{"id":38686,"date":"2026-07-28T12:53:16","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T12:53:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tsongkhapa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T12:53:35","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T12:53:35","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"38686\" class=\"elementor elementor-38686 elementor-3052\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, fundador da escola Gelug<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 a 1419) foi um erudito tibetano, reformador mon\u00e1stico e fundador da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Gelug (&#8220;Escola dos Virtuosos&#8221;), que desde o s\u00e9culo XVII representa a corrente religiosa e politicamente dominante no budismo tibetano.<\/p><p>Desta escola emergiu a linhagem dos Dalai Lamas e dos Panchen Lamas. Tsongkhapa \u00e9 considerado um dos mais importantes sistematizadores da hist\u00f3ria do budismo tibetano e moldou a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o escol\u00e1stica por meio de sua vasta obra e da funda\u00e7\u00e3o do mosteiro de Ganden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas, for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, oferendas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-tibetanas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista tibetana e B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, mundo dos Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3272\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - G\u00f6tter aus der Tibet-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Percurso de vida e biografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa nasceu na regi\u00e3o do Amdo, no leste do Tibet, no atual Qinghai. O seu local de nascimento \u00e9 identificado com Tsongkha, o que lhe valeu o ep\u00edteto &#8220;o homem de Tsongkha&#8221;. Os seus primeiros estudos religiosos se realizaram em um mosteiro pr\u00f3ximo das linhagens nyingma e kadampa.<\/p><p>Aos 16 anos viajou para o Tibet central, a fim de estudar nos grandes mosteiros de Sangphu e Nethang. Nas tr\u00eas d\u00e9cadas seguintes, se deslocou entre v\u00e1rios mosteiros e aprendeu com mestres de todas as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es ent\u00e3o relevantes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman tra\u00e7ou detalhadamente o percurso de vida de Tsongkhapa em &#8220;Life and Teachings of Tsong Khapa&#8221; (1982), mostrando que a sua pol\u00edtica educativa visava conscientemente a integra\u00e7\u00e3o de todas as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de estudo da \u00e9poca.<\/p><p>O seu principal mestre em estudos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> foi Drakpa Gyaltsen; nos estudos t\u00e2ntricos, foram sobretudo Khedrup Je e Gyaltsab Je. Outro mestre importante foi o mestre Sakya Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, que o formou especialmente em filosofia Madhyamaka. Esta ampla base de forma\u00e7\u00e3o moldou o perfil posterior da escola Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Programa religioso-filos\u00f3fico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O programa filos\u00f3fico de Tsongkhapa visava uma uni\u00e3o rigorosa entre a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o erudita do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> e a pr\u00e1tica t\u00e2ntrica.<\/p><p>Ele insistia em que ambos os caminhos deveriam ser percorridos em uma sequ\u00eancia ordenada: primeiro os fundamentos da regra mon\u00e1stica (Vinaya), depois a filosofia sistem\u00e1tica do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> segundo os crit\u00e9rios Madhyamaka e Pramana, e finalmente as inicia\u00e7\u00f5es e pr\u00e1ticas t\u00e2ntricas. Esta grada\u00e7\u00e3o tornou-se a base da reforma dos estudos Gelug e a norma da forma\u00e7\u00e3o mon\u00e1stica tibetana posterior.<\/p>\n\n<p>A sua obra mais significativa \u00e9 o &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221;, o &#8220;Grande Tratado sobre os Est\u00e1gios do Caminho para a Ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;, conclu\u00eddo em 1402, que apresenta o caminho espiritual de um Bodhisattva em tr\u00eas est\u00e1gios (motiva\u00e7\u00e3o menor, intermedi\u00e1ria e superior).<\/p><p>Donald Lopez e Joshua Cutler traduziram a obra para o ingl\u00eas em v\u00e1rios volumes e explicaram os seus pressupostos filos\u00f3ficos. \u00c9 considerada o manual central da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Gelug e continua a ser memorizada e comentada nos mosteiros at\u00e9 os dias de hoje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o Madhyamaka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No campo filos\u00f3fico, Tsongkhapa \u00e9 conhecido sobretudo pela sua interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o da escola Madhyamaka de Nagarjuna. Defendeu uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o designada &#8220;prasangika-madhyamaka&#8221;, que rejeitava todas as afirma\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a realidade \u00faltima e desenvolvia de forma consequentemente dial\u00e9tica a doutrina da &#8220;vacuidade&#8221; (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p><p>A sua obra principal neste dom\u00ednio \u00e9 a &#8220;Clareza dos Pensamentos&#8221; (&#8220;dgongs pa rab gsal&#8221;), na qual recebeu a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o comentarial do Madhyamika indiano Candrakirti e a defendeu contra interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es divergentes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n mostrou em &#8220;A Dose of Emptiness&#8221; (1992) que a compreens\u00e3o Madhyamaka de Tsongkhapa se distinguia das leituras tibetanas anteriores em pontos decisivos. Em particular, rejeitou a ideia de que a vacuidade pudesse ser entendida como um absoluto pr\u00f3prio, determin\u00e1vel de forma positiva.<\/p><p>Esta posi\u00e7\u00e3o suscitou controv\u00e9rsia nas fileiras das escolas Nyingma e Sakya, cujos representantes o acusavam de uma negatividade excessivamente r\u00edgida. A &#8220;disputa da vacuidade&#8221; assim desencadeada marcou a filosofia tibetana durante v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obras T\u00e2ntricas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u00e9m dos estudos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, Tsongkhapa foi um importante erudito e praticante dos yogas t\u00e2ntricos superiores. A sua obra &#8220;sngags rim chen mo&#8221; (&#8220;Grande Tratado dos Mantras&#8221;, 1405) \u00e9 a contrapartida t\u00e2ntrica do &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221;.<\/p><p>Ordena as pr\u00e1ticas t\u00e2ntricas em quatro classes (Kriya-, Carya-, Yoga-, Anuttarayoga-Tantra) e indica para cada uma os pr\u00e9-requisitos, m\u00e9todos e resultados. Esta ordena\u00e7\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica tornou-se a base da forma\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa foi tamb\u00e9m um importante comentador do Guhyasamaja-Tantra, que considerava o Anuttarayoga-Tantra mais central. O Chakrasamvara-Tantra e o Yamantaka-Tantra foram igualmente campos da sua intensa atividade de coment\u00e1rio. Christian Wedemeyer mostrou, nos seus estudos sobre Aryadeva e Candrakirti, como Tsongkhapa uniu a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntrica com a filosofia Madhyamaka em uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o global unit\u00e1ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do mosteiro de Ganden e a grande ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em 1409, Tsongkhapa iniciou o &#8220;Monlam Chenmo&#8221;, a &#8220;Grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> de Lhasa&#8221;, uma festa mon\u00e1stica de 21 dias que se realizava anualmente no Ano Novo tibetano e reunia milhares de monges e leigos.<\/p><p>Esta festa estabeleceu o movimento reformista de Tsongkhapa como uma presen\u00e7a vis\u00edvel na vida religiosa do Tibet. No mesmo ano, fundou o mosteiro de Ganden em uma montanha a leste de Lhasa, que se tornou o mosteiro-m\u00e3e da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Poucos anos depois, seguiram-se as funda\u00e7\u00f5es de Drepung (1416, por Jamyang Choje, disc\u00edpulo de Tsongkhapa) e de Sera (1419, por Sakya Yeshe, tamb\u00e9m disc\u00edpulo). Estes tr\u00eas mosteiros, as &#8220;tr\u00eas sedes da erudi\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;, cresceram at\u00e9 se tornarem os maiores complexos mon\u00e1sticos do budismo tibetano e acolheram, no seu apogeu, v\u00e1rios milhares de monges cada um.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen demonstrou, nos seus trabalhos sobre a hist\u00f3ria dos mosteiros tibetanos, que a onda de funda\u00e7\u00f5es da escola Gelug no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XV trouxe consigo uma reestrutura\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica e pol\u00edtica do Tibet central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reforma da ordem mon\u00e1stica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa atribu\u00eda especial import\u00e2ncia ao cumprimento rigoroso do Vinaya, a regra mon\u00e1stica. Criticava a mistura entre regra mon\u00e1stica e pr\u00e1tica t\u00e2ntrica, muito difundida na sua \u00e9poca, e insistia em que os monges vivessem em celibato e respeitassem as prescri\u00e7\u00f5es alimentares tradicionais.<\/p><p>Este rigor lhe valeu o ep\u00edteto &#8220;o segundo Buda&#8221; (&#8220;sangs rgyas gnyis pa&#8221;), que ainda hoje \u00e9 usado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>A reforma abrangeu tamb\u00e9m a ordem dos estudos. Tsongkhapa introduziu um ciclo fixo de disciplinas principais: Vinaya, Abhidharma, Pramana, Madhyamaka e Prajnaparamita. Cada estudo durava v\u00e1rios anos e era conclu\u00eddo por disputas e exames.<\/p><p>O sistema dos &#8220;exames Geshe&#8221; por ele institu\u00eddo conduziu ao &#8220;Geshe Lharampa&#8221;, o grau acad\u00eamico mais elevado da escola Gelug. Donald Lopez analisou a import\u00e2ncia epist\u00eamica e institucional desta reforma em &#8220;The Madman&#8217;s Middle Way&#8221; (2006).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Morte e Vida P\u00f3stuma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa faleceu em 1419 no mosteiro de Ganden. O seu corpo embalsamado foi a\u00ed conservado em uma stupa e, at\u00e9 \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o do mosteiro durante a Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o Cultural, era considerado um dos mais importantes locais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o do budismo tibetano.<\/p><p>A sua obra foi reunida em 18 volumes e publicada no s\u00e9culo XVII, na c\u00e9lebre edi\u00e7\u00e3o de Lhasa, como corpus unit\u00e1rio. Nos s\u00e9culos seguintes, numerosos eruditos comentaram as suas obras; s\u00f3 o &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221; deu origem a mais de 100 coment\u00e1rios tibetanos.<\/p>\n\n<p>O dia de Tsongkhapa, o 25.\u00ba dia do 10.\u00ba m\u00eas tibetano, \u00e9 celebrado at\u00e9 hoje como &#8220;Ganden Ngamch\u00f6&#8221; com grandes festividades de lamparinas de manteiga. No budismo tibetano moderno, a sua figura n\u00e3o se limita \u00e0 escola Gelug; tamb\u00e9m em outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 apreciado como erudito de relevo, mesmo onde as suas posi\u00e7\u00f5es filos\u00f3ficas s\u00e3o rejeitadas.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel salientou que Tsongkhapa, enquanto figura institucional central do budismo tibetano, ocupa uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o igualmente fundamental \u00e0 de Tom\u00e1s de Aquino na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cat\u00f3lica ou de Maim\u00f4nides no juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o internacional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tibetologia ocidental e nas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ci\u00eancias da Religi\u00e3o<\/span>, Tsongkhapa tem sido intensamente estudado desde os trabalhos de Giuseppe Tucci na primeira metade do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n e Jan-Ulrich Sobisch analisaram a sua obra em v\u00e1rios estudos fundamentais. O &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221; de Tsongkhapa est\u00e1 hoje integralmente dispon\u00edvel em tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa, e textos t\u00e2ntricos selecionados s\u00e3o acess\u00edveis em edi\u00e7\u00f5es cr\u00edticas.<\/p>\n\n<p>No ex\u00edlio tibetano moderno, Tsongkhapa serve como figura de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Gelug e como garante de continuidade institucional. O 14.\u00ba Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso sublinhou, em numerosas confer\u00eancias e livros, em particular nos seus coment\u00e1rios ao &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221;, a atualidade de Tsongkhapa para a pr\u00e1tica budista contempor\u00e2nea.<\/p><p>Al\u00e9m da recep\u00e7\u00e3o especificamente budista, Tsongkhapa foi recebido na filosofia acad\u00eamica europeia e americana como um dos mais importantes sistematizadores n\u00e3o ocidentais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpus de textos e hist\u00f3ria editorial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O &#8220;gsung &#8216;bum&#8221; (&#8220;Obras Completas&#8221;) de Tsongkhapa compreende, na edi\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional de Tashilhunpo, dezoito volumes que cont\u00eam cerca de 210 obras independentes e cartas.<\/p><p>Al\u00e9m do &#8220;Lamrim Chenmo&#8221; (&#8220;Grande Tratado sobre os Est\u00e1gios do Caminho para a Ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;, 1402) e do &#8220;Ngakrim Chenmo&#8221; (&#8220;Grande Tratado sobre os Est\u00e1gios do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo \u00e9 proferida de forma repetida.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span>&#8220;, 1405), contam-se entre os textos de maior influ\u00eancia o &#8220;Drang-nges legs-bshad snying-po&#8221; (&#8220;Ess\u00eancia da Distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre o Provis\u00f3rio e o Definitivo&#8221;, 1408), o &#8220;Rigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho&#8221; (&#8220;Oceano da Argumenta\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;, coment\u00e1rio \u00e0 M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101 de N\u0101g\u0101rjuna) e o &#8220;Lhag mthong chen mo&#8221; (escrito mediador sobre a vis\u00e3o penetrante do Lamrim Chenmo).<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman apresentou em &#8220;Tsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence&#8221; (Princeton 1984) uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa completa do &#8220;Drang-nges legs-bshad snying-po&#8221; com um extenso aparato hist\u00f3rico-religioso; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n realizou em &#8220;A Dose of Emptiness&#8221; (Albany 1992) uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do coment\u00e1rio de mKhas-grub-rje \u00e0 doutrina Madhyamaka de Tsongkhapa.<\/p>\n<p>A explora\u00e7\u00e3o textual cr\u00edtica das obras de Tsongkhapa avan\u00e7ou consideravelmente nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas gra\u00e7as \u00e0 &#8220;Sera Jey Library&#8221; e ao &#8220;Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center&#8221; (TBRC, projeto de digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de E. Gene Smith, desde 1999).<\/p><p>Donald S. Lopez Jr. mostrou em &#8220;The Madman&#8217;s Middle Way&#8221; (Chicago 2006) e nos seus ensaios sobre a hermen\u00eautica Gelug que a t\u00e9cnica de coment\u00e1rio de Tsongkhapa era metodologicamente inovadora: combinava o estilo indiano Prasa\u1e45gika de Candrak\u012brti com uma an\u00e1lise epistemol\u00f3gica detalhada segundo Dharmak\u012brti, criando assim um h\u00edbrido que moldou a escol\u00e1stica Gelug posterior at\u00e9 o s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Controv\u00e9rsia em torno da disputa sobre o \"svatantra\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma das principais controv\u00e9rsias doutrin\u00e1rias que Tsongkhapa introduziu na hist\u00f3ria intelectual tibetana diz respeito \u00e0 quest\u00e3o de saber se, no Madhyamaka, s\u00e3o admiss\u00edveis racioc\u00ednios l\u00f3gicos aut\u00f4nomos (svatantra-anum\u0101na, tib. &#8220;rang rgyud&#8221;), ou se apenas infer\u00eancias consequentes (prasa\u1e45ga) poderiam ser utilizadas. Tsongkhapa se posicionou estritamente como Prasa\u1e45gika na linhagem de Buddhap\u0101lita e Candrak\u012brti, contra a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de Bh\u0101vaviveka, lida como svatantrika.<\/p><p>Este posicionamento \u00e9 desenvolvido no &#8220;Lhag mthong chen mo&#8221; e no &#8220;Rigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho&#8221;. As escolas subsequentes reagiram de forma diversa: os mestres Sakya Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429 a 1489) e Shakya Chogden (1428 a 1507) contradisseram Tsongkhapa com veem\u00eancia, dando origem ao mais importante debate filos\u00f3fico interno tibetano dos s\u00e9culos XV e XVI.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n e Geshe Lobsang Dargyay reconstru\u00edram as linhas argumentativas deste debate em v\u00e1rios ensaios reunidos em &#8220;Scholasticism&#8221; (Albany 1998). Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n traduziu em &#8220;Freedom from Extremes&#8221; (Somerville 2007) a obra principal de Gorampa, &#8220;lTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed&#8221; (&#8220;Distin\u00e7\u00e3o das Vis\u00f5es&#8221;), comparando-a com a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de Tsongkhapa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso mostrou no &#8220;Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies&#8221; (vol. 27, 2004) que o debate n\u00e3o se manteve puramente acad\u00eamico, tendo estado ligado, at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo XVII, a consequ\u00eancias pol\u00edticas para a posi\u00e7\u00e3o dos diferentes centros mon\u00e1sticos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00f6n e com escolas mais antigas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O programa reformista de Tsongkhapa n\u00e3o constituiu uma ruptura completa com a religiosidade tibetana existente, mas sim uma reordena\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es preexistentes.<\/p><p>Adotou elementos essenciais da escola kadampa, que no s\u00e9culo XI remontava ao mestre indiano Atisha, e os integrou em uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o filos\u00f3fica e t\u00e2ntrica ampliada. Em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 religi\u00e3o B\u00f6n, a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana pr\u00e9-budista, manteve expressamente dist\u00e2ncia, sem perseguir os seus representantes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tamb\u00e9m em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos nyingma-pa e kagy\u00fc-pa, que preservavam muitas linhagens t\u00e2ntricas de mestres indianos e tibetanos mais antigos, n\u00e3o exerceu qualquer hostilidade pol\u00edtica. A polariza\u00e7\u00e3o posterior entre as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es Gelug e Nyingma-pa ou<\/p><p>Kagy\u00fc-pa \u00e9 antes consequ\u00eancia dos conflitos pol\u00edticos do s\u00e9culo XVII e n\u00e3o constitui o legado pr\u00f3prio de Tsongkhapa. Klaus-Dieter Mathes sublinhou esta distin\u00e7\u00e3o v\u00e1rias vezes nos seus estudos sobre a hist\u00f3ria do budismo tibetano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tsongkhapa, fundador da escola Gelug Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 a 1419) foi um erudito tibetano, reformador mon\u00e1stico e fundador da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Gelug (&#8220;Escola dos Virtuosos&#8221;), que desde o s\u00e9culo XVII representa a corrente religiosa e politicamente dominante no budismo tibetano. Desta escola emergiu a linhagem dos Dalai Lamas e dos Panchen Lamas. Tsongkhapa \u00e9 considerado [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa, Fundador da Escola Gelug | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) \u00e9 o fundador da escola Gelug tibetana e pai espiritual dos Dalai Lamas. 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