{"id":38043,"date":"2026-07-26T22:33:10","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T22:33:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mara-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T22:33:29","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T22:33:29","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"38043\" class=\"elementor elementor-38043 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>O tentador junto \u00e0 \u00e1rvore Bodhi, senhor do mundo sensorial.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">A tenta\u00e7\u00e3o do Buddha por Mara<\/h2>\n<p>A cena principal de Mara \u00e9 a <strong>tenta\u00e7\u00e3o do Bodhisattva Siddhartha<\/strong> sob a <strong>\u00e1rvore Bodhi<\/strong> em Bodhgaya. Tr\u00eas fases s\u00e3o relatadas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao conjunto de escrituras reconhecidas como vinculativas de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonicamente<\/span>: em primeiro lugar, o aparecimento com <strong>ex\u00e9rcitos de dem\u00f3nios<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, desejo, prazer, desprazer); em segundo lugar, o envio das suas <strong>tr\u00eas filhas<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) em forma sedutora; em terceiro lugar, o ass\u00e9dio por meio da d\u00favida e da contesta\u00e7\u00e3o (\u201cQuem testemunha os teus m\u00e9ritos?\u201d).<\/p><p>Siddhartha toca a terra, o <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, e a deusa da terra testemunha a sua realiza\u00e7\u00e3o. Mara \u00e9 derrotado. Os seus quatro ex\u00e9rcitos s\u00e3o <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (desejo), <em>arati<\/em> (desconforto), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (fome e sede), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (anseio). No budismo Mahayana, Mara expande-se em <strong>quatro Maras<\/strong>: Skandha-Mara (os cinco agregados), Klesha-Mara (ilus\u00f5es), Mrityu-Mara (morte), Devaputra-Mara (tenta\u00e7\u00e3o celestial).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com compet\u00eancias bem definidas, for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Bodhisattvas, divindades protetoras, esp\u00edritos famintos e guardas do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/anti-deuses\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pot\u00eancias do caos e advers\u00e1rios c\u00f3smicos, antagonistas no dualismo da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es.\">Anti-Deus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1554\" alt=\"Mara - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara \u00e9 a figura advers\u00e1ria central da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista. A sua cena mais conhecida \u00e9 a noite anterior ao Despertar do Buddha: sob a \u00e1rvore Bodhi em Bodhgaya, Mara envia o seu ex\u00e9rcito e as suas tr\u00eas filhas (desejo, avers\u00e3o, cobi\u00e7a) para afastar o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo Mahayana, um ser iluminado que adia a sua pr\u00f3pria liberta\u00e7\u00e3o em benef\u00edcio do ensinamento para outros seres.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> da ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No budismo Mahayana, um ser iluminado que adia a sua liberta\u00e7\u00e3o em benef\u00edcio do ensinamento para outros seres.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> toca a terra como testemunha, a terra treme, Mara retira-se. Esta cena est\u00e1 iconograficamente difundida em todo o mundo e \u00e9 teologicamente central.<\/p><p>Mara n\u00e3o \u00e9 um contra-deus c\u00f3smico no sentido monote\u00edsta. \u00c9 o senhor do <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (mundo sensorial), uma figura Deva que, por apego e orgulho, se tornou um obst\u00e1culo no caminho.<\/p><p>Na interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o budista alargada existem quatro Maras: Skandha-Mara (agregados), Kleshamara (impurezas), Marana-Mara (morte), Devaputra-Mara (Deva-Mara, a figura pessoal). Todos designam obst\u00e1culos no caminho para a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o. Isto torna a doutrina de Mara numa teoria abrangente daquilo que se op\u00f5e \u00e0 pr\u00e1tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Tentador, senhor do mundo sensorial<br>Origem: Deva do Kamadhatu; segundo alguns textos: ca\u00eddo por orgulho<br>Quatro Maras: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Textos: Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cole\u00e7\u00e3o de escrituras sagradas reconhecida como vinculativa numa religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u00e2none<\/span> (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jatakas<br>Per\u00edodo: s\u00e9c. V a.C. at\u00e9 ao presente<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atestado com o Buddha (s\u00e9c. V a.C.). Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cole\u00e7\u00e3o de escrituras sagradas reconhecida como vinculativa numa religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u00e2none<\/span> (s\u00e9c. III a.C. ao s\u00e9c. I d.C.) com numerosos epis\u00f3dios de Mara. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201cGrande Ve\u00edculo\u201d; uma das tr\u00eas principais tradi\u00e7\u00f5es do budismo, com o ideal do Bodhisattva e uma reflex\u00e3o filos\u00f3fica elaborada.\">Mahayana<\/span>-Sutras ampliam o tema (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201cVe\u00edculo de Diamante\u201d; forma t\u00e2ntrica do budismo Mahayana, predominantemente no Tibete, com a pr\u00e1tica do Yidam e a t\u00e9cnica do mantra no centro.\">Vajrayana<\/span> integra Mara em pr\u00e1ticas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e2ntricas. Pr\u00e1tica budista moderna em todo o mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Origem no norte da \u00cdndia; com o budismo difundido pelo Sri Lanka, Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico, Leste Asi\u00e1tico, Tibete e modernas comunidades budistas globais. Imagens locais de Mara em toda a \u00c1sia, pinturas em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> tailandeses, thangkas tibetanos, xilogravuras japonesas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), numerosas narrativas Jataka, Lalitavistara (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Grande Ve\u00edculo; uma das tr\u00eas principais tradi\u00e7\u00f5es do budismo, com o ideal do Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>-biografia do Buddha), tradi\u00e7\u00e3o comentarial tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e2nscrito e Pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Ep\u00edtetos: Papiyas (\u201co mais perverso\u201d), Kanha (\u201co Negro\u201d), Namuci (\u201co que n\u00e3o liberta\u201d), Antaka (\u201cMorte\u201d).<br>Quatro Maras (doutrina dos Quatro Maras): Skandha-Mara (os agregados como obst\u00e1culo), Kleshamara (impurezas mentais), Marana-Mara (a morte), Devaputra-Mara (o Mara pessoal).<br>Leste Asi\u00e1tico: chin\u00eas \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), japon\u00eas <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>A doutrina dos Quatro Maras faz de Mara mais do que uma figura pessoal: um sistema que descreve tudo o que bloqueia o caminho. Isso \u00e9 filosoficamente muito rico e explica por que raz\u00e3o Mara n\u00e3o precisa simplesmente de ser derrotado: \u00e9 superado atrav\u00e9s da compreens\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Como belo Deva do Kamadhatu em plena majestade, jovial, radiante. No ataque ao Buddha: sobre um elefante, com um grande ex\u00e9rcito, rodeado pelas filhas. Manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o irada: terr\u00edvel, com armas, cuspindo fogo. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos conte\u00fados das imagens e do seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> varia consoante a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e o epis\u00f3dio.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamento<\/strong><\/p><p>N\u00e3o violento, mas sedutor e psicol\u00f3gico. Envia est\u00edmulos sensoriais, medo, d\u00favida, orgulho, autopiedade. As suas tr\u00eas filhas Tanha (desejo), Arati (avers\u00e3o), Raga (cobi\u00e7a) ilustram as vias de ataque t\u00edpicas.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Todo o mundo sensorial (Kamadhatu) \u00e9 o seu dom\u00ednio. O seu poder estende-se at\u00e9 onde os seres se apegam ao sensorial. Nos limiares do Despertar, no momento da \u00e1rvore Bodhi ou em medita\u00e7\u00e3o avan\u00e7ada, manifesta-se com particular intensidade.<\/p><p><strong>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c9 um Deva, n\u00e3o um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual ao qual se atribuem efeitos nocivos ou amb\u00edguos.\" tabindex=\"0\">dem\u00f3nio<\/span> no sentido ocidental. A sua figura combina uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o cosmol\u00f3gica (senhor do Kamadhatu) com uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o psicol\u00f3gica (representante de todos os obst\u00e1culos). Em algumas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es, ap\u00f3s a sua derrota, torna-se inclusive disc\u00edpulo do Buddha e converte-se.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Mara, em resumo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A origem de Mara<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva do Kamadhatu, senhor do mundo sensorial. Em alguns textos, ca\u00eddo por orgulho. Na doutrina alargada: Quatro Maras como teoria geral dos obst\u00e1culos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relativo a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Todos os seres apegados ao sensorial. Particularmente ativo junto de meditantes avan\u00e7ados e nos limiares do Despertar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Belo Deva em majestade; sobre elefante com ex\u00e9rcito; com tr\u00eas filhas (desejo, avers\u00e3o, cobi\u00e7a). Na forma irada, tamb\u00e9m como guerreiro terr\u00edvel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e3o pela for\u00e7a, mas pela sugest\u00e3o: medo, d\u00favida, desejo, orgulho. Psicologicamente sofisticado, conhece cada ser humano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gesto de testemunho da terra (Bhumisparsha-Mudra), recita\u00e7\u00e3o de textos Paritta, Metta-Bhavana (medita\u00e7\u00e3o da benevol\u00eancia), sabedoria e aten\u00e7\u00e3o plena como prote\u00e7\u00e3o fundamental. N\u00e3o aniquila\u00e7\u00e3o, mas discernimento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pt-br\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Kama hindu como deus do amor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u00e7\u00e3o no cotidiano<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00e1tica ritual<\/strong><\/p><p>Recita\u00e7\u00e3o de Paritta (Theravada) em momentos cr\u00edticos. O Ratana Sutta (\u201cSutta das Joias\u201d) e o Karaniya Metta Sutta como textos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o centrais. Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Mahayana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ato de dirigir-se a uma divindade ou poder de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> de Bodhisattvas (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) contra as influ\u00eancias de Mara.<\/p><p><strong>Pr\u00e1tica meditativa<\/strong><\/p><p>A principal \u201cdefesa\u201d contra Mara n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma defesa, mas o discernimento. A aten\u00e7\u00e3o plena (sati), a vis\u00e3o profunda (vipassana) e a benevol\u00eancia (metta): as tr\u00eas dissolvem o poder de Mara, porque n\u00e3o respondem aos seus atrativos. O gesto de testemunho da terra do Buddha \u00e9 a imagem primordial desta pr\u00e1tica.<\/p><p><strong>Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o no Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>Nas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e2ntricas, a energia de Mara n\u00e3o \u00e9 combatida, mas transformada atrav\u00e9s de divindades meditativas iradas (Yamantaka, Heruka). A figura do protetor irado est\u00e1 estruturalmente ligada \u00e0 energia de Mara, apenas sob forma transformada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos e recep\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralelos religiosos:<\/strong> Satan e Iblis partilham a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de tentador. A diferen\u00e7a: Mara opera dentro do sistema do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo, budismo e jainismo, a lei da consequ\u00eancia dos atos: cada a\u00e7\u00e3o repercute-se nas exist\u00eancias futuras.\">karma<\/span>, e n\u00e3o como contra-deus c\u00f3smico. O seu papel \u00e9 estruturalmente necess\u00e1rio, n\u00e3o maligno em sentido absoluto.<\/p><p><strong>Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o psicol\u00f3gica:<\/strong> Mestres budistas modernos (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) leem Mara em grande medida de forma psicol\u00f3gica: a soma das resist\u00eancias interiores ao caminho. Isso torna-o imediatamente relevante para os meditantes de hoje.<\/p><p><strong>Arte e cultura popular:<\/strong> A cena do ataque de Mara \u00e9 um dos motivos iconogr\u00e1ficos mais importantes do budismo em todo o mundo. Representada desde Gandhara (s\u00e9cs. II-V) passando por Borobudur at\u00e9 ao manga japon\u00eas moderno. Em videojogos e romances de fantasia, Mara \u00e9 uma figura recorrente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A tenta\u00e7\u00e3o sob a \u00c1rvore Bodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O epis\u00f3dio central do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Mara \u00e9 o seu ataque ao Buddha ainda n\u00e3o desperto, o Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama, na noite anterior ao seu Despertar sob a figueira em Bodhgaya.<\/p><p>Esta narrativa est\u00e1 preservada em numerosos textos, entre outros no <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> do C\u00e2none Pali e de forma detalhada em biografias posteriores como o <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> de Ashvaghosha e o <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara reconhece que o Bodhisattva est\u00e1 prestes a alcan\u00e7ar a rutura e a escapar ao seu dom\u00ednio sobre o mundo do nascimento e da morte. Recorre primeiro aos seus ex\u00e9rcitos: um formid\u00e1vel contingente de figuras demon\u00edacas que atacam com armas, tempestade, fogo e trevas.<\/p><p>Por\u00e9m, todos os proj\u00e9teis se transformam em flores ao atingir o Bodhisattva em medita\u00e7\u00e3o. Depois, Mara envia as suas filhas, que em alguns textos se chamam Tanha, Arati e Raga (anseio, avers\u00e3o, cobi\u00e7a), para seduzir o asceta, mas isso tamb\u00e9m fracassa.<\/p><p>Por fim, Mara contesta o direito do Bodhisattva a ocupar o assento do Despertar. O Bodhisattva toca a terra com a m\u00e3o direita e chama-a como testemunha dos seus m\u00e9ritos acumulados ao longo de incont\u00e1veis vidas. A terra testemunha, Mara \u00e9 derrotado e retira-se.<\/p><p>Este gesto, <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em>, o gesto de tocar a terra, tornou-se a forma de representa\u00e7\u00e3o mais frequente do Buddha em toda a arte budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara como princ\u00edpio psicol\u00f3gico no ensinamento can\u00f4nico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nos textos mais antigos do C\u00e2none Pali, Mara n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas uma figura narrativa, mas tamb\u00e9m um conceito doutrin\u00e1rio. A palavra <em>mara<\/em> deriva da raiz relativa \u00e0 morte e significa literalmente \u201co que mata\u201d ou \u201ca morte\u201d. Mara personifica tudo o que prende os seres ao ciclo do nascimento e da morte.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o comentarial distingue v\u00e1rios aspectos ou tipos de Mara. Entre eles citam-se Mara como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no interior de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara como os cinco grupos da exist\u00eancia (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara como as impurezas mentais (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>) e Mara como a pr\u00f3pria morte (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mara \u00e9 assim simultaneamente um advers\u00e1rio concreto e uma cifra para as for\u00e7as interiores que impedem a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>No <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em> encontram-se numerosos breves encontros em que Mara aparece ao Buddha ou aos seus monges e monjas para os perturbar, distrair ou induzir \u00e0 d\u00favida. Not\u00e1vel \u00e9 a atitude das figuras despertas: reconhecem simplesmente Mara, dirigem-se a ele, e com isso ele perde o seu poder.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Theravada l\u00ea frequentemente estas cenas como alegorias de estados interiores. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> sublinha que, no budismo primitivo, o plano m\u00edtico e o psicol\u00f3gico n\u00e3o eram separados, mas entendidos como dois lados do mesmo fen\u00f4meno.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O lugar de Mara na cosmologia budista<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No interior da cosmovis\u00e3o budista, Mara n\u00e3o \u00e9 um advers\u00e1rio extra-mundano, mas parte do pr\u00f3prio cosmos do renascimento. \u00c9 considerado o soberano do c\u00e9u mais elevado do mundo sensorial, em alguns textos habitante do c\u00e9u <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mara \u00e9 assim um ser poderoso, com longa vida e grande poder, mas n\u00e3o \u00e9 eterno nem est\u00e1 liberto.<\/p><p>O seu interesse em impedir o Despertar explica-se a partir desta posi\u00e7\u00e3o. Enquanto os seres permanecem no ciclo do renascimento, permanecem no dom\u00ednio de Mara. Quem alcan\u00e7a a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o escapa a esse dom\u00ednio. Mara n\u00e3o \u00e9, portanto, um mal absoluto no sentido de um dualismo c\u00f3smico, mas um poder dentro do mundo condicionado que defende o seu pr\u00f3prio \u00e2mbito.<\/p><p>Esta constru\u00e7\u00e3o distingue o budismo claramente das religi\u00f5es dualistas, nas quais um princ\u00edpio do mal se op\u00f5e ao bem em igualdade de condi\u00e7\u00f5es. Mara \u00e9 poderoso, mas fundamentalmente super\u00e1vel, e a sua derrota n\u00e3o \u00e9 a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de um inimigo, mas o simples escapar \u00e0 sua esfera de influ\u00eancia.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o tem assinalado que tradi\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores, em especial no Mahayana, diferenciaram o papel de Mara e chegaram mesmo a ensinar que um ser desperto pode encontrar Mara com compaix\u00e3o, uma vez que tamb\u00e9m este \u00e9 um ser sofredor no ciclo da exist\u00eancia.<\/p><p>Um paralelo distante com a figura do tentador encontra-se noutras religi\u00f5es, nomeadamente na figura que os <a href=\"\/pt-br\/erzengel-michael\/\">textos crist\u00e3os<\/a> conhecem como advers\u00e1rio, mas a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o cosmol\u00f3gica \u00e9 fundamentalmente diferente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Links internos recomendados:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\">Budismo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/guardioes-naraka\/\">Guardi\u00f5es do Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a> (paralelos de tentadores)<\/li><li>O Despertar do Buddha sob a \u00e1rvore Bodhi<\/li><li>Doutrina dos Quatro Maras (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Uma sele\u00e7\u00e3o de obras centrais sobre Mara:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (trad. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre Mara<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quem \u00e9 Mara na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista?<\/h3><p>Mara (s\u00e2nscrito para morte, tentador) \u00e9 no budismo a personifica\u00e7\u00e3o da tenta\u00e7\u00e3o, do apego mundano e da morte.<\/p><p>Mara confrontou o Buddha sob a \u00e1rvore Bodhi e tentou impedi-lo de alcan\u00e7ar a ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o: com ex\u00e9rcitos de dem\u00f3nios, com as suas tr\u00eas filhas (desejo, avers\u00e3o, cobi\u00e7a) e com a acusa\u00e7\u00e3o de que o Buddha n\u00e3o tinha direito \u00e0 ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o. O Buddha tocou a terra, que o invocou como testemunha, e derrotou Mara pela firmeza.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quais s\u00e3o os quatro Maras no budismo?<\/h3><p>A doutrina budista distingue quatro aspectos de Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, a tenta\u00e7\u00e3o pelos cinco grupos da exist\u00eancia (corpo, sensa\u00e7\u00e3o, percep\u00e7\u00e3o, forma\u00e7\u00f5es mentais, consci\u00eancia); (2) Klesha-Mara, a tenta\u00e7\u00e3o pelas impurezas (cobi\u00e7a, \u00f3dio, ilus\u00e3o); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, a pr\u00f3pria morte; (4) Devaputra-Mara, o tentador celestial (a figura personificada). Os quatro devem ser atravessados no caminho para a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Quem \u00e9 Mara na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mara (s\u00e2nscrito para morte, tentador) \u00e9 no budismo a personifica\u00e7\u00e3o da tenta\u00e7\u00e3o, do apego mundano e da morte. Mara confrontou o Buddha sob a \u00e1rvore Bodhi e tentou impedi-lo de alcan\u00e7ar a ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o: com ex\u00e9rcitos de dem\u00f3nios, com as suas tr\u00eas filhas (desejo, avers\u00e3o, cobi\u00e7a) e com a acusa\u00e7\u00e3o de que o Buddha n\u00e3o tinha direito \u00e0 ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o. 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A tenta\u00e7\u00e3o do Buddha por Mara A cena principal de Mara \u00e9 a tenta\u00e7\u00e3o do Bodhisattva Siddhartha sob a \u00e1rvore Bodhi em Bodhgaya. Tr\u00eas fases s\u00e3o relatadas canonicamente: em primeiro lugar, o aparecimento com ex\u00e9rcitos de dem\u00f3nios (Trishna, Raga, Arati, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1554,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"mara, tentador budista","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mara: Deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mara \u00e9 a figura advers\u00e1ria central da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista. 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