{"id":38671,"date":"2026-07-28T12:49:47","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T12:49:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/laozi-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T12:50:11","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T12:50:11","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"38671\" class=\"elementor elementor-38671 elementor-3065\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, fundador do Daoismo<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, tamb\u00e9m Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u00e9 considerado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa como o fundador do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> e como o lend\u00e1rio autor do &#8220;Daodejing&#8221;, um dos textos mais influentes da hist\u00f3ria religiosa e filos\u00f3fica da China.<\/p><p>A sua exist\u00eancia hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 contestada na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna; as fontes sobre a sua vida s\u00e3o escassas, contradit\u00f3rias e parcialmente sobrepostas por elementos m\u00edticos. O estudo cient\u00edfico-religioso de Laozi se centra hoje menos na pessoa hist\u00f3rica do que na hist\u00f3ria da recep\u00e7\u00e3o dos textos a ele atribu\u00eddos e da sua posterior diviniza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas: for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3217\" alt=\"Laozi - G\u00f6tter aus der Daoismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes sobre a figura hist\u00f3rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A mais detalhada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a.C. a 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">biografia antiga<\/span> de Laozi se encontra no &#8220;Shiji&#8221; (&#8220;Registros do Historiador&#8221;) de Sima Qian, conclu\u00eddo por volta de 90 antes de Cristo. Sima Qian relata tr\u00eas vers\u00f5es diferentes sobre Laozi e admite ele pr\u00f3prio n\u00e3o saber qual delas \u00e9 correta.<\/p><p>A vers\u00e3o mais popular faz de Laozi um funcion\u00e1rio na corte da dinastia Zhou oriental, que no s\u00e9culo VI antes de Cristo teria sido bibliotec\u00e1rio ou arquivista.<\/p><p>Teria encontrado o jovem Conf\u00facio (551 a 479 antes de Cristo) e ministrado ao futuro mestre uma li\u00e7\u00e3o. Por fim, Laozi, desiludido com a decad\u00eancia do imp\u00e9rio, teria abandonado o pa\u00eds em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao ocidente e, a pedido do guarda da fronteira Yinxi no passo Han-Gu, teria redigido o Daodejing em 5000 caracteres.<\/p>\n\n<p>A segunda vers\u00e3o identifica Laozi com Lao Laizi, outro mestre daoista da \u00e9poca Zhou. A terceira vers\u00e3o situa-o cerca de 100 anos mais tarde. Estas vers\u00f5es m\u00faltiplas mostram que o pr\u00f3prio Sima Qian n\u00e3o dispunha de dados biogr\u00e1ficos fi\u00e1veis e compilou o material a partir de diversas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es orais e escritas.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller demonstrou em &#8220;Laotse&#8221; (1995) e &#8220;The Philosophy of the Daodejing&#8221; (2006) que os escassos dados de Sima Qian t\u00eam antes subst\u00e2ncia lend\u00e1ria do que hist\u00f3rica.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historicidade na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sinol\u00f3gica moderna debate intensamente a quest\u00e3o da historicidade de Laozi. Russell Kirkland defendeu em &#8220;Taoism: The Enduring Tradition&#8221; (2004) uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o cr\u00edtica, segundo a qual Laozi como pessoa hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 dificilmente identific\u00e1vel e os textos a ele atribu\u00eddos s\u00e3o antes um produto de v\u00e1rias gera\u00e7\u00f5es de eruditos de forma\u00e7\u00e3o daoista.<\/span><\/p><p>Esta posi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 sustentada pela investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da hist\u00f3ria textual: o Daodejing \u00e9, segundo a perspetiva atual, n\u00e3o uma obra de composi\u00e7\u00e3o unit\u00e1ria, mas uma compila\u00e7\u00e3o cujas camadas mais antigas remontam ao s\u00e9culo IV ou III antes de Cristo.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Os textos em bambu descobertos em 1993 em Guodian (prov\u00edncia de Hubei) continham fragmentos de uma vers\u00e3o primitiva do Daodejing, datada do final do s\u00e9culo IV antes de Cristo. Estes achados reanimaram o debate sobre a hist\u00f3ria da forma\u00e7\u00e3o do texto e mostram que o Daodejing foi revisto e ampliado ao longo de v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos.<\/span><\/p><p>Uma \u00fanica personalidade hist\u00f3rica como autor \u00e9, portanto, improv\u00e1vel. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de atribuir a obra a Laozi se insere num padr\u00e3o t\u00edpico chin\u00eas de atribui\u00e7\u00e3o pseudepigr\u00e1fica a um fundador lend\u00e1rio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Daodejing (&#8220;Cl\u00e1ssico do Caminho e da Virtude&#8221;) \u00e9 um texto de 81 cap\u00edtulos breves que, em forma po\u00e9tica e afor\u00edstica, desenvolve conceitos daoistas fundamentais.<\/p><p>Os conceitos centrais s\u00e3o &#8220;Dao&#8221; (Caminho, realidade c\u00f3smica origin\u00e1ria), &#8220;De&#8221; (Virtude, for\u00e7a interior), &#8220;Wuwei&#8221; (N\u00e3o-Agir, atua\u00e7\u00e3o espont\u00e2nea), &#8220;Ziran&#8221; (Naturalidade, ser-assim-por-si-mesmo) e &#8220;Pu&#8221; (a madeira n\u00e3o talhada, simplicidade origin\u00e1ria). Estes conceitos formam em conjunto um sistema filos\u00f3fico e religioso que foi desenvolvido em numerosos coment\u00e1rios posteriores.<\/p>\n\n<p>Os mais importantes coment\u00e1rios cl\u00e1ssicos ao Daodejing s\u00e3o da autoria de Wang Bi (226 a 249) e Heshang Gong (s\u00e9culo I a.C. ou s\u00e9culo II d.C.). Ambos apresentam leituras distintas: Wang Bi l\u00ea o texto de forma filos\u00f3fico-ontol\u00f3gica, Heshang Gong de forma religioso-pr\u00e1tica com refer\u00eancia \u00e0 medita\u00e7\u00e3o e a t\u00e9cnicas respirat\u00f3rias.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A tens\u00e3o entre uma leitura filos\u00f3fica e uma leitura religiosa marca a recep\u00e7\u00e3o do Daodejing at\u00e9 aos dias de hoje. Livia Kohn demonstrou em &#8220;Daoism and Chinese Culture&#8221; (2001) como esta dupla natureza do texto possibilita a sua influ\u00eancia extraordin\u00e1ria nos mais variados contextos culturais.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Laozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No s\u00e9culo II depois de Cristo se iniciou a diviniza\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa de Laozi. Na escola daoista primitiva dos Tianshi (&#8220;Mestres Celestiais&#8221;), fundada por Zhang Daoling por volta de 142 d.C., Laozi era venerado como mestre celestial e manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o do Dao.<\/p><p>Segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, ele teria aparecido a Zhang Daoling numa vis\u00e3o e entregue os textos sagrados. Com isso, Laozi deixou de ser apenas um legend\u00e1rio fil\u00f3sofo e passou a ser uma figura c\u00f3smica com fun\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa ativa.<\/p>\n\n<p>Esta diviniza\u00e7\u00e3o foi desenvolvida ao longo dos s\u00e9culos seguintes. No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> da \u00e9poca Tang (618 a 907), Laozi era considerado Taishang Laojun (&#8220;Supremo Senhor Antigo&#8221;), uma das tr\u00eas principais divindades do pante\u00e3o daoista, ao lado de Yuanshi Tianzun (&#8220;Dignit\u00e1rio Celestial do Princ\u00edpio&#8221;) e Lingbao Tianzun (&#8220;Dignit\u00e1rio Celestial do Tesouro Sagrado&#8221;).<\/p><p>Sob esta forma, Laozi est\u00e1 presente at\u00e9 hoje nos templos daoistas da China, de Taiwan e de Hong Kong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi e a pol\u00edtica imperial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um papel especial coube a Laozi na pol\u00edtica imperial. Os imperadores Tang, que usavam o apelido Li, afirmavam uma descend\u00eancia geneal\u00f3gica de Laozi, cujo apelido familiar teria sido Li.<\/p><p>Esta constru\u00e7\u00e3o geneal\u00f3gica se tornou o fundamento ideol\u00f3gico da dinastia Tang e conduziu a um patroc\u00ednio estatal do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span>. O imperador Xuanzong (reinou de 712 a 756) conferiu a Laozi o t\u00edtulo de &#8220;Alt\u00edssimo Antepassado, Eterno Senhor do C\u00e9u de Imensa Virtude&#8221; e ordenou que o Daodejing passasse a ser leitura obrigat\u00f3ria nos exames estatais.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter demonstrou em &#8220;The Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period&#8221; (1998) como a venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa de Laozi estava estreitamente ligada \u00e0 autorrepresenta\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica da dinastia Tang.<\/span><\/p><p>O patroc\u00ednio imperial conduziu a um florescimento do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span>, \u00e0 constru\u00e7\u00e3o de numerosos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> e \u00e0 padroniza\u00e7\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ordem estabelecida do culto de uma comunidade religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> daoista. Esta instrumentaliza\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica marcou de forma duradoura a imagem de Laozi e distingue a sua recep\u00e7\u00e3o da linha menos institucionalizada do confucionismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o no \u00e2mbito da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfico-religiosa se distingue entre o &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> filos\u00f3fico&#8221; (Daojia) e o &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> religioso&#8221; (Daojiao), uma distin\u00e7\u00e3o em uso desde a \u00e9poca Han (206 a.C. a 220 d.C.). Esta distin\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9, contudo, problem\u00e1tica, porque ambas as vertentes se interpenetram na realidade hist\u00f3rica.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet demonstrou em &#8220;Taoism: Growth of a Religion&#8221; (1997) e Harold Roth em &#8220;Original Tao&#8221; (1999) que uma separa\u00e7\u00e3o estrita n\u00e3o representa adequadamente os dados hist\u00f3ricos. O pr\u00f3prio Daodejing cont\u00e9m passagens leg\u00edveis em chave meditativa, enquanto as correntes religiosas utilizam centralmente os conceitos filos\u00f3ficos.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles documentou nos seus trabalhos sobre o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> em Sichuan a diversidade regional da venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Laozi. Em algumas regi\u00f5es, Laozi \u00e9 venerado como princ\u00edpio c\u00f3smico; noutras, como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no \u00e2mbito de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> pessoal com campos de atua\u00e7\u00e3o concretos (cura, prote\u00e7\u00e3o, riqueza).<\/p><p>Esta diversidade mostra que o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma religi\u00e3o fechada, mas uma ampla tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa com numerosas correntes e manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es locais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi em perspetiva comparada<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A compara\u00e7\u00e3o de Laozi com os grandes fundadores de outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas (Conf\u00facio, Buda, S\u00f3crates) \u00e9 ocasionalmente feita na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, mas \u00e9 metodologicamente delicada. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller chamou a aten\u00e7\u00e3o para o fato de a ideia de um fundador singular, proeminente nas religi\u00f5es ocidentais, n\u00e3o se aplicar da mesma forma na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa.<\/p><p>Laozi \u00e9 menos um fundador no sentido de Jesus ou Maom\u00e9, e mais uma figura simb\u00f3lica lend\u00e1ria que representa uma determinada tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sem a ter ativamente criado.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dentro da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa, Laozi figura numa linha a par de Zhuangzi (s\u00e9culo IV a.C.), o segundo grande autor daoista, cuja obra hom\u00f3nima &#8220;Zhuangzi&#8221; tem igualmente import\u00e2ncia fundamental.<\/p><p>Ambos s\u00e3o frequentemente designados em conjunto como os fundadores do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa e filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismo<\/span> cl\u00e1ssico. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller e Harold Roth demonstraram que os dois textos estabelecem \u00eanfases filos\u00f3ficas distintas, mas utilizam conceitos fundamentais comuns e se comentam mutuamente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manuscritos de Mawangdui e Guodian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da hist\u00f3ria textual do &#8220;Daodejing&#8221; foi profundamente alterada por dois achados arqueol\u00f3gicos do s\u00e9culo XX. Em 1973, arque\u00f3logos chineses descobriram na tumba 3 de Mawangdui, perto de Changsha (prov\u00edncia de Hunan), dois manuscritos em seda do texto, datados de 168 antes da nossa era.<\/span><\/p><p>As vers\u00f5es &#8220;Mawangdui A&#8221; e &#8220;Mawangdui B&#8221; apresentam, em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao texto padr\u00e3o posterior, uma disposi\u00e7\u00e3o inversa das partes principais: a &#8220;parte De&#8221; (cap\u00edtulos 38 a 81 do texto padr\u00e3o) precede a &#8220;parte Dao&#8221; (cap\u00edtulos 1 a 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Este dado \u00e9 interpretado na sinologia como ind\u00edcio de uma reda\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga, anterior ao texto padr\u00e3o. Robert G. Henricks apresentou em &#8220;Lao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching&#8221; (Nova Iorque 1989) uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o inglesa completa das vers\u00f5es de Mawangdui com aparato cr\u00edtico, assinalando 130 diferen\u00e7as de leitura substanciais em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 vulgata de Wang Bi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>O segundo achado fundamental s\u00e3o as tiras de bambu escavadas em 1993 em Guodian (igualmente Hunan), provenientes de uma tumba datada de cerca de 300 antes da nossa era.<\/p><p>Cont\u00eam, em tr\u00eas conjuntos, cerca de dois quintos do texto do Daodejing numa forma ainda n\u00e3o dividida em duas partes. Esta vers\u00e3o \u00e9 hoje considerada o mais antigo testemunho material do complexo textual do Daodejing. Robert Henricks apresentou em &#8220;Lao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian&#8221; (Nova Iorque 2000) uma primeira edi\u00e7\u00e3o filol\u00f3gica; Sarah Allan e Crispin Williams discutiram no volume coletivo &#8220;The Guodian Laozi&#8221; (Berkeley 2000) as consequ\u00eancias metodol\u00f3gicas para a quest\u00e3o da data\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth demonstrou em &#8220;Original Tao&#8221; (Nova Iorque 1999) que as tiras de bambu de Guodian situam o texto do Daodejing no \u00e2mbito de uma corrente mais ampla de reflex\u00e3o meditativo-cosmol\u00f3gica primitiva, cujos vest\u00edgios s\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m identific\u00e1veis no &#8220;Neiye&#8221; e no &#8220;Heguanzi&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos coment\u00e1rios e apropria\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A produtiva hist\u00f3ria de influ\u00eancia do Daodejing \u00e9 sustentada, em primeiro lugar, pela sua tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de coment\u00e1rios.<\/p><p>Tr\u00eas coment\u00e1rios s\u00e3o considerados na sinologia como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao conjunto de escritos reconhecido como vinculativo de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f4nicos<\/span>. O &#8220;Coment\u00e1rio de Heshanggong&#8221; (&#8220;Coment\u00e1rio ao Lao-tse do Mestre junto \u00e0 Margem do Rio&#8221;), tradicionalmente datado da \u00e9poca Han (na realidade, provavelmente do s\u00e9culo I ao II da nossa era), l\u00ea o texto no \u00e2mbito de um programa de autocultivo corporal, influenciando assim a posterior tradi\u00e7\u00e3o daoista da Alquimia Interior (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes publicou em 1950 nos &#8220;Artibus Asiae&#8221; o primeiro tratamento sistem\u00e1tico do coment\u00e1rio de Heshanggong numa l\u00edngua ocidental; Alan K. L. Chan comparou em &#8220;Two Visions of the Way&#8221; (Albany 1991) o coment\u00e1rio de Heshanggong com o segundo coment\u00e1rio can\u00f4nico.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Este segundo coment\u00e1rio \u00e9 da autoria de Wang Bi (226 a 249), representante da &#8220;xuanxue&#8221; (&#8220;Doutrina do Misterioso&#8221;) do per\u00edodo Wei-Jin, e reencaminha o texto para uma linha ontol\u00f3gico-metaf\u00edsica em que o &#8220;Nada&#8221; (&#8220;wu&#8221;) \u00e9 lido como fundamento ontol\u00f3gico do ser.<\/p><p>O coment\u00e1rio de Wang Bi marcou de forma duradoura a leitura chinesa posterior do texto e constitui a base da grande maioria das edi\u00e7\u00f5es padr\u00e3o atuais.<\/p><p>O terceiro coment\u00e1rio central \u00e9 o &#8220;Coment\u00e1rio Xiang&#8217;er&#8221; (&#8220;Explica\u00e7\u00e3o em Pensamentos para Ti&#8221;), elaborado no s\u00e9culo II ou III nos c\u00edrculos dos primitivos daoistas Tianshi (Mestres Celestiais).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp apresentou em &#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221; (Berkeley 1997) a primeira tradu\u00e7\u00e3o completa do coment\u00e1rio Xiang&#8217;er para ingl\u00eas e demonstrou que a apropria\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa de Laozi como divindade pessoal &#8220;Taishang Laojun&#8221; j\u00e1 se encontra plenamente formada nesta camada textual, e n\u00e3o apenas nas escolas Lingbao e Shangqing posteriores.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o internacional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Daodejing \u00e9, a par da B\u00edblia, o livro mais traduzido para outras l\u00ednguas em todo o mundo. As primeiras tradu\u00e7\u00f5es europeias datam do s\u00e9culo XVIII; nos s\u00e9culos XIX e XX, a obra foi tornada acess\u00edvel a um vasto p\u00fablico ocidental por tradutores como Richard Wilhelm, James Legge e Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XX, Laozi exerceu tamb\u00e9m uma influ\u00eancia consider\u00e1vel na filosofia ocidental, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o psicoterap\u00eautica e no movimento esot\u00e9rico, frequentemente sob formas muito simplificadas e reinterpretadas no sentido ocidental.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hoje, a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre Laozi \u00e9 um campo internacional em que participam sin\u00f3logos e sin\u00f3logas chineses, taiwaneses, japoneses, europeus e americanos. Os debates em torno da data\u00e7\u00e3o, da hist\u00f3ria textual, da leitura filos\u00f3fica e da fun\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa est\u00e3o vivos.<\/p><p>Uma conclus\u00e3o da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o at\u00e9 ao momento pode ser retida: a quest\u00e3o do Laozi hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 possivelmente menos importante do que a quest\u00e3o da hist\u00f3ria de influ\u00eancia dos textos a ele atribu\u00eddos, que figuram entre as obras mais marcantes da literatura universal e da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laozi, fundador do Daoismo Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, tamb\u00e9m Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u00e9 considerado na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa como o fundador do Daoismo e como o lend\u00e1rio autor do &#8220;Daodejing&#8221;, um dos textos mais influentes da hist\u00f3ria religiosa e filos\u00f3fica da China. A sua exist\u00eancia hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 contestada na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna; as fontes sobre a sua vida s\u00e3o escassas, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi: Fundador do Daoismo | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi \u00e9 o fundador m\u00edtico do Daoismo e autor do Daodejing. 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