{"id":37908,"date":"2026-07-26T22:03:22","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T22:03:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/golem-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T22:03:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T22:03:41","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37908\" class=\"elementor elementor-37908 elementor-2191\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica, um ser humanoide criado artificialmente a partir de argila ou terra, animado por <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> ou pela Palavra Divina. Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, representa a m\u00edstica judaica da cria\u00e7\u00e3o, a transgress\u00e3o da fronteira entre o ser humano e Deus, bem como o praticismo tardo-medieval da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente religiosa centrada na experi\u00eancia direta de Deus; fundamental na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica, crist\u00e3 e isl\u00e2mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> rab\u00ednica (Kabbalah). Este verbete descreve o Golem como esp\u00edrito criado pela palavra, na fronteira entre a cria\u00e7\u00e3o humana e a obra divina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esp\u00edrito: entidade incorp\u00f3rea ou semincorp\u00f3rea, falecidos, seres da natureza, esp\u00edritos dom\u00e9sticos ou guardi\u00f5es de limiar. Age na vida cotidiana, frequentemente ligado a lugares ou fam\u00edlias.\">Esp\u00edrito<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/judaismo\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de f\u00e9 judaica do Tanach at\u00e9 \u00e0 Kabbalah e \u00e0 m\u00edstica da \u00e9poca moderna.\">Juda\u00edsmo<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica m\u00edstico-cosmol\u00f3gica.\">Kabbalah<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1608\" alt=\"Golem - Geister aus der Judentum-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9 uma figura de argila ou terra que \u00e9 animada pelo nome de Deus ou por pr\u00e1ticas m\u00e1gico-lingu\u00edsticas. Na mais famosa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span>, a do Maharal de Praga, o rabino Judah Loew criou um Golem para proteger a comunidade judaica.<\/p><p>O Golem \u00e9 obediente, dotado de uma for\u00e7a sobre-humana, mas tamb\u00e9m perigoso e, em \u00faltima inst\u00e2ncia, destru\u00eddo. Mitos centrais: a cria\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00edblica de Ad\u00e3o como modelo, os Golems medievais como seres protetores, interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores de car\u00e1ter simb\u00f3lico-psicol\u00f3gico (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breve: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A narrativa do Golem surgiu na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica judaica com as obras principais Sefer Yetzira, Zohar e a escola luriana.\">Kabbalah<\/span> judaica medieval e do in\u00edcio da \u00e9poca moderna (s\u00e9c. XII-XVI). Fontes centrais: Sefer Yetzirah (Livro da Cria\u00e7\u00e3o, s\u00e9c. III-VI, mas as refer\u00eancias ao Golem s\u00e3o posteriores), lendas tardo-medievais do Maharal (s\u00e9c. XV-XVI), a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica judaica com as obras principais Sefer Yetzira, Zohar e a escola luriana.\">Kabbalah<\/span> de Scholem e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas sobre deuses transmitidas por uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>Difus\u00e3o: Europa Central (Bo\u00eamia, Pol\u00f3nia, Alemanha), posteriormente de alcance liter\u00e1rio global. Estado da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador israelita das religi\u00f5es (1897-1982); fundador da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna sobre a Kabbalah.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de saberes e narrativas de gera\u00e7\u00e3o em gera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> escrita sobre o Golem remonta v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos, existindo muito provavelmente tradi\u00e7\u00f5es orais ainda mais antigas que a precederam. O Juda\u00edsmo preservou esta entidade ou conceito ao longo de per\u00edodos extraordinariamente longos, transmitindo-o cuidadosamente de gera\u00e7\u00e3o em gera\u00e7\u00e3o, o que aponta para uma import\u00e2ncia religiosa e cultural central.<\/p><p>Desde o Sefer Jezira, passando pelos coment\u00e1rios cabal\u00edsticos medievais, at\u00e9 \u00e0 lenda do Rabi L\u00f6w de Praga do s\u00e9culo XVI, o n\u00facleo do tema do Golem permaneceu intacto: uma figura moldada em barro, animada por letras sagradas. Ainda hoje a figura est\u00e1 viva, embora transformada: surge na literatura, no cinema e no teatro, e em Praga a mem\u00f3ria liga-se ainda \u00e0 Sinagoga Velha-Nova, cujo s\u00f3t\u00e3o \u00e9, segundo a lenda, o lugar de repouso do Golem.<\/p><h3>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica<\/h3><p>O Golem \u00e9, na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente religiosa centrada na experi\u00eancia direta de Deus; fundamental na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica, crist\u00e3 e isl\u00e2mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> judaica e, mais tarde, no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o com for\u00e7as e pr\u00e1ticas ocultas situadas al\u00e9m da ci\u00eancia reconhecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ocultismo<\/span> europeu, um ser animado criado artificialmente a partir de argila. O mais famoso \u00e9 o do Rabi L\u00f6w de Praga. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um ser natural, mas uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1gica, manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o do poder criador humano e advert\u00eancia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem n\u00e3o estava limitado a uma regi\u00e3o ou localidade espec\u00edfica, sendo conhecido e venerado, ou temido com respeito, de forma universal em todo o mundo judaico. Quer nos grandes centros urbanos quer nas regi\u00f5es rurais perif\u00e9ricas, quer entre as elites sociais quer entre o povo comum, o significado espiritual ou cultural desta entidade era reconhecido de modo transversal e universal.<\/p><p>A narrativa do Golem acompanhou as comunidades judaicas na sua dispers\u00e3o pela Europa, mantendo os seus tra\u00e7os essenciais: a figura de barro, a inscri\u00e7\u00e3o que a anima, o criador erudito. O fato de a vers\u00e3o mais conhecida se ter fixado precisamente em Praga e no Rabi L\u00f6w mostra at\u00e9 que ponto o tema estava ligado \u00e0 identidade daquela comunidade, que via no Golem um protetor em tempos de opress\u00e3o. Atrav\u00e9s de publica\u00e7\u00f5es impressas e da transmiss\u00e3o oral, a vers\u00e3o praguense difundiu-se muito al\u00e9m da Bo\u00eamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As fontes prim\u00e1rias s\u00e3o o Sefer Yetzirah (texto antigo, interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o Golem s\u00e9c. XII-XVI), as lendas do Maharal (orais\/escritas no Shevet Judah, Tzemach David de David Gans, s\u00e9c. XVI-XVII), os escritos de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica judaica com as obras principais Sefer Yetzira, Zohar e a escola luriana.\">Kabbalah<\/span> (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, s\u00e9c. XIII-XVI). Per\u00edodo: s\u00e9c. III-XVII (estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o conceptual).<\/p><p>\u00c1rea lingu\u00edstica: hebraico, posteriormente alem\u00e3o, i\u00eddiche. Geograficamente: Europa Central (Bo\u00eamia, Pol\u00f3nia), depois de alcance liter\u00e1rio global. Investigadores: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador israelita das religi\u00f5es (1897-1982); fundador da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna sobre a Kabbalah.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (Golem-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente religiosa centrada na experi\u00eancia imediata de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mystik<\/span> in Mitteleeuropa), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designa\u00e7\u00e3o e grafias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9 representado nas diversas fontes e tradi\u00e7\u00f5es art\u00edsticas com determinados elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos recorrentes, que se mant\u00eam relativamente constantes ao longo de d\u00e9cadas e em diferentes espa\u00e7os geogr\u00e1ficos. Estes elementos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o meramente decorativos nem escolhidos ao acaso; est\u00e3o profundamente codificados de forma simb\u00f3lica e transportam um significado consider\u00e1vel.<\/p><p>No Golem, cada elemento da narrativa carrega significado: a argila remete para a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de Ad\u00e3o a partir da terra; a inscri\u00e7\u00e3o na testa, emet (verdade), \u00e9 ao mesmo tempo o interruptor da sua exist\u00eancia, pois apagar a primeira letra transforma-a em met (morto), pondo fim \u00e0 anima\u00e7\u00e3o. Quem conhecia as letras hebraicas e a sua interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o cabal\u00edstica lia na hist\u00f3ria do Golem uma li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o poder da linguagem e os limites da cria\u00e7\u00e3o humana. O mutismo, a for\u00e7a e a servid\u00e3o da figura s\u00e3o igualmente tra\u00e7os fixos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem era central na pr\u00e1tica religiosa, nos rituais cotidianos e na compreens\u00e3o do dia a dia do Juda\u00edsmo. As pessoas recorriam a esta entidade em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de vida cr\u00edticas ou espec\u00edficas, ou em determinadas \u00e9pocas rituais do ano, atrav\u00e9s de rituais estruturados, frequentemente elaborados, ora\u00e7\u00f5es ou oferendas.<\/p><p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica, a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um Golem nunca foi considerada uma atividade livre, mas sim uma pr\u00e1tica erudita: pressupunha o estudo do Sefer Jezira e o conhecimento das combina\u00e7\u00f5es cabal\u00edsticas de letras. Na lenda de Praga, n\u00e3o \u00e9 por acaso um artes\u00e3o qualquer, mas o Rabi L\u00f6w, reconhecido talmudista do s\u00e9culo XVI, quem anima a figura de barro segundo as regras da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A ideia do Golem pode ser seguida desde o Sefer Jezira, passando pelos coment\u00e1rios medievais, at\u00e9 \u00e0 lenda praguense do s\u00e9culo XVI, o que demonstra que a ideia de uma figura animada pela arte das letras foi transmitida de forma duradoura na literatura judaica. As fun\u00e7\u00f5es da figura foram, contudo, variando: nos textos cabal\u00edsticos, a cria\u00e7\u00e3o do Golem servia como prova de mestria m\u00edstica; na narrativa praguense, o Golem protege a comunidade judaica contra cal\u00fanias e ataques; como servo dom\u00e9stico, executa tamb\u00e9m trabalhos simples.<\/p><h3>Apar\u00eancia e simbolismo<\/h3><p>O Golem \u00e9 representado como maci\u00e7o e desproporcionado, moldado de terra ou argila, humanoide mas imperfeito. Por vezes tem o nome de Deus inscrito. O seu rosto \u00e9 inexpressivo. Com o apagamento de uma letra, Emet transforma-se em Met (morte). A for\u00e7a e a imobilidade s\u00e3o as suas marcas distintivas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Perfil do Golem examina a sua origem c\u00f3smica (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente religiosa centrada na experi\u00eancia imediata de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edstica<\/span> da cria\u00e7\u00e3o), a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o como ser protetor m\u00e1gico, a sua morfologia (figura de argila, frequentemente muda), as pr\u00e1ticas do seu despertar (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> das letras, Sefer Yetzirah), os grupos sociais que criavam Golems e os paralelos culturais com o Homunculus e a vida artificial noutras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem surgiu cronologicamente na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente religiosa centrada na experi\u00eancia direta de Deus; fundamental na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica, crist\u00e3 e isl\u00e2mica.\">m\u00edstica<\/span> cabal\u00edstica dos s\u00e9culos XII-XIII, com florescimentos posteriores nos s\u00e9culos XV-XVI (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> do Maharal). Origem geogr\u00e1fica: Europa Central, especialmente a Bo\u00eamia (Praga), a Pol\u00f3nia e as regi\u00f5es do Reno na Alemanha.<\/p><p>Origem cultural: Kabbalah judaica, ideias plat\u00f3nicas da cria\u00e7\u00e3o (Demiurgo), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrente religiosa centrada na experi\u00eancia imediata de Deus.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edstica<\/span> pr\u00e1tica do Sefer Yetzirah, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> pr\u00e1tica rab\u00ednica. Primeiros testemunhos dat\u00e1veis: Sefer Hasidim (Livro dos Piedosos, ca. 1200), depois as hist\u00f3rias do Maharal (s\u00e9c. XVI-XVII, documentadas literariamente a partir do s\u00e9c. XIX). Desenvolvimento hist\u00f3rico: da abstra\u00e7\u00e3o (Kabbalah primitiva: Golem c\u00f3smico) \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> (Golem de Praga como figura concreta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relativo a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A cria\u00e7\u00e3o do Golem era pr\u00e1tica de rabinos, cabalistas e s\u00e1bios das artes m\u00e1gicas: magos de elite, n\u00e3o leigos. Ocasi\u00f5es: defesa da comunidade (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span>: pogroms antissemitas), demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o de milagres, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Admiss\u00e3o ritual numa ordem religiosa ou esot\u00e9rica; frequentemente associada a morte e renascimento simb\u00f3licos.\">inicia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> m\u00edstica (estudar o Sefer Yetzirah = capacidade de despertar), sinal de maturidade espiritual. Contexto social: persegui\u00e7\u00e3o e busca de prote\u00e7\u00e3o, cultura de legitima\u00e7\u00e3o rab\u00ednica, o sofrimento judaico como enigma m\u00edstico (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Problema teol\u00f3gico da compatibilidade entre a omnipot\u00eancia e a bondade de Deus e a exist\u00eancia do mal.\">teodiceia<\/span>). O Golem era psicologicamente uma fantasia de prote\u00e7\u00e3o sobre-humana num mundo injusto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem \u00e9 descrito como humanoide de argila ou terra, frequentemente mudo ou inexpressivo, com grandes olhos fixos ou a testa sem inscri\u00e7\u00e3o. Atributos: por vezes a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um texto gravado ou esculpido num suporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> &#8220;Emet&#8221; (Verdade) na testa ou um selo com o nome de Deus.<\/p><p>Na lenda, o Golem de Praga \u00e9 castanho-escuro, gigantesco (sobre-humano), im\u00f3vel at\u00e9 ao despertar, depois automaticamente obediente. Na arte moderna (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E.T.A. Hoffmann) \u00e9 apresentado de forma mais tr\u00e1gica: criatura isolada, n\u00e3o monstro. Cor: castanho, cinzento, tons terrosos. Sem aura sobrenatural; antes, uma materialidade opaca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atividade<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Esfera de atua\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong><p>O Golem age primariamente como figura protetora e instrumento m\u00e1gico. Historicamente atestados s\u00e3o os Golems como guarda-costas no Praga do s\u00e9culo XVI sob o Rabi Jehuda Loew ben Bezalel, nomeadamente para repelir pogroms.<\/p><p>A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do Sefer Yetzirah descreve a cria\u00e7\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s de letras e nomes divinos como princ\u00edpio cosmog\u00f3nico; o Golem personifica a modela\u00e7\u00e3o da mat\u00e9ria pela linguagem. Em sistemas cabal\u00edsticos posteriores, o Golem simboliza a fronteira entre o criador e o criado: uma coisa consciente sem livre-arb\u00edtrio, um aut\u00f3mato de barro e escrita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meios de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Golem n\u00e3o pode ser conjurado como os dem\u00f4nios, pois n\u00e3o \u00e9 um ser maligno, mas um instrumento. Prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra o abuso do Golem: controlo rab\u00ednico e discernimento (inten\u00e7\u00e3o correta, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> verbal correta), limita\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9tica (destrui\u00e7\u00e3o do Golem no Shabat ou ap\u00f3s o cumprimento das tarefas), consci\u00eancia do risco (o Golem torna-se instrumento de caos quando deixa de ser controlado).<\/p><p>Praticamente: remo\u00e7\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um texto gravado ou esculpido num suporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> ou dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o da liga\u00e7\u00e3o ao nome. Teologicamente: respeito pelo limite da cria\u00e7\u00e3o (s\u00f3 Deus cria verdadeiramente; o ser humano apenas imita).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figuras compar\u00e1veis s\u00e3o o Homunculus da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Liga\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9-moderna entre filosofia natural e ci\u00eancia dos s\u00edmbolos; trabalha com a transmuta\u00e7\u00e3o da mat\u00e9ria como transforma\u00e7\u00e3o interior.\">alquimia<\/span> europeia (Paracelso, lenda de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fausto<\/span>), os Golems na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas sobre deuses transmitidas por uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> hindu\u00edsta (cria\u00e7\u00f5es de Shakti), os guerreiros de argila chineses (terracota de Qin), o b\u00edblico Ad\u00e3o (argila + Palavra Divina) e os Golems modernos da fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica (Frankenstein como p\u00f3s-Golem liter\u00e1rio). Todos partilham: anima\u00e7\u00e3o artificial, produ\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1gica ou cient\u00edfica, ambival\u00eancia moral, for\u00e7a sobre-humana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituais de evoca\u00e7\u00e3o e vincula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3><p>O m\u00e9todo do Sefer Yetzirah exige combina\u00e7\u00f5es das 22 letras hebraicas e medita\u00e7\u00f5es permutativas sobre os nomes divinos. O procedimento do Maharal recorria a combina\u00e7\u00f5es de letras e ao Shem ha-Meforasch (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> dos 72 nomes). O apagamento do aleph final de &#8220;Emet&#8221; (Verdade) \u2192 &#8220;Met&#8221; (Morte) era considerado o mecanismo de desativa\u00e7\u00e3o. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> praguense documenta f\u00f3rmulas transmitidas oralmente; os testemunhos escritos hist\u00f3ricos s\u00e3o fragment\u00e1rios.<\/p><h3>Magia da escrita e dos nomes<\/h3><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um texto gravado ou esculpido num suporte s\u00f3lido.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> na testa do Golem, habitualmente &#8220;Emet&#8221; (Verdade), baseia-se na m\u00edstica cabal\u00edstica das letras. Fontes rab\u00ednicas apontam para t\u00e9cnicas permutativas que surgem tamb\u00e9m no Bahir e no Zohar. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> pertence \u00e0 Kabbalah pr\u00e1tica, documentada por Gedaliah ibn Yahya no s\u00e9culo XVI.<\/p><h3>S\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e amuletos<\/h3><p>O pr\u00f3prio Golem \u00e9 um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um objeto usado ao qual se atribui um efeito protetor e de afastamento do mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuleto<\/span> ambulante; o seu corpo porta o sinal eficaz. Como objeto de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos atrav\u00e9s de a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span>, o Golem surge em cole\u00e7\u00f5es de notas cabal\u00edsticas como modelo de manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o material. Pr\u00e1ticas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o paralelas s\u00e3o as Serfen (f\u00f3rmulas de vincula\u00e7\u00e3o) e o uso de Yichudim (combina\u00e7\u00f5es de nomes) em pergaminhos.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica:<\/strong> O Golem \u00e9 inteiramente judaico; nenhuma outra tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica existe sem ele. Mas o b\u00edblico Ad\u00e3o \u00e9 o seu antecessor direto: &#8220;Deus formou Ad\u00e3o do p\u00f3 e insuflou-lhe vida&#8221; (G\u00e9nesis 2:7).<\/p><p>Os m\u00edsticos interpretaram isto como modelo de cria\u00e7\u00e3o para os Golems. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica judaica com as obras principais Sefer Yetzira, Zohar e a escola luriana.\">Kabbalah<\/span> sublinha o poder das letras, em especial as tr\u00eas letras do nome de Deus, como princ\u00edpio animador. \u00c9tica rab\u00ednica: o Golem \u00e9 instrumento, n\u00e3o pessoa; mas com fortes implica\u00e7\u00f5es de responsabilidade.<\/p><p><strong>Mundo greco-romano:<\/strong> O Demiurgo de Plat\u00e3o (o deus-artes\u00e3o) cria o mundo material, de forma an\u00e1loga \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o do Golem. Prometeu modela os seres humanos com argila (eco grego do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> da cria\u00e7\u00e3o a partir do barro). Hefesto cria seres humanos mec\u00e2nicos (os aut\u00f3matos de ouro). Sem continuidade direta, mas com semelhan\u00e7a estrutural: entidades criadas pelo ser humano, imita\u00e7\u00e3o do divino.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopot\u00e2mia:<\/strong> Enuma Elish: Marduk cria os seres humanos a partir do sangue do dem\u00f4nio vencido: cria\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1gica a partir de uma mat\u00e9ria primordial. Sem Golems de argila, mas com produ\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1gica de vida artificial. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O estudo cient\u00edfico de Deus e da f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> semelhante: a vida humana como instrumento m\u00e1gico dos deuses.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cdndia\/\u00c1sia:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas sobre deuses transmitidas por uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span> hindu: Durga ou Shiva criam manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es de Shakti por meio de vontade\/energia, de forma semelhante ao despertar do Golem. As figuras de Kali s\u00e3o auto-animadas, sem cria\u00e7\u00e3o externa. Os Yidams budistas s\u00e3o divindades visualizadas, n\u00e3o materializadas fisicamente como os Golems. Magia tibetana: os Tulpas (formas mentais de pensamento animadas pela concentra\u00e7\u00e3o) s\u00e3o talvez o paralelo mais pr\u00f3ximo, mas imateriais em vez de argila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A palavra Golem: da B\u00edblia \u00e0 figura de argila<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A palavra hebraica <em>golem<\/em> ocorre na B\u00edblia Hebraica uma \u00fanica vez, no Livro dos Salmos, onde designa uma massa informe ou um estado inacabado, referindo-se a\u00ed ao corpo ainda n\u00e3o formado. Desta acep\u00e7\u00e3o fundamental de algo incompleto, bruto, ainda n\u00e3o plenamente constitu\u00eddo desenvolveu-se o uso posterior da palavra.<\/p><p>Na literatura rab\u00ednica, <em>golem<\/em> \u00e9 usado de diversas formas, por exemplo para designar uma pessoa inculta ou espiritualmente imatura, ou um objeto que ainda n\u00e3o atingiu a sua forma definitiva.<\/p><p>Numa passagem muito debatida do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal do Juda\u00edsmo rab\u00ednico com a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> babil\u00f3nico, narra-se que um s\u00e1bio criou um ser humano e o enviou a outro s\u00e1bio, que falou com a criatura mas n\u00e3o obteve resposta, pelo que a fez regressar ao p\u00f3.<\/p><p>Na mesma passagem menciona-se que dois s\u00e1bios se dedicavam regularmente \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um bezerro. Estas breves notas s\u00e3o os testemunhos mais antigos da ideia de que homens s\u00e1bios podem produzir seres vivos atrav\u00e9s do seu saber.<\/p><p>O salto desta alus\u00e3o talm\u00fadica concisa para a ideia elaborada de um ser moldado em barro, animado por letras ou pelo nome de Deus, s\u00f3 se deu na Idade M\u00e9dia.<\/p><p>A ideia n\u00e3o est\u00e1, portanto, presente desde o in\u00edcio como uma narrativa fechada, mas vai crescendo ao longo de s\u00e9culos a partir de elementos dispersos. Para a compreens\u00e3o do Golem, \u00e9 importante ter em conta este desenvolvimento, em vez de pressupor uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o antiga e uniforme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Sefer Jezira e a pr\u00e1tica medieval da cria\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um papel central na hist\u00f3ria do pensamento sobre o Golem cabe ao <em>Sefer Jezira<\/em>, o Livro da Cria\u00e7\u00e3o, um escrito breve e de data\u00e7\u00e3o dif\u00edcil que associa a origem do mundo \u00e0s letras do alfabeto hebraico e aos n\u00fameros.<\/p><p>S\u00e1bios judeus medievais, em particular no espa\u00e7o asquenazi, leram esta obra tamb\u00e9m como um manual. Quem dominasse corretamente as combina\u00e7\u00f5es das letras poderia, segundo essa ideia, participar do poder criador que reside na linguagem.<\/p><p>Deste \u00e2mbito prov\u00eam as primeiras descri\u00e7\u00f5es mais detalhadas de como se fabricaria um Golem. Descrevem-se a modela\u00e7\u00e3o de uma figura de aspecto humano a partir de terra, circum-ambula\u00e7\u00f5es, a pron\u00fancia ou a escrita de combina\u00e7\u00f5es de letras e de nomes.<\/p><p>Estas descri\u00e7\u00f5es est\u00e3o frequentemente numa rela\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o: descrevem uma pr\u00e1tica poss\u00edvel, mas sublinham ao mesmo tempo o seu perigo ou a humildade que tal ato exigiria. O ser humano que cria um Golem imita o ato criador e aproxima-se assim de um limite.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, e aqui deve referir-se sobretudo ao estudo fundamental de Gershom Scholem sobre a ideia do Golem, mostrou que, nestes textos, o Golem \u00e9 inicialmente menos um servo \u00fatil do que um objeto de conhecimento e devo\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A cria\u00e7\u00e3o servia o estudo m\u00edstico, a recapitula\u00e7\u00e3o da cria\u00e7\u00e3o, e n\u00e3o fins pr\u00e1ticos. O Golem como auxiliar laboral e protetor de uma comunidade \u00e9 uma manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o posterior do tema.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Golem de Praga e o Rabino L\u00f6w: o surgimento de uma lenda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A narrativa do Golem mais conhecida hoje \u00e9 a do Golem de Praga, que teria sido criado pelo s\u00e1bio Jehuda L\u00f6w ben Bezalel, o chamado Maharal de Praga, no s\u00e9culo XVI, para proteger a comunidade judaica.<\/p><p>\u00c9 not\u00e1vel que esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o do tema do Golem \u00e0 pessoa hist\u00f3rica do Maharal n\u00e3o seja atest\u00e1vel nas fontes do s\u00e9culo XVI e do s\u00e9culo XVII. O Maharal foi um s\u00e1bio de grande relevo, mas os testemunhos contempor\u00e2neos n\u00e3o o associam a nenhum Golem.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o data a forma\u00e7\u00e3o da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> praguense apenas no final do s\u00e9culo XVIII e sobretudo no s\u00e9culo XIX.<\/p><p>Nessa \u00e9poca surgiram cole\u00e7\u00f5es e reelabora\u00e7\u00f5es que associaram firmemente o Golem a Praga e ao Rabi L\u00f6w, dotando a narrativa de motivos como o bilhete animador na boca do Golem, a paragem semanal no Sabat e a criatura que acaba por escapar ao controlo.<\/p><p>Uma cole\u00e7\u00e3o particularmente influente foi publicada no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX e deu \u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> a forma que ainda hoje \u00e9 corrente.<\/p><p>Assim, o Golem de Praga \u00e9 um exemplo de uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente do que aparenta.<\/p><p>Ela associa um tema m\u00edstico medieval a uma figura hist\u00f3rica da \u00e9poca moderna, mas a pr\u00f3pria associa\u00e7\u00e3o pertence j\u00e1 \u00e0 \u00e9poca moderna. Isso n\u00e3o diminui o seu impacto cultural; pelo contr\u00e1rio: foi precisamente nesta configura\u00e7\u00e3o tardia e literariamente elaborada que o Golem se tornou parte integrante da cultura narrativa europeia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o: do romance de terror ao s\u00edmbolo da t\u00e9cnica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>No s\u00e9culo XX, o Golem tornou-se um tema amplamente trabalhado na literatura, no cinema e nas artes. O romance <em>Der Golem<\/em> de Gustav Meyrink, publicado em 1915, usa a figura menos como ser de a\u00e7\u00e3o do que como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> atmosf\u00e9rico e psicol\u00f3gico no bairro judaico de Praga.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Poucos anos depois surgiram v\u00e1rios filmes mudos, dos quais a vers\u00e3o de Paul Wegener de 1920 \u00e9 a mais conhecida e que moldou de forma duradoura a imagem visual do Golem como figura pesada e da cor da argila.<\/span><\/p><p>Para al\u00e9m destas obras, o Golem tornou-se um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma imagem concreta que representa um pensamento abstrato.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> que vai muito al\u00e9m da sua origem religiosa. \u00c9 frequentemente interpretado como precursor das ideias modernas sobre o ser humano artificial, desde a figura mec\u00e2nica at\u00e9 ao monstro de Mary Shelley em <em>Frankenstein<\/em>, passando pelo rob\u00f4 e pela intelig\u00eancia artificial.<\/p><p>Nesta leitura, o Golem representa a quest\u00e3o do que acontece quando o ser humano cria algo vivo ou agente que escapa ao seu controlo. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> da criatura que se torna perigosa por interpretar a sua tarefa demasiado literalmente ou por n\u00e3o poder ser mais desativada \u00e9 a\u00ed central.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que investiga as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem vincula\u00e7\u00e3o confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> adverte aqui para a necessidade de distinguir. O Golem popular como figura de alerta face \u00e0 t\u00e9cnica \u00e9 uma interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o moderna que abandonou em grande medida o sentido m\u00edstico mais antigo, a recapitula\u00e7\u00e3o da cria\u00e7\u00e3o como ato de estudo e de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma reflex\u00e3o religiosa breve, pessoal ou comunit\u00e1ria.\" tabindex=\"0\">devo\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ambas as camadas fazem parte da hist\u00f3ria do tema, mas n\u00e3o devem ser confundidas. Ideias afins sobre o que foi criado pelo saber encontram-se tamb\u00e9m noutras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es do <a href=\"\/pt-br\/judaismo\/\">Juda\u00edsmo<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links adicionais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador israelita das religi\u00f5es (1897-1982); fundador da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o moderna sobre a Kabbalah.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Golem, esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica O Golem \u00e9, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica, um ser humanoide criado artificialmente a partir de argila ou terra, animado por magia ou pela Palavra Divina. Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, representa a m\u00edstica judaica da cria\u00e7\u00e3o, a transgress\u00e3o da fronteira entre o ser humano e Deus, bem como [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem: esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Golem, o ser criado de argila e animado por magia na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica. Origem, a lenda do Rabino L\u00f6w de Praga e a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa em resumo.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-37908","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Golem: esp\u00edrito da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Golem, o ser criado de argila e animado por magia na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o judaica. 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