{"id":37989,"date":"2026-07-26T22:21:13","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T22:21:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/marduk-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T22:21:31","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T22:21:31","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37989\" class=\"elementor elementor-37989 elementor-1880\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deus principal da Babil\u00f4nia e deus imperial do pante\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico, elevado de divindade local a suprema autoridade divina. Marduk ocupa o centro da estrutura divina mesopot\u00e2mica como vencedor na luta contra o caos e criador do mundo ordenado.<\/p><p>A sua ascens\u00e3o de deus tutelar da Babil\u00f4nia a divindade suprema babil\u00f4nica reflecte a expans\u00e3o pol\u00edtica da Babil\u00f4nia sob Hammurabi e est\u00e1 literariamente fixada no Enuma Elish, o \u00e9pico da cria\u00e7\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico.<\/p><p>Marduk \u00e9 considerado o domador do caos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es definidas: for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado por meio de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templ\u00e1rias.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ber\u00e7o da religi\u00e3o documentada: Sum\u00e9ria, Ac\u00e1dia, Babil\u00f4nia, Ass\u00edria (c. 3500 a.C. a 330 a.C.).\">Mesopot\u00e2mia<\/a><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-supremas\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindades supremas de um pante\u00e3o, soberania c\u00f3smica, aspecto criador ou soberano.\">Divindade suprema<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1635\" alt=\"Marduk - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Divindade principal mesopot\u00e2mica, deus imperial da Babil\u00f4nia<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00e3o<\/span>: Babil\u00f4nia (deus principal do pante\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico), Assur (secundariamente como Bel)<br>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o: Cria\u00e7\u00e3o, realeza, tempestade, justi\u00e7a, economia<br>Principais atributos: drag\u00e3o alado (Mushhushshu), p\u00e1 (marru), alto diadema-chap\u00e9u<br>Principais locais de culto: Babil\u00f4nia (Esagila: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> com zigurate Etemenanki), Borsipa (filho Nabu)<br>Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o astron\u00f4mica: J\u00fapiter (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk est\u00e1 atestado desde o per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f4nico (in\u00edcio do 2.\u00ba mil\u00e9nio a.C.) como divindade tutelar local da Babil\u00f4nia. A principal ascens\u00e3o ocorreu sob Hammurabi (c. 1750 a.C.), tornando-se divindade imperial. No imp\u00e9rio neobabil\u00f4nico (Nabopolassar, Nabucodonosor II), foi o deus principal absoluto.<\/p><p>O <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (\u00e9pico da cria\u00e7\u00e3o, s\u00e9c. XII a.C.) estabelece Marduk como criador do mundo a partir do drag\u00e3o do caos Tiamat. O seu complexo de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> com a zigurate <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (&#8220;Torre de Babel&#8221;) foi uma das maravilhas do mundo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O principal local de culto era <strong>Babil\u00f4nia<\/strong> com o <em>Esagila<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> e a zigurate <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. Al\u00e9m disso, Borsipa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> do filho Nabu), Sippar, N\u00ednive (secundariamente).<\/p><p>A <em>Akitu<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">Prociss\u00e3o<\/span> anual (festa do Ano Novo, no m\u00eas de Nis\u00e3) era a maior celebra\u00e7\u00e3o popular babil\u00f4nica; Marduk percorria a cidade num solene <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">cortejo<\/span>, e o rei renovava o seu mandato. Com o per\u00edodo aquem\u00eanida e sel\u00eaucida deu-se o decl\u00ednio; no s\u00e9c. I d.C. o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Culto<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontes centrais: o <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (\u00e9pico da cria\u00e7\u00e3o, 7 tabuinhas), a <em>Estela de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma estela de pedra ou madeira, erguida verticalmente, inscrita ou decorada com imagens.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hammurabi<\/span><\/em> (concess\u00e3o do poder por Marduk), \u00e9pico de <em>Erra<\/em>, inscri\u00e7\u00f5es reais neobabil\u00f4nicas (Nabopolassar, Nabucodonosor II, Nab\u00f4nido). Literatura secund\u00e1ria: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designa\u00e7\u00e3o e grafias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Em ac\u00e1dico:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK em escrita cuneiforme); origem poss\u00edvel: &#8220;bezerro de Utu&#8221; ou &#8220;filho da luz&#8221;; a etimologia \u00e9 controversa. Ep\u00edtetos: <em>Bel<\/em> (&#8220;Senhor&#8221;, designa\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o tardia, especialmente na fase helen\u00edstica), <em>Merodach<\/em> (translitera\u00e7\u00e3o grega), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (equivalente sum\u00e9rio: &#8220;Rei dos deuses da terra&#8221;).<\/p><p>Os 50 nomes teol\u00f3gicos: no Enuma Elish s\u00e3o atribu\u00eddos a Marduk 50 nomes, cada um representando a assun\u00e7\u00e3o das fun\u00e7\u00f5es de outros deuses babil\u00f4nicos, um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa substitutivamente uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da sua supremacia. Recep\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00edblica: &#8220;Bel&#8221; em Jeremias e Daniel; &#8220;Merodach&#8221; como nome de \u00eddolo em fontes helen\u00edsticas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apar\u00eancia<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk \u00e9 tipicamente representado como um homem maduro e barbado, entronizado ou em passo avan\u00e7ado, em traje r\u00e9gio. A coroa com chifres (<em>agus<\/em>) distingue-o como sinal da sua divindade. Um halo radiante envolve a sua cabe\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Nas m\u00e3os segura a p\u00e1 <em>Marru<\/em>, instrumento da cria\u00e7\u00e3o e da ordem, ou um ceptro. O drag\u00e3o Mushhushshu (tamb\u00e9m chamado Sirrush), um monstro de sete cabe\u00e7as com patas dianteiras de le\u00e3o e patas traseiras de pato, serve-lhe de montaria ou esp\u00edrito protector.<\/p><p><strong>Natureza e a\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk n\u00e3o \u00e9 um criador primordial, mas o ordenador do caos. No Enuma Elish combate a deusa primordial Tiamat, vence-a e cria a partir do seu corpo o c\u00e9u e a terra. Com isso estabelece uma vis\u00e3o do mundo que ordena o cosmos.<\/p><p>\u00c9 guardi\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a, juiz dos deuses e protector da ordem humana. Como deus tutelar da Babil\u00f4nia moldou o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> p\u00fablico, em particular a festa de Ano Novo Akitu, na qual a sua supremacia era renovada anualmente.<\/p><p><strong>Apar\u00eancia e simbologia<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> \u00e9 representado como um homem poderoso e barbado com uma alta coroa (o <em>Marru<\/em>) e vestes que manifestam a sua autoridade r\u00e9gia. Empunha um ceptro dourado e \u00e9 frequentemente rodeado de auras douradas ou prateadas.<\/p><p>Ao seu lado carrega a espada flamejante ou outras armas de guerra. Na sua forma criadora \u00e9 frequentemente representado com uma esp\u00e9cie de luz ou energia criadora. O seu animal sagrado \u00e9 o drag\u00e3o <em>Tiamat<\/em> (ou o drag\u00e3o de cinco cabe\u00e7as <em>Ushum<\/em>), um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa substitutivamente uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do seu dom\u00ednio sobre a for\u00e7a ca\u00f3tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os aspectos mais importantes de Marduk num relance. Os campos seguintes resumem origem, fun\u00e7\u00e3o, apar\u00eancia, venera\u00e7\u00e3o, s\u00edmbolos e paralelos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk \u00e9 filho de <em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, deus das \u00e1guas) e de <em>Damkina<\/em>. No <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e9 o her\u00f3i da jovem gera\u00e7\u00e3o de deuses, que combate a deusa primordial <em>Tiamat<\/em> (drag\u00e3o do caos) e a derrota; do seu corpo cria o c\u00e9u e a terra.<\/p><p>Pai de <em>Nabu<\/em> (deus da escrita), esposo de <em>Sarpanitu<\/em>. Na sua ascens\u00e3o a divindade imperial recebe os <em>50 nomes<\/em> que lhe atribuem as fun\u00e7\u00f5es de todos os outros deuses (consolida\u00e7\u00e3o teog\u00f4nica).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A fun\u00e7\u00e3o de Marduk<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deus imperial da Babil\u00f4nia; cada rei recebia o seu poder da m\u00e3o de Marduk. Criador do mundo (no Enuma Elish), garante da ordem c\u00f3smica. Patrono da economia e do bem-estar da Babil\u00f4nia. Deus das tempestades e do tempo (no seu antigo papel local). No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> pessoal, tamb\u00e9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ato de dirigir-se de forma suplicante ou invocat\u00f3ria a uma divindade ou poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocado<\/span> para protec\u00e7\u00e3o contra doen\u00e7as, crimes e prova\u00e7\u00f5es demon\u00edacas; a sua estrela (J\u00fapiter) era considerada auspiciosa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorfo como figura masculina barbada com alto diadema-chap\u00e9u e longa veste de v\u00e1rias camadas. Atributos caracter\u00edsticos: <em>p\u00e1<\/em> (marru, o seu ins\u00edgnia, originalmente ferramenta agr\u00edcola, depois <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa substitutivamente uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do criador), arco, flechas, espada. Animal acompanhante: o drag\u00e3o <em>Mushhushshu<\/em> (ser h\u00edbrido de serpente, le\u00e3o e ave, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser que re\u00fane em si caracter\u00edsticas de diferentes criaturas.\" tabindex=\"0\">ser comp\u00f3sito<\/span>), o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa substitutivamente uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> de Marduk mais c\u00e9lebre, representado na Porta de Ishtar da Babil\u00f4nia. Em relevos neobabil\u00f4nicos aparece frequentemente de p\u00e9 com a p\u00e1 na m\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Marduk era invocado como deus principal da Babil\u00f4nia em todos os dom\u00ednios, desde o mandato r\u00e9gio at\u00e9 \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span> anual do Akitu e \u00e0 protec\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal. O Esagila era destino de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o em todo o imp\u00e9rio.<\/p><p>O rei recebia a sua confirma\u00e7\u00e3o no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> anual do Akitu: era humilhado pelo sumo sacerdote e, de seguida, reconduzido ao seu cargo pela m\u00e3o de Marduk. Os principais ritos pessoais eram: ora\u00e7\u00f5es de s\u00faplica em caso de doen\u00e7a, ora\u00e7\u00f5es de protec\u00e7\u00e3o em crise pessoal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os s\u00edmbolos de Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00e1 (marru), alto diadema-chap\u00e9u, arco, flechas, espada, drag\u00e3o Mushhushshu (animal acompanhante), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> Esagila, zigurate Etemenanki, disco solar alado (em algumas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es). Planta sagrada: tamarisco. Estrela sagrada: J\u00fapiter. N\u00famero sagrado: 50 (os nomes de Marduk).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elementos compar\u00e1veis<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (tratamento ass\u00edrio, significa simplesmente &#8220;Senhor&#8221;), <em>Ashur<\/em> (Ass\u00edria, equivalente ass\u00edrio como deus imperial), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e2mia, pai mais antigo do pante\u00e3o), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (Roma, identificado astronomicamente atrav\u00e9s de J\u00fapiter), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Gr\u00e9cia, paralelo como deus imperial e senhor do trov\u00e3o), <em>Indra<\/em> (Hinduismo, rei dos deuses com trov\u00e3o e raio), <em>Thor<\/em> (germ\u00e2nico, parcialmente), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e2mia, aspecto de deus das tempestades).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venera\u00e7\u00e3o no cotidiano<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk era primariamente um deus do culto estatal, n\u00e3o uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> da salva\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal ou dos mist\u00e9rios. No espa\u00e7o p\u00fablico a sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o era marcante: as inscri\u00e7\u00f5es reais invocavam a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concess\u00e3o de salva\u00e7\u00e3o e protec\u00e7\u00e3o, frequentemente em f\u00f3rmula lingu\u00edstica fixada.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> de Marduk, os contratos eram celebrados sob o seu olhar e as f\u00f3rmulas de juramento nomeavam-no como supervisor.<\/p><p>No contexto dom\u00e9stico privado Marduk desempenhava um papel menos central. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A atitude e pr\u00e1tica religiosa vivida por uma pessoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span> pessoal orientava-se mais para os esp\u00edritos protectores, para a deusa Ishtar ou para o deus da cura Gula.<\/p><p>No entanto, muitos babil\u00f4nios usavam nomes que inclu\u00edam &#8220;Marduk&#8221; (por ex. Merodaque-Balad\u00e3: &#8220;Marduk deu um filho&#8221;), o que exprimia a integra\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica de Marduk no pensamento cotidiano. Na festa do Akitu, o Ano Novo, a cidade e o campo celebravam a renova\u00e7\u00e3o da soberania universal de Marduk; a participa\u00e7\u00e3o na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span> era uma obriga\u00e7\u00e3o de todo o babil\u00f4nico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o grega:<\/strong> Zeus como divindade suprema e senhor do c\u00e9u e da ordem. Ambos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o criadores primordiais, mas ordenadores do caos ap\u00f3s um combate contra os Tit\u00e3s. A fun\u00e7\u00e3o do raio \u00e9 mais acentuada em Zeus, mas o aspecto da ordem jur\u00eddica c\u00f3smica \u00e9 comum a ambos.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o v\u00e9dica e hindu:<\/strong> Indra como deus do trov\u00e3o e chefe dos Devas. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> do combate ao drag\u00e3o (Indra contra Vritra) \u00e9 um elemento de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> paralelo fundamental. Indra empunha igualmente um raio (Vajra) e \u00e9 guardi\u00e3o da ordem c\u00f3smica (Rta).<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o eg\u00edpcia:<\/strong> Ra como deus solar e guardi\u00e3o da Maat (ordem do mundo). Enquanto Marduk domina o caos atrav\u00e9s de uma narrativa de combate, no caso de Ra isso ocorre na viagem nocturna c\u00edclica (combate contra a serpente Ap\u00f3fis). O modelo teol\u00f3gico, divindade criadora como ordenadora, \u00e9 semelhante.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hitita:<\/strong> Teshub como deus das tempestades e divindade suprema, conhecido pelo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Kumarbi, partilha o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> do combate ao drag\u00e3o com Marduk. O combate de Teshub contra a serpente Illuyanka \u00e9 um paralelo ao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Enuma Elisch: o poema cosmog\u00f4nico babil\u00f4nico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fonte mais importante para o estatuto de Marduk \u00e9 o \u00e9pico da cria\u00e7\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico, denominado pelas suas palavras iniciais <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (&#8220;Quando em cima&#8221;). Est\u00e1 transmitido em sete tabuinhas de argila, provenientes sobretudo da biblioteca do rei ass\u00edrio Assurban\u00edpal em N\u00ednive, embora preservem material mais antigo.<\/p><p>A data exacta da composi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 debatida; muitos ind\u00edcios apontam para uma redac\u00e7\u00e3o no segundo mil\u00e9nio antes da nossa era, possivelmente em per\u00edodo paleobabil\u00f4nico ou m\u00e9dio-babil\u00f4nico.<\/p><p>O \u00e9pico descreve como, a partir das \u00e1guas primordiais personificadas por <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat<\/a> e Apsu, surgem os deuses. Quando Tiamat declara guerra aos deuses mais jovens e convoca um ex\u00e9rcito de monstros, nenhum dos deuses antigos se atreve a enfrent\u00e1-la. Marduk manifesta a sua disposi\u00e7\u00e3o, mas exige como pre\u00e7o a dignidade r\u00e9gia suprema entre os deuses.<\/p><p>A assembleia divina concede-lhe esse estatuto. Marduk derrota Tiamat num combate singular, divide o seu corpo e forma das duas metades o c\u00e9u e a terra. Do sangue do chefe divino da parte advers\u00e1ria, Kingu, \u00e9 criado o ser humano, para que sirva os deuses. Por fim, os deuses constroem para Marduk a cidade da Babil\u00f4nia com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p>O <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e9 assim menos um relato neutro da cria\u00e7\u00e3o do que uma fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica do primado da Babil\u00f4nia e de Marduk. Explica por que raz\u00e3o o mundo est\u00e1 ordenado como est\u00e1 e por que raz\u00e3o a Babil\u00f4nia deve ser o seu centro.<\/p><p>A s\u00e9tima tabuinha \u00e9 composta quase inteiramente por uma litania dos cinquenta nomes de Marduk, na qual lhe s\u00e3o atribu\u00eddas as fun\u00e7\u00f5es de outros deuses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila e Etemenanki: o templo de Marduk e a Torre de Babel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Marduk estava espacialmente ligado \u00e0 Babil\u00f4nia. O seu principal templo chamava-se <em>Esagila<\/em>, &#8220;Casa cuja cume \u00e9 elevada&#8221;. Ao lado erguia-se a torre escalonada <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, &#8220;Casa do fundamento do c\u00e9u e da terra&#8221;, uma zigurate concebida como liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre as esferas.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> \u00e9 considerado pela investiga\u00e7\u00e3o como o prov\u00e1vel modelo real para a narrativa b\u00edblica da Torre de Babel.<\/p><p>Os vest\u00edgios arqueol\u00f3gicos est\u00e3o muito destru\u00eddos pela demoli\u00e7\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> e por interven\u00e7\u00f5es modernas; por\u00e9m, descri\u00e7\u00f5es <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente entre 800 a.C. e 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antigas<\/span>, como a de Her\u00f3doto, e textos cuneiformes permitem uma reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o aproximada. O rei babil\u00f4nico Nabucodonosor II mandou ampliar o conjunto de forma not\u00e1vel no s\u00e9c. VI antes da nossa era.<\/p><p>No Esagila encontrava-se a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representa\u00e7\u00e3o figurativa de uma divindade venerada no templo ou santu\u00e1rio.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagem de culto<\/span> de Marduk. Esta imagem estava t\u00e3o intimamente ligada \u00e0 identidade da cidade que o seu transporte por inimigos, por exemplo pelos hititas e, mais tarde, pelos ass\u00edrios, era considerado uma cat\u00e1strofe nacional; a sua restitui\u00e7\u00e3o era um triunfo.<\/p><p>A est\u00e1tua n\u00e3o era um mero simulacro, mas era considerada presen\u00e7a real do deus, que devia ser cuidada, vestida e alimentada.<\/p><p>A Babil\u00f4nia possu\u00eda ainda a <em>Avenida das Prociss\u00f5es<\/em>, que atravessava a c\u00e9lebre Porta de Ishtar, revestida de tijolos esmaltados e figuras de animais. Por essa via desfilava, durante a festa do Ano Novo, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span> das imagens divinas. A arquitetura monumental da Babil\u00f4nia era assim palco e cen\u00e1rio do culto de Marduk, e n\u00e3o um mero pano de fundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A festa de Ano Novo Akitu: ritual, realeza e renova\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00f3smica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O ciclo de festas mais importante do culto de Marduk era o festival <em>Akitu<\/em>, a festa babil\u00f4nica do Ano Novo, celebrada na Primavera ao longo de cerca de onze dias. Do per\u00edodo tardio conservam-se textos rituais que descrevem o desenrolar de dias concretos, ainda que de forma lacunar.<\/p><p>Entre os elementos transmitidos encontra-se a recita\u00e7\u00e3o do <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> diante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representa\u00e7\u00e3o figurativa de uma divindade venerada no templo ou santu\u00e1rio.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagem de culto<\/span> de Marduk. Com isso a vit\u00f3ria do deus sobre o caos era liturgicamente actualizada: a festa repetia e assegurava a ordem do mundo. \u00c9 tamb\u00e9m conhecida uma cena em que o rei deve comparecer diante da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representa\u00e7\u00e3o figurativa de uma divindade venerada no templo ou santu\u00e1rio.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagem de culto<\/span>.<\/p><p>O sumo sacerdote retira-lhe as ins\u00edgnias reais, golpeia-o no rosto e faz com que jure n\u00e3o ter praticado injusti\u00e7a. S\u00f3 ent\u00e3o lhe s\u00e3o devolvidas as ins\u00edgnias. Este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> subordinava a realeza terrena a Marduk e sujeitava-a ao controlo divino.<\/p><p>Um outro elemento era a grande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span>, na qual as imagens divinas provenientes de templos de diversas cidades eram conduzidas \u00e0 Babil\u00f4nia e a uma casa de festa fora dos muros da cidade. O festival demonstrava assim simultaneamente a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de primado de Marduk e da Babil\u00f4nia em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos outros locais de culto da Mesopot\u00e2mia.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga, influenciada pela chamada escola Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulamentada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>, viu de bom grado no festival <em>Akitu<\/em> um drama do deus que morre e ressuscita. Esta interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 hoje considerada excessiva e mal fundamentada. A leitura s\u00f3bria sublinha que o festival reafirmava conjuntamente a ordem do cosmos, a posi\u00e7\u00e3o da Babil\u00f4nia e a legitimidade do rei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De deus da cidade a deus imperial: a ascens\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica de Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk n\u00e3o era originalmente uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino dentro de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> de relevo. Nas fontes mais antigas surge como deus tutelar local da Babil\u00f4nia, uma cidade sem import\u00e2ncia no per\u00edodo proto-din\u00e1stico. A sua ascens\u00e3o est\u00e1 intimamente ligada \u00e0 ascens\u00e3o pol\u00edtica da Babil\u00f4nia.<\/p><p>O impulso decisivo foi dado pelo reinado de Hammurabi no s\u00e9c. XVIII antes da nossa era, quando a Babil\u00f4nia se tornou a pot\u00eancia dominante da Mesopot\u00e2mia. Mesmo depois disso o processo continuou em movimento.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista teol\u00f3gico, Marduk foi sendo progressivamente dotado de fun\u00e7\u00f5es que anteriormente pertenciam a outros deuses, sobretudo ao antigo rei dos deuses sum\u00e9rio <a href=\"\/pt-br\/enlil\/\">Enlil<\/a> e ao deus da sabedoria <a href=\"\/pt-br\/enki\/\">Ea<\/a>, que no \u00e9pico aparece como pai de Marduk.<\/p><p>A lista de nomes da s\u00e9tima tabuinha do <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e9 o instrumento teol\u00f3gico desta transfer\u00eancia: ao receber os nomes e, com eles, as caracter\u00edsticas de outros deuses, Marduk torna-se a suma do pante\u00e3o. Alguns investigadores falam de uma tend\u00eancia para a monolatria, sem que a Babil\u00f4nia tenha alguma vez atingido o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cren\u00e7a em um \u00fanico deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">monote\u00edsmo<\/span>.<\/p><p>O ep\u00edteto de Marduk era frequentemente o simples <em>Bel<\/em>, &#8220;Senhor&#8221;, um t\u00edtulo que aparece tamb\u00e9m na B\u00edblia hebraica como <em>Bel<\/em>, por exemplo nos profetas Jeremias e Isa\u00edas, que ridicularizam o deus babil\u00f4nico.<\/p><p>O seu filho era o deus da escrita <a href=\"\/pt-br\/nabu\/\">Nab\u00fb<\/a> de Borsipa, cuja pr\u00f3pria ascens\u00e3o acompanhou a de Marduk. O testemunho hist\u00f3rico demonstra assim de forma exemplar qu\u00e3o estreitamente <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A doutrina cient\u00edfica sobre Deus e sobre a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> e pol\u00edtica de poder estavam entrela\u00e7adas na Mesopot\u00e2mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/enki\/\">Ea\/Enki, pai<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/nabu\/\">Nabu, filho<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat, deusa do caos vencida (quando tratada como p\u00e1gina)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/anu\/\">Anu, pai mais antigo do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-mesopotamia\/\">Mesopot\u00e2mia, panorama do pante\u00e3o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/divindades-supremas\/\">Divindades supremas, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses\/\">Deuses, panorama da classe<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &#8220;Marduk&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Mais obras de refer\u00eancia na <a href=\"\/pt-br\/literatura\/\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes sobre Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Quem foi o deus Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk foi o deus principal do pante\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico e \u00e9 considerado o criador do mundo segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o babil\u00f4nica. O Enuma Elish, o mito da cria\u00e7\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico, narra como Marduk derrota a drag\u00e3o-serpente primordial das \u00e1guas Tiamat e forma do seu corpo o c\u00e9u e a terra. Marduk assumiu em per\u00edodo p\u00f3s-ac\u00e1dico a fun\u00e7\u00e3o do sum\u00e9rio Enlil.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>O que \u00e9 a festa de Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>A festa mais importante de Marduk era o Akitu, a festa babil\u00f4nica do Ano Novo na Primavera. Nela, o mito da cria\u00e7\u00e3o Enuma Elish era recitado publicamente, a imagem de Marduk era conduzida em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templo<\/span> Esagila numa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span> por toda a Babil\u00f4nia e o rei era de novo confirmado no seu cargo. O Akitu estruturava o ano babil\u00f4nico.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer war der Gott Marduk?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Marduk war der Hauptgott des babylonischen Pantheons und gilt als Sch\\u00f6pfer der Welt nach babylonischer Vorstellung. Das Enuma Elisch \\u2014 der babylonische Sch\\u00f6pfungsmythos \\u2014 erz\\u00e4hlt, wie Marduk die Urmeer-Drachin Tiamat besiegt und aus ihrem Leib Himmel und Erde formt. Marduk \\u00fcbernahm in nachakkadischer Zeit die Funktion des sumerischen Enlil.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Was ist das Mardukfest?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Das wichtigste Fest Marduks war das Akitu, das babylonische Neujahrsfest im Fr\\u00fchling. Dabei wurde der Sch\\u00f6pfungsmythos Enuma Elisch \\u00f6ffentlich vorgetragen, das Marduk-Bild aus dem Esagila-Tempel in einer Prozession durch Babylon gef\\u00fchrt und der K\\u00f6nig erneut in seinem Amt best\\u00e4tigt. Das Akitu strukturierte das babylonische Jahr.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marduk, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica Deus principal da Babil\u00f4nia e deus imperial do pante\u00e3o babil\u00f4nico, elevado de divindade local a suprema autoridade divina. Marduk ocupa o centro da estrutura divina mesopot\u00e2mica como vencedor na luta contra o caos e criador do mundo ordenado. A sua ascens\u00e3o de deus tutelar da Babil\u00f4nia a divindade suprema babil\u00f4nica [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk: Deus imperial da Babil\u00f4nia e domador do caos","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ascens\u00e3o de deus tutelar a deus imperial, vit\u00f3ria sobre Tiamat, Templo Esagila, festa Akitu, 50 nomes, drag\u00e3o Mushhushshu.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-37989","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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