um campo de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3prio da antropologia da religi\u00e3o, trabalhado sistematicamente sobretudo por Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand e Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Confec\u00e7\u00e3o na pr\u00e1tica tradicional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes etnogr\u00e1ficas, em particular as de Henrik Rink e William Thalbitzer, descrevem detalhadamente o fabrico de um Tupilak. Um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem se atribui a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e3<\/span> que pretendia prejudicar um inimigo recolhia secretamente componentes: ossos de diferentes animais, cabelos, tend\u00f5es e, por vezes, fragmentos de cad\u00e1veres ou da roupa do pr\u00f3prio inimigo.<\/p><p>Estes componentes eram reunidos num local isolado, frequentemente numa fenda de rocha ou gruta, e montados numa figura.<\/p><p>Sobre esta figura eram entoados c\u00e2nticos e invoca\u00e7\u00f5es. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem se atribui a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e3<\/span> amamentava o ser a partir da sua axila ou do seu rega\u00e7o e transferia-lhe for\u00e7a vital. Em seguida, a figura era lan\u00e7ada \u00e0 \u00e1gua ou \u00e0 neve para procurar e matar o inimigo.<\/p><p>Se o inimigo fosse ele pr\u00f3prio um poderoso <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem se atribui a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e3<\/span>, poderia repelir o Tupilak ou mesmo devolv\u00ea-lo contra o seu criador, o que conferia \u00e0 pr\u00e1tica um risco consider\u00e1vel.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, esta pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 interessante porque assenta numa teoria da anima\u00e7\u00e3o de restos org\u00e2nicos e inorg\u00e2nicos, entrela\u00e7ada com a doutrina xam\u00e2nica dos esp\u00edritos auxiliares. O Tupilak \u00e9 uma forma de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> construtiva que, no cosmos inuit, \u00e9 simultaneamente permitida e eticamente onerosa. Do ponto de vista da fenomenologia da religi\u00e3o, trata-se de uma forma mista de magia de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e de anima\u00e7\u00e3o de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>.<\/p><p>O pr\u00f3prio fabrico era um ato perigoso. Quem fosse descoberto arriscava a exclus\u00e3o social, a vingan\u00e7a da fam\u00edlia do inimigo ou a morte pelo seu pr\u00f3prio Tupilak. Esta estrutura de risco estabilizava a ordem social e tornava o recurso aos Tupilaks uma exce\u00e7\u00e3o e n\u00e3o uma regra, ainda que as narrativas criem a impress\u00e3o de uma pr\u00e1tica mais frequente.<\/p><p>Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com outras pr\u00e1ticas xam\u00e2nicas dos Inuit, o fabrico do Tupilak est\u00e1 descrito com um detalhe excepcional, porque era considerado uma anomalia perigosa e, por isso, suscitava nos etn\u00f3grafos um interesse particular junto dos seus informantes. Esta distor\u00e7\u00e3o da situa\u00e7\u00e3o das fontes deve ser refletida cientificamente, pois pode ampliar a percep\u00e7\u00e3o da pr\u00e1tica do Tupilak para al\u00e9m do que ela ter\u00e1 sido na realidade.<\/p><p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia comparada das religi\u00f5es<\/span>, o Tupilak \u00e9 lido como parte de uma topografia religiosa circumpolar que se repete ao longo de milhares de quil\u00f4metros com uma estrutura surpreendentemente est\u00e1vel. Esta estabilidade estrutural \u00e9 considerada, do ponto de vista da fenomenologia da religi\u00e3o, um dos achados mais not\u00e1veis da disciplina e continua a ser debatida de forma controversa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contrapr\u00e1ticas apotropaicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contra o Tupilak existia um repert\u00f3rio estabelecido de pr\u00e1ticas apotropaicas. Quem suspeitasse que um Tupilak estava a caminho de si procurava um xam\u00e3 que, com a ajuda dos seus Tornait, ou seja, dos seus esp\u00edritos auxiliares, pudesse intercept\u00e1-lo, identific\u00e1-lo e reenvi\u00e1-lo.<\/p><p>Quando o Tupilak regressava contra o seu criador, trazia-lhe a morte prevista. Esta reciprocidade \u00e9, do ponto de vista da fenomenologia da religi\u00e3o, um padr\u00e3o aut\u00f4nomo.<\/p><p>Outras pr\u00e1ticas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o consistiam no uso de amuletos apotropaicos, no fechamento das entradas dos iglus com determinados ritos e na observ\u00e2ncia das regras gerais de tabu, cujo cumprimento deveria enfraquecer o Tupilak. A efic\u00e1cia destes meios era um tema central de cren\u00e7a e experi\u00eancia, amplamente tratado na literatura narrativa groenlandesa, constituindo uma parte consider\u00e1vel do corpus oral.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, \u00e9 not\u00e1vel que a pr\u00e1tica do Tupilak tenha gerado tanto discursos de amea\u00e7a como de prote\u00e7\u00e3o. A possibilidade de um uso agressivo aumentava a import\u00e2ncia social dos xam\u00e3s como inst\u00e2ncia protetora e estabilizava simultaneamente a ordem social, pois os conflitos abertos tendiam a ser evitados. Esta fun\u00e7\u00e3o sociopol\u00edtica da amea\u00e7a do Tupilak \u00e9, do ponto de vista da sociologia da religi\u00e3o, um objeto de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o aut\u00f4nomo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas e lend\u00e1rias sobre o Tupilak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A literatura narrativa da Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental conhece numerosas hist\u00f3rias de Tupilak, nas quais este regressa contra o seu criador por o inimigo escolhido ser demasiado poderoso. Uma narrativa conhecida relata um xam\u00e3 que dirigiu um Tupilak contra um rival; este, por\u00e9m, reconheceu o seu poder, repeliu-o e reenviou-o para o remetente. O criador morreu em seguida no seu pr\u00f3prio iglu.<\/p><p>Outras narrativas relatam Tupilaks que atingem inocentes por engano, ou Tupilaks que escapam ao controle do seu criador e percorrem a tundra como esp\u00edritos de dano errantes.<\/p><p>Estas narrativas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o apenas entretenimento, mas funcionam como advert\u00eancias \u00e9ticas: quem fabrica Tupilaks arrisca a pr\u00f3pria vida. A dimens\u00e3o did\u00e1tica das narrativas \u00e9, do ponto de vista da pedagogia da religi\u00e3o, um topos aut\u00f4nomo.<\/p><p>As narrativas do Tupilak est\u00e3o amplamente documentadas nas grandes colet\u00e2neas groenlandesas, nomeadamente em Henrik Rink e em Mathias Storch. Constituem um g\u00eanero aut\u00f4nomo dentro do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida, com costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span> Inuit e representam um corpus de fontes importante para a reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica da pr\u00e1tica xam\u00e2nica tradicional e do seu discurso \u00e9tico.<\/p><p>Um subgrupo espec\u00edfico das narrativas trata de Tupilaks descritos como h\u00edbridos animais que atuam na fronteira entre o animal e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span>.<\/p><p>Este car\u00e1ter h\u00edbrido dos Tupilaks \u00e9, do ponto de vista da fenomenologia da religi\u00e3o, um fen\u00f4meno aut\u00f4nomo e associa a concep\u00e7\u00e3o do Tupilak \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> geral da transforma\u00e7\u00e3o dos Inuit, na qual as fronteiras entre ser humano, animal e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui influ\u00eancia no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> s\u00e3o perme\u00e1veis. Aqui reside uma quest\u00e3o de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria sobre a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de seres h\u00edbridos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do esp\u00edrito mal\u00e9fico \u00e0 figura esculpida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma transforma\u00e7\u00e3o significativa do conceito de Tupilak teve in\u00edcio na d\u00e9cada de 1880 na Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental. Visitantes europeus perguntavam aos xam\u00e3s qual seria o aspecto dos Tupilaks. Uma vez que os verdadeiros Tupilaks eram invis\u00edveis ou amorfos e se desintegravam imediatamente ap\u00f3s cumprirem a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o, os xam\u00e3s esculpiram modelos em marfim de morsa, chifre de rena e, mais tarde, pedra. Estes modelos eram objetos de demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o Tupilaks com efic\u00e1cia m\u00e1gica.<\/p><p>A partir destes modelos surgiu uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o artesanal aut\u00f4noma. As esculturas groenlandesas de Tupilak atuais representam seres deformados e h\u00edbridos com tra\u00e7os humanos, animais e fant\u00e1sticos. S\u00e3o um fator econ\u00f4mico significativo para a Groenl\u00e2ndia e est\u00e3o presentes em todo o com\u00e9rcio tur\u00edstico. A diversidade est\u00e9tica \u00e9 grande e reflete a criatividade individual de cada escultor.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, esta transforma\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um exemplo paradigm\u00e1tico de profaniza\u00e7\u00e3o de uma categoria religiosa. O Tupilak como ser espiritual desapareceu em grande medida da imagina\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva; o Tupilak como figura esculpida tornou-se mundialmente famoso. As duas camadas devem ser rigorosamente separadas se se pretende compreender a religi\u00e3o dos Inuit. Esta distin\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m explicitamente transmitida nas escolas e museus groenlandeses de hoje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com outros seres mal\u00e9ficos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na compara\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica, o Tupilak insere-se na categoria dos esp\u00edritos de agress\u00e3o constru\u00eddos, documentada em muitas culturas. Estruturalmente afins s\u00e3o o Golem hebraico, o <em>tuju<\/em> javan\u00eas, o complexo <em>zonbi<\/em> haitiano e, em certa medida, tamb\u00e9m a t\u00e1bua de maldi\u00e7\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> <em>katadesmos<\/em>. A todos \u00e9 comum a constru\u00e7\u00e3o material deliberada de um ser eficaz.<\/p><p>No interior do espa\u00e7o circumpolar existem paralelos na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o chukchi e yupik, que conhecem esp\u00edritos de agress\u00e3o fabricados, embora com especificidades materiais e rituais distintas. Entre os <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sami\/\">Sami<\/a>, o Tupilak corresponde estruturalmente aos seres espirituais esculpidos que desempenhavam um papel no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanismo<\/span> sami, sem que se deva pressupor uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica direta.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1tica do Tupilak distingue-se das concep\u00e7\u00f5es ocidentais de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> negra pelo fato de n\u00e3o ser primariamente reprovada do ponto de vista \u00e9tico. \u00c9 arriscada, mas no quadro de valores inuit constitui uma op\u00e7\u00e3o leg\u00edtima, ainda que perigosa, em caso de conflito. Esta posi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9tica torna a pr\u00e1tica do Tupilak filosoficamente interessante do ponto de vista da religi\u00e3o e distingue-a claramente das concep\u00e7\u00f5es de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> danosa marcadas pela moral crist\u00e3.<\/p><p>Acresce a refer\u00eancia ao paralelo com as invoca\u00e7\u00f5es mesopot\u00e2micas de Lamashtu, nas quais \u00e9 igualmente percept\u00edvel uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o de constru\u00e7\u00e3o de dano e pr\u00e1tica apotropaica, sem que se deva pressupor qualquer liga\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica.<\/p><p>Estas analogias estruturais constituem, na discuss\u00e3o cient\u00edfica sobre os padr\u00f5es universais da magia de dano, um campo de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3prio e um testemunho da const\u00e2ncia estrutural de tais pr\u00e1ticas entre culturas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Miss\u00e3o, proibi\u00e7\u00e3o e mem\u00f3ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a miss\u00e3o que Hans Egede iniciou em 1721 na Groenl\u00e2ndia ocidental e que as igrejas mor\u00e1vias e luterana dinamarquesa continuaram, a pr\u00e1tica do Tupilak passou a sofrer forte press\u00e3o. Era considerada diab\u00f3lica, estava proibida pela Igreja e era socialmente condenada. Na Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental, que s\u00f3 foi intensamente missionada no final do s\u00e9culo XIX, a pr\u00e1tica manteve-se por mais tempo.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, \u00e9 dif\u00edcil datar com precis\u00e3o o desaparecimento do verdadeiro fabrico do Tupilak. William Thalbitzer refere, ainda em 1923, pessoas que na sua juventude haviam fabricado Tupilaks ou que pelo menos afirmavam t\u00ea-lo feito. Na segunda metade do s\u00e9culo XX, o Tupilak sobrevive apenas na arte da escultura e na literatura narrativa.<\/p><p>Nos manuais escolares e museus da Groenl\u00e2ndia, a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do Tupilak \u00e9 hoje transmitida com rigor did\u00e1tico. A distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos por meio de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> hist\u00f3rica e a arte contempor\u00e2nea \u00e9 explicitamente assinalada para prevenir equ\u00edvocos. Esta pr\u00e1tica pedag\u00f3gica constitui, do ponto de vista da did\u00e1tica da religi\u00e3o, um campo de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3prio e um exemplo de transmiss\u00e3o de uma hist\u00f3ria religiosa transformada pelo colonialismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e recep\u00e7\u00e3o atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atual sobre o Tupilak realiza-se sobretudo na pr\u00f3pria Groenl\u00e2ndia, nomeadamente no Greenland National Museum and Archives em Nuuk e nos institutos etnol\u00f3gicos das universidades dinamarquesas. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne e Jens Rosing apresentaram estudos fundamentais sobre a pr\u00e1tica do Tupilak e a sua hist\u00f3ria imag\u00e9tica, reconhecidos no discurso internacional de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A recep\u00e7\u00e3o internacional est\u00e1 dividida. Enquanto a literatura cient\u00edfica especializada trata o Tupilak como categoria hist\u00f3rico-ritual, na cultura popular domina o seu uso como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> esot\u00e9rico ou decorativo. Esta discrep\u00e2ncia \u00e9 objeto de reflex\u00e3o cient\u00edfica pr\u00f3pria sobre a apropria\u00e7\u00e3o colonial de religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas e a problem\u00e1tica \u00e9tica de tais apropria\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Na di\u00e1spora inuit, o Tupilak permaneceu como s\u00edmbolo identit\u00e1rio, sem que seja revitalizado como pr\u00e1tica m\u00e1gica. Esta dupla atitude, preservar o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> mas deixar conscientemente de lado a pr\u00e1tica, \u00e9 cientificamente reveladora e demonstra a apropria\u00e7\u00e3o seletiva de conceitos tradicionais na constru\u00e7\u00e3o da identidade ind\u00edgena moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Refer\u00eancias ao l\u00e9xico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lemas relacionados: <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tornarssuk\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sedna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sila\/\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/anguta\/\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/nanook\/\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/pinga\/\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/igaluk\/\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/malina-inuit\/\">Malina<\/a> e <a href=\"\/pt-br\/qailertetang\/\">Qailertetang<\/a>. O hub cultural <a href=\"\/pt-br\/inuit\/\">Inuit-Tradition<\/a> enquadra a hist\u00f3ria da religi\u00e3o. Esp\u00edritos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o com estrutura semelhante encontram-se na s\u00e9rie de lemas <a href=\"\/pt-br\/sami\/\">sami<\/a> e em numerosas outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es em todo o mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O fabrico do Tupilak na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Tupilak, na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de saberes e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> dos Inuit da Groenl\u00e2ndia, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um ser que nasce, mas um ser fabricado.<\/p><p>Segundo as descri\u00e7\u00f5es que prov\u00eam, entre outras fontes, dos registros da Quinta Expedi\u00e7\u00e3o Thule sob a dire\u00e7\u00e3o de Knud Rasmussen e de relatos de viagem mais antigos, uma pessoa que quisesse prejudicar outra fabricava a criatura secretamente a partir de diversos materiais. Eram utilizados ossos, partes de animais, peda\u00e7os de peles, tend\u00f5es e, ocasionalmente, algo do corpo de uma crian\u00e7a ou de falecidos.<\/p><p>Estes componentes eram reunidos numa pequena figura, muitas vezes informe. Por meio de can\u00e7\u00f5es, invoca\u00e7\u00f5es e, segundo alguns relatos, por contato com o pr\u00f3prio corpo do fabricante, era insuflada vida \u00e0 figura. O Tupilak era assim um instrumento da feiti\u00e7aria de dano: era enviado ao mar para procurar e matar uma determinada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edtima<\/span>.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de saberes e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> sublinha, no entanto, que o Tupilak era perigoso para o seu pr\u00f3prio criador. Se a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edtima<\/span> visada dispusesse de for\u00e7as sobrenaturais mais poderosas ou fosse ela pr\u00f3pria um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem se atribui a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e3<\/span>, poderia repelir o Tupilak e reenvi\u00e1-lo. O Tupilak que regressava matava ent\u00e3o aquele que o havia fabricado.<\/p><p>O fabrico era, por isso, considerado uma a\u00e7\u00e3o de elevado risco e socialmente condenada. As fontes destas concep\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o na sua totalidade registros externos, reunidos por participantes em expedi\u00e7\u00f5es, padres e viajantes, e referem-se sobretudo \u00e0 Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental e ocidental. Daqui n\u00e3o se pode deduzir uma pr\u00e1tica uniforme para todo o mundo inuit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As figuras Tupilak esculpidas e o mercado de arte colonial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os objetos Tupilak hoje mais conhecidos s\u00e3o pequenas figuras esculpidas em dente, osso, chifre ou madeira, representando seres grotescos, h\u00edbridos e com formas distorcidas. Estas figuras n\u00e3o s\u00e3o, por\u00e9m, id\u00eanticas \u00e0s criaturas de feiti\u00e7aria de dano descritas na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de saberes e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>. Os Tupilaks originais eram objetos ocultos, fabricados secretamente, que ningu\u00e9m deveria ver e que n\u00e3o eram conservados ap\u00f3s o uso.<\/p><p>As figuras esculpidas surgiram apenas no contato com os europeus. Viajantes, mission\u00e1rios e, mais tarde, turistas queriam saber qual seria o aspecto de um Tupilak, e os groenlandeses criaram ent\u00e3o representa\u00e7\u00f5es vis\u00edveis daquilo que at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o s\u00f3 existia como ideia.<\/p><p>Deste encontro desenvolveu-se, desde o final do s\u00e9culo XIX e sobretudo no s\u00e9culo XX, uma arte da escultura aut\u00f4noma, em particular na Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental em torno de Ammassalik. As figuras de Tupilak tornaram-se parte integrante do artesanato art\u00edstico groenland\u00eas e continuam a ser produzidas at\u00e9 hoje.<\/p><p>Para a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, este desenvolvimento \u00e9 um caso elucidativo de hist\u00f3ria de objetos marcada pelo colonialismo. O que se encontra em museus e cole\u00e7\u00f5es como Tupilak \u00e9 geralmente um produto do per\u00edodo de contato, n\u00e3o um testemunho da pr\u00e1tica ritual pr\u00e9-colonial. Etn\u00f3logos como William Thalbitzer, que estudou a Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX, identificaram precocemente a diferen\u00e7a entre o conceito transmitido e a figura vis\u00edvel.<\/p><p>As figuras esculpidas de Tupilak n\u00e3o s\u00e3o, ainda assim, meras falsifica\u00e7\u00f5es, mas uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o art\u00edstica aut\u00f4noma que transp\u00f4s o antigo conceito para uma forma nova e material. Em qualquer afirma\u00e7\u00e3o sobre objetos Tupilak \u00e9, por isso, necess\u00e1rio distinguir se se fala da concep\u00e7\u00e3o transmitida ou da arte da escultura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Tupilak \u00e9 considerado, na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de saberes e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> groenlandesa, um <strong>esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a<\/strong> artificialmente fabricado, que um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem se atribui a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e3<\/span> ou Angakkoq moldava a partir de ossos, restos de animais e pele, com o objetivo de atingir um advers\u00e1rio determinado.<\/p><p>Como esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a deliberadamente criado, o Tupilak distingue-se dos seres espirituais errantes da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o inuit por estar orientado para uma pessoa concreta e por poder, segundo as fontes, voltar-se contra o seu pr\u00f3prio autor, assim que o alvo atacado esteja mais protegido do que o esperado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait esp\u00edrito de dano figura esculpida Groenl\u00e2ndia oriental marfim de morsa Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard se insere na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos <a href=\"\/pt-br\/inuit\/\">Inuit<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico. N\u00e3o constitui uma promessa de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um dispositivo m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00eautico. Os conte\u00fados das Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tupilak: esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a produzido artificialmente na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o da Groenl\u00e2ndia O Tupilak \u00e9, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos Inuit da Groenl\u00e2ndia, um ser artificialmente produzido e deliberadamente utilizado, feito de restos de animais e de seres humanos, com o qual um xam\u00e3 pretendia prejudicar ou matar um inimigo. Atualmente, o termo \u00e9 sobretudo conhecido internacionalmente como figura [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"tupilak inuit esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak: Esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a e figura esculpida dos Inuit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"O Tupilak \u00e9 o esp\u00edrito de vingan\u00e7a artificialmente fabricado dos Inuit da Groenl\u00e2ndia, mais tarde tornado figura esculpida.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"inuit","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-38755","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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