{"id":37876,"date":"2026-07-26T21:56:13","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T21:56:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lono-deus-havaiano-da-paz-e-da-fertilidade\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T21:56:32","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T21:56:32","slug":"lono","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/lono\/","title":{"rendered":"Lono: deus havaiano da paz e da fertilidade"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37876\" class=\"elementor elementor-37876 elementor-2602\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono: deus supremo havaiano da paz, da agricultura e do Makahiki<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono \u00e9, na religi\u00e3o havaiana, um dos quatro deuses supremos, Atua da paz, da fertilidade, da chuva, da agricultura e do grande festival anual Makahiki. \u00c9 figura paralela pr\u00f3xima do Atua Maori <a href=\"\/pt-br\/rongo\/\">Rongo<\/a>. Esta apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o descreve a sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A totalidade dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>, o sistema Makahiki e a famosa liga\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica com James Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Polin\u00e9sia \/ Maori.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/polinesio-maori\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Polin\u00e9sia \/ Maori.\">Polin\u00e9sia \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindade suprema da paz.\">Divindade suprema da paz<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2712\" alt=\"Lono - G\u00f6tter aus der Polynesisch-maori-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o no pante\u00e3o havaiano<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono pertence aos quatro deuses supremos do Havai, juntamente com Ku, Kane e <a href=\"\/pt-br\/kanaloa\/\">Kanaloa<\/a>. \u00c9 Atua da paz e se situa, assim, em oposi\u00e7\u00e3o funcional a Ku, o deus da guerra. No calend\u00e1rio ritual anual, a venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Ku e a de Lono se alternavam: durante o tempo de guerra dominava Ku, durante os quatro meses Makahiki dominava Lono.<\/p><p>Valeri demonstra em <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> de que modo o sistema religioso havaiano institucionalizou esta estrutura de duas esta\u00e7\u00f5es. A altern\u00e2ncia entre tempo de guerra e tempo de paz n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas calend\u00e1ria, mas teol\u00f3gica e politicamente fundamental.<\/p><p>Embora Lono figure entre os quatro deuses supremos do Havai e o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A totalidade dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dedicados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> estivesse firmemente ancorado no calend\u00e1rio ritual, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> subjacente, tal como a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Maori aparentada, n\u00e3o conhece nenhuma doutrina sistem\u00e1tica nem um edif\u00edcio doutrinal fechado.<\/p><p>O que os Atua possuem de realidade, adquirem-no no ato: no Karakia, nas assembleias no Marae, nas recita\u00e7\u00f5es de Whakapapa. Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, esta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> assente na pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 considerada uma contribui\u00e7\u00e3o aut\u00f3noma para a disciplina; Mary Ann Boord e Edward Tregear desenvolveram-na sistematicamente nos seus estudos de etnografia religiosa sobre a Polin\u00e9sia.<\/p><p>Quem investiga Lono depara com uma dificuldade fundamental da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa polin\u00e9sia: in\u00fameras fontes prov\u00eam do s\u00e9culo XIX colonial e est\u00e3o marcadas pela perspetiva de mission\u00e1rios e etn\u00f3logos.<\/p><p>Precisamente no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A totalidade dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dedicados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Lono, estreitamente associado ao epis\u00f3dio de Cook, tal fato se faz sentir. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente trabalha por isso de forma constante na descoloniza\u00e7\u00e3o destes acervos, colocando as vozes polin\u00e9sias no centro e questionando criticamente as categorias ocidentais.<\/p><p>Se se confrontar a religi\u00e3o polin\u00e9sia com outras religi\u00f5es ind\u00edgenas da Oce\u00e2nia, da Austr\u00e1lia e do Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico, se evidencia uma dupla propriedade: nos motivos de base, se mant\u00e9m notavelmente constante, adaptando-se simultaneamente ao contexto local. O fato de Lono corresponder ao Rongo Maori e ter, ainda assim, recebido uma express\u00e3o havaiana pr\u00f3pria constitui um exemplo disso.<\/p><p>Esta tens\u00e3o entre universalidade e localidade constitui um importante objeto de estudo da etnologia religiosa do Pac\u00edfico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome Lono corresponde etimologicamente ao <a href=\"\/pt-br\/rongo\/\">Rongo<\/a> Maori. A raiz proto-polin\u00e9sia *Rongo significa &#8220;som&#8221;, &#8220;not\u00edcia&#8221;, &#8220;rumores&#8221;. No Havai opera-se a altern\u00e2ncia fon\u00e9tica de r para l. A liga\u00e7\u00e3o sem\u00e2ntica entre &#8220;not\u00edcia&#8221; e &#8220;paz&#8221; \u00e9 reconhec\u00edvel no Havai tanto quanto entre os Maori.<\/p><p>Os ep\u00edtetos de Lono s\u00e3o Lono-i-ka-makahiki (&#8220;Lono do Makahiki&#8221;), Lono-nui-akea (&#8220;Lono grande e vasto&#8221;), Lono-makua (&#8220;Pai Lono&#8221;). Esta diversidade revela os diferentes eixos funcionais.<\/p><p>O fato de Lono ser invocado sob v\u00e1rios ep\u00edtetos tem uma base de hist\u00f3ria lingu\u00edstica: tal abund\u00e2ncia de nomes testemunha uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de conhecimentos e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> oral que se diferenciou ricamente a n\u00edvel regional.<\/p><p>A profundidade lingu\u00edstica dos te\u00f3nimos Maori e havaianos est\u00e1 documentada nos trabalhos lexicogr\u00e1ficos de Bruce Biggs e Hugh Clarke. Quem pretender compreender o parentesco das l\u00ednguas polin\u00e9sias n\u00e3o pode prescindir desta investiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Os ep\u00edtetos de Lono s\u00e3o, em muitos casos, mais do que mero ornamento. Codificam determinadas fun\u00e7\u00f5es rituais e est\u00e3o fixados nas f\u00f3rmulas Karakia. Os Tohunga, os especialistas rituais, sabiam exatamente qual o ep\u00edteto a invocar em cada situa\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta pr\u00e1tica lit\u00fargica rigorosamente regulada \u00e9 estudada por Charles Royal e Pou Temara.<\/p><p>O significado origin\u00e1rio subjacente aos ep\u00edtetos \u00e9 frequentemente controverso. Em muitos casos, propostas etimol\u00f3gicas concorrentes coexistem sem que fontes seguras permitam uma decis\u00e3o. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem compromisso confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> moderna valoriza esta diversidade como riqueza e n\u00e3o como defici\u00eancia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o e iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> iconogr\u00e1fico central de Lono \u00e9 o estandarte de Lono: uma longa vara de madeira com uma travessa e um pano branco (Tapa), frequentemente ornamentado com feixes de penas. Este estandarte era transportado de ilha em ilha durante o festival Makahiki. A forma se assemelha, em corte transversal, a uma cruz, o que em 1779 conduziu a uma confus\u00e3o not\u00f3ria.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m porcos, caba\u00e7as e determinadas plantas est\u00e3o associados a Lono. Beckwith e Valeri documentam a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudo dos conte\u00fados imag\u00e9ticos e do seu significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> de forma exaustiva. Hoje, o estandarte de Lono \u00e9 um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da afirma\u00e7\u00e3o cultural havaiana.<\/p><p>Nas \u00faltimas cinco d\u00e9cadas, a arte da escultura dos Maori e dos havaianos conheceu um renascimento assinal\u00e1vel. Cliff Whiting, Robyn Kahukiwa, Wright Bowman e Sam Ka&#8217;ai est\u00e3o entre os artistas que desenvolveram tanto formas da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o como elabora\u00e7\u00f5es contempor\u00e2neas.<\/p><p>Os Atua, entre eles Lono, surgem de forma variada nas suas obras; a sua presen\u00e7a iconogr\u00e1fica se prolonga assim at\u00e9 \u00e0 arte dos nossos dias.<\/p><p>A arte polin\u00e9sia n\u00e3o pode ser separada do seu significado cosmol\u00f3gico. Cada espiral (koru), cada ornamento e cada linha transporta um sentido fenomenol\u00f3gico-religioso, incluindo o estandarte de Lono com a sua travessa e os seus feixes de penas. Roger Neich, Damian Skinner e outros historiadores de arte exploraram sistematicamente estas camadas de significado.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A festa Makahiki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Makahiki era o mais importante festival anual da religi\u00e3o havaiana. Durava aproximadamente quatro meses, de novembro a fevereiro (segundo o calend\u00e1rio lunar havaiano). Durante esse per\u00edodo, a guerra era proibida, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A totalidade dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dedicados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Ku ficava suspenso e Lono dominava. Pelas ilhas, o estandarte de Lono era transportado em prociss\u00e3o, cada Ahupua&#8217;a (distrito agr\u00e1rio) oferecia d\u00e1divas e se organizavam competi\u00e7\u00f5es desportivas e espet\u00e1culos de dan\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, o Makahiki \u00e9 um cl\u00e1ssico festival de a\u00e7\u00e3o de gra\u00e7as pela colheita, compar\u00e1vel \u00e0s Saturnalia romanas ou ao Akitu mesopot\u00e2mico. Valerie Valeri analisa a estrutura como &#8220;invers\u00e3o ritual&#8221;: durante o festival, as hierarquias sociais normais s\u00e3o parcialmente invertidas, a paz domina e o povo \u00e9 alimentado com d\u00e1divas.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m o conjunto narrativo em torno do festival Makahiki deve ser lido cientificamente como uma rede de narrativas que se esclarecem mutuamente e s\u00e3o acentuadas de forma diferente nas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de cada cl\u00e3. N\u00e3o se est\u00e1 perante uma narrativa fechada.<\/p><p>Esta estrutura rizom\u00e1tica, em forma de rede, coloca metodicamente desafios \u00e0 investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, mas abre-lhe tamb\u00e9m profundidade hermen\u00eautica. Vers\u00f5es divergentes de uma mesma hist\u00f3ria s\u00e3o consideradas express\u00f5es regionais de igual valor e de forma alguma &#8220;erradas&#8221; ou &#8220;falsificadas&#8221;.<\/p><p>As tradi\u00e7\u00f5es em torno do Makahiki s\u00e3o transmitidas de forma ativa em vez de meramente recordadas, no Karakia, nos discursos no Marae e no ensino. S\u00e3o, portanto, pr\u00e1tica vivida e n\u00e3o um arquivo paralisado. Os programas lingu\u00edsticos para o Te Reo Maori e o Olelo Hawai&#8217;i refor\u00e7aram consideravelmente esta vitalidade nas \u00faltimas tr\u00eas d\u00e9cadas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono e James Cook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em janeiro de 1779, James Cook fundeou com os seus navios na ba\u00eda de Kealakekua, no Havai. Por coincid\u00eancia, era precisamente a fase culminante do Makahiki. As estruturas retangulares de mastro-vau-pano dos seus navios recordavam o estandarte de Lono. Um conjunto de fontes havaianas e observadores ocidentais relata que Cook foi de fato recebido de forma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relativo a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas estabelecidas.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> como encarna\u00e7\u00e3o de Lono ou, pelo menos, como refer\u00eancia a Lono.<\/p><p>Esta hist\u00f3ria \u00e9 objeto de uma famosa controv\u00e9rsia entre Marshall Sahlins (<em>Islands of History<\/em>, 1985) e Gananath Obeyesekere (<em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em>, 1992). Sahlins defende a tese da identifica\u00e7\u00e3o ritual; Obeyesekere argumenta que se trata de uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o colonial.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, permanece central: Cook foi morto a 14 de fevereiro de 1779 num confronto, provavelmente depois de o Makahiki ter terminado e o seu regresso incomum j\u00e1 n\u00e3o poder ser classificado teologicamente.<\/p><p>O epis\u00f3dio em torno de James Cook, que aquando da sua chegada foi associado a Lono, s\u00f3 pode ser compreendido se se conhecer um tra\u00e7o fundamental da religi\u00e3o dos Maori e dos havaianos: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> e atividade cotidiana se entrela\u00e7am.<\/p><p>Enquanto outros sistemas religiosos separam nitidamente o sagrado do profano, aqui as refer\u00eancias aos Atua atravessam toda a vida. Esta religiosidade ancorada no pr\u00f3prio mundo vivido \u00e9 objeto de estudos fenomenol\u00f3gico-religiosos de Mason Durie, Charles Royal, Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa e outros estudiosos polin\u00e9sios da gera\u00e7\u00e3o atual.<\/p><p>O quanto a pr\u00e1tica ritual e o cotidiano est\u00e3o entrela\u00e7ados pode tamb\u00e9m ser lido na l\u00edngua: termos como mana, tapu, aroha ou hauora fazem hoje parte do ingl\u00eas corrente da Aotearoa e s\u00e3o usados tamb\u00e9m fora de contextos religiosos. O fato de a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Maori se ter assim inscrito no uso lingu\u00edstico documenta a sua profunda influ\u00eancia cultural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e rituais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono era venerado em Heiau pr\u00f3prios, entre os quais o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou mais divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> Halulu em Lana&#8217;i. Determinados Heiau eram &#8220;Heiau da paz&#8221; (Lono-Heiau), outros &#8220;Heiau da guerra&#8221; (Ku-Heiau). Esta diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 cientificamente elucidativa: evidencia uma separa\u00e7\u00e3o ritual sistem\u00e1tica dos dom\u00ednios da vida.<\/p><p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> do Makahiki, era central uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ordem estabelecida do culto de uma comunidade religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> espec\u00edfica documentada por Pukui e Beckwith. Esta engloba ora\u00e7\u00f5es, dan\u00e7a, d\u00e1divas e a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um cortejo religioso solene.\" tabindex=\"0\">prociss\u00e3o<\/span> do estandarte de Lono. Os agricultores ofereciam ao estandarte d\u00e1divas da sua colheita; a nobreza distribu\u00eda presentes.<\/p><p>A religi\u00e3o polin\u00e9sia permanece viva sobretudo nos Marae e Heiau, esses lugares que s\u00e3o simultaneamente espa\u00e7o de assembleia e de culto, e precisamente durante os meses do Makahiki, Lono estava ligado aos ritos dos Heiau. Cada Marae e cada Heiau tem a sua pr\u00f3pria Whakapapa, as suas pr\u00f3prias tradi\u00e7\u00f5es e as suas pr\u00f3prias refer\u00eancias aos Atua.<\/p><p>Uma visita a um Marae come\u00e7a com o Powhiri, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> em que os Tangata Whenua acolhem solenemente os seus visitantes. N\u00e3o se trata de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, com costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span> cerimonial, mas de pr\u00e1tica religiosa vivida, e \u00e9 considerada cientificamente um dos rituais de sauda\u00e7\u00e3o polin\u00e9sios mais bem documentados.<\/p><p>Nos s\u00e9culos XX e XXI, a pr\u00e1tica do culto mudou consideravelmente. Onde antes os Tohunga desempenhavam um papel central, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa estabelecida e recorrente.\" tabindex=\"0\">rito<\/span> \u00e9 hoje conduzido frequentemente pelos Kaumatua, os anci\u00e3os, bem como pelos comit\u00e9s dos Marae. Do ponto de vista da sociologia da religi\u00e3o, esta transfer\u00eancia \u00e9 elucidativa; Manuka Henare e Mason Durie discutem-na na sua investiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono \u00e9 venerado em contextos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o principalmente atrav\u00e9s da invoca\u00e7\u00e3o da paz e da fertilidade. Os agricultores que oram por uma boa colheita se dirigem a Lono. Tamb\u00e9m nas negocia\u00e7\u00f5es de paz, Lono era o ponto de refer\u00eancia. Esta pr\u00e1tica est\u00e1 hoje parcialmente revivida no \u00e2mbito de iniciativas de pol\u00edtica cultural.<\/p><p>O Makahiki anual \u00e9 hoje celebrado de novo em algumas escolas havaianas, centros culturais e movimentos de soberania, muitas vezes como evoca\u00e7\u00e3o simb\u00f3lica da ordem pr\u00e9-colonial. Esta pr\u00e1tica deve ser entendida de forma cultural-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relativo a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas estabelecidas.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>; n\u00e3o \u00e9 m\u00e1gica.<\/p><p>Quanto ao tema da prote\u00e7\u00e3o, vale cientificamente a pena fazer uma distin\u00e7\u00e3o: a compreens\u00e3o ocidental parte do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um objeto usado ao qual se atribui um efeito protetor e de afastamento do mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuleto<\/span> eficaz, a polin\u00e9sia parte da rela\u00e7\u00e3o cultivada. A prote\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 aqui concebida de forma relacional e ritualizada; n\u00e3o assenta numa causalidade m\u00e1gica.<\/p><p>Quem se encontra em rela\u00e7\u00e3o com um Atua como Lono e mant\u00e9m essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 considerado &#8220;protegido&#8221;. A prote\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 transportada pelo efeito de um objeto, mas pela vincula\u00e7\u00e3o cosmol\u00f3gica de uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o existente. Na antropologia da religi\u00e3o, este pensamento \u00e9 tratado sob o conceito de &#8220;relational ontology&#8221;.<\/p><p>A pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m um campo em que tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e modernidade se confrontam. Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es para smartphone com Karakia, guias em linha para rituais de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e visitas virtuais a Marae mostram que a religi\u00e3o polin\u00e9sia adota os novos meios para a sua pr\u00e1tica. Esta moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser entendida como um desenvolvimento adapt\u00e1vel, n\u00e3o havendo raz\u00e3o para falar em superficializa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono corresponde, no interior da Polin\u00e9sia, ao <a href=\"\/pt-br\/rongo\/\">Rongo<\/a> Maori, ao Ro&#8217;o taitiano, e \u00e9 compar\u00e1vel a Demeter, Ceres ou Saturno (na sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1ria). Como estes, Lono encarna a planta cultivada e a paz social.<\/p><p>Importa salientar a especificidade do Makahiki: uma fase de paz institucionalizada de quatro meses por ano \u00e9 historicamente not\u00e1vel e apenas em poucas outras culturas se encontra t\u00e3o claramente documentada. Valeri e Sahlins discutem esta especificidade.<\/p><p>Tais estruturas universais da experi\u00eancia religiosa foram estudadas sistematicamente por Joseph Campbell e Mircea Eliade. Por mais fundamentais que sejam os seus trabalhos, devem ser repensados para os contextos polin\u00e9sios concretos, sem cair numa simplifica\u00e7\u00e3o pan-globalizante. A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o polin\u00e9sia mais recente atribui grande import\u00e2ncia a esta interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o sens\u00edvel ao contexto.<\/p><p>No \u00e2mbito dos Indigenous Studies internacionais, desde os anos 1990 t\u00eam sido sistematicamente identificadas paralelas entre as cosmovis\u00f5es polin\u00e9sias e outras tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de povos origin\u00e1rios. Este campo de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o foi decisivamente marcado pela acad\u00e9mica Maori Linda Tuhiwai Smith com a sua obra de refer\u00eancia <em>Decolonizing Methodologies<\/em>, publicada em 1999, cuja orienta\u00e7\u00e3o metodol\u00f3gica foi adotada em todo o mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o atual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono est\u00e1 presente no renascimento havaiano. Movimentos para a revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do Makahiki, para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o do calend\u00e1rio lunar havaiano e para a preserva\u00e7\u00e3o dos Lono-Heiau est\u00e3o ativos. Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa e outros acad\u00e9micos havaianos trabalham na reintrodu\u00e7\u00e3o de Lono na consci\u00eancia p\u00fablica.<\/p><p>O debate Cook-Lono \u00e9 objeto de ensino internacional em etnologia religiosa. Uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o aprofundada na <a href=\"\/pt-br\/polinesio-maori\/\">fam\u00edlia religiosa polin\u00e9sia<\/a> evidencia o estreito parentesco de Lono com Rongo e a express\u00e3o especificamente havaiana.<\/p><p>Uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no interior de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> como Lono, associada ao pensamento da paz, \u00e0 agricultura e ao festival Makahiki, pertence a um sistema religioso ao qual o discurso internacional reconhece crescentemente autonomia e que j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 desvalorizado como &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A totalidade das narrativas m\u00edticas sobre os deuses transmitidas por uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span>&#8221; ou &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, com costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span>&#8220;.<\/p><p>Termos como &#8220;mana&#8221;, &#8220;tapu&#8221;, &#8220;mauri&#8221; e &#8220;whakapapa&#8221; fazem j\u00e1 parte da linguagem cient\u00edfica especializada, o que documenta este reconhecimento. O seu uso pressup\u00f5e, por\u00e9m, uma sensibilidade contextual que n\u00e3o \u00e9 evidente por si mesma.<\/p><p>A forma como as religi\u00f5es polin\u00e9sias s\u00e3o incorporadas na cultura popular, em produ\u00e7\u00f5es da Disney, no turismo, na literatura esot\u00e9rica, \u00e9 objeto de debates cr\u00edticos. Onde ocorre uma media\u00e7\u00e3o adequada e onde h\u00e1 simplifica\u00e7\u00e3o ou distor\u00e7\u00e3o? Estas quest\u00f5es s\u00e3o discutidas com veem\u00eancia e publicamente em Aotearoa e no Havai.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contribui\u00e7\u00f5es importantes sobre Lono encontram-se em Martha Beckwith, Mary Kawena Pukui, David Malo, Valerio Valeri, Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Obeyesekere e Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa. O <em>Islands of History<\/em> de Sahlins e o <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> de Obeyesekere s\u00e3o os textos centrais do debate Cook-Lono. O <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> de Valeri \u00e9 a obra de refer\u00eancia sobre a estrutura do sistema religioso havaiano.<\/p><p>Lono permanece uma refer\u00eancia central para a compreens\u00e3o da religi\u00e3o havaiana pr\u00e9-colonial e do seu encontro com a Europa.<\/p><p>O di\u00e1logo entre as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de conhecimento internas \u00e0 Polin\u00e9sia e a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o acad\u00e9mica \u00e9 hoje sustentado por um conjunto de institui\u00e7\u00f5es: a Royal Society of New Zealand, Te Aparangi, o Departamento de Estudos Maori da Universidade de Auckland, a Universidade do Havai em Manoa e a funda\u00e7\u00e3o Te Punga Tipu.<\/p><p>Esta base institucional garante que a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o polin\u00e9sia parta tamb\u00e9m da pr\u00f3pria Polin\u00e9sia e v\u00e1 al\u00e9m de um mero discurso sobre a Polin\u00e9sia.<\/p><p>Uma ponte para a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ci\u00eancia que estuda as religi\u00f5es de forma comparativa e sem compromisso confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es<\/span> global \u00e9 lan\u00e7ada por estudos que utilizam a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina cient\u00edfica que estuda Deus e a f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> polin\u00e9sia como caso exemplar de uma religiosidade n\u00e3o ocidental. Por mais exigente que seja metodicamente este trabalho comparativo, abre novas perspetivas sobre a compreens\u00e3o da religi\u00e3o como fen\u00f3meno cultural.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d3003bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d3003bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29fa8a39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29fa8a39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A controv\u00e9rsia Sahlins-Obeyesekere: Lono e os limites da interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o etnogr\u00e1fica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2643cac5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2643cac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22515bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22515bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dificilmente uma figura da religi\u00e3o havaiana est\u00e1 t\u00e3o estreitamente associada a um debate cient\u00edfico como <em>Lono<\/em>. No centro est\u00e1 a quest\u00e3o do papel desempenhado por Lono na chegada do navegador brit\u00e2nico James Cook, que no in\u00edcio de 1779, durante o <em>Makahiki<\/em>, o grande per\u00edodo de paz da colheita, desembarcou no Havai e a\u00ed foi morto poucas semanas depois.<\/p><p>O antrop\u00f3logo americano Marshall Sahlins defendeu em v\u00e1rios trabalhos dos anos 1980 a tese de que Cook teria sido inserido pelos havaianos no esquema m\u00edtico de Lono.<\/p><p>A sua chegada durante o festival de Lono, o seu trajeto e o seu comportamento teriam correspondido a expectativas culturalmente predefinidas, de modo que os havaianos o teriam entendido como manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o ou regresso do Atua. Sahlins utilizou o caso para sustentar o seu argumento mais amplo de que hist\u00f3ria e estrutura cultural se interpenetram mutuamente.<\/p><p>O antrop\u00f3logo de origem sri-lankesa Gananath Obeyesekere contradisse-o com veem\u00eancia em 1992. Acusou a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de Sahlins de repetir um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> colonial, a saber, a lisonjeira concep\u00e7\u00e3o europeia de que o rec\u00e9m-chegado branco teria sido tomado por um deus.<\/p><p>Obeyesekere argumentou que os havaianos trataram Cook como um chefe poderoso e estrangeiro, n\u00e3o como uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no interior de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>, e que a diviniza\u00e7\u00e3o seria uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o europeia posterior. Sahlins respondeu em 1995 com uma extensa r\u00e9plica em que reanalisou as fontes havaianas e as primeiras fontes documentais.<\/p><p>A controv\u00e9rsia n\u00e3o est\u00e1 at\u00e9 hoje definitivamente resolvida, e \u00e9 precisamente isso que a torna instrutiva para a apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o de Lono. Mostra, em primeiro lugar, qu\u00e3o restrita e filtrada pela perspetiva europeia \u00e9 a base documental.<\/p><p>Quase todos os primeiros relatos prov\u00eam das tripula\u00e7\u00f5es dos navios; os testemunhos escritos havaianos s\u00f3 surgem d\u00e9cadas mais tarde e est\u00e3o eles pr\u00f3prios marcados pela miss\u00e3o e pela historiografia. Mostra, em segundo lugar, que a quest\u00e3o do que os atores hist\u00f3ricos acreditavam efetivamente \u00e9 metodicamente muito mais dif\u00edcil de responder do que as apresenta\u00e7\u00f5es populares sugerem.<\/p><p>Para um tratamento s\u00e9rio de Lono, tal significa apresentar o epis\u00f3dio de Cook como um caso controverso que evidencia os limites metodol\u00f3gicos da etnografia, em vez de o apresentar como um fato estabelecido da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es. O n\u00facleo cientificamente sustent\u00e1vel permanece a liga\u00e7\u00e3o de Lono \u00e0 chuva, \u00e0 fertilidade e ao calend\u00e1rio Makahiki, independentemente da quest\u00e3o relativa a Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Martha Beckwith: <em>Hawaiian Mythology<\/em> (1940)<\/li><li>Valerio Valeri: <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Marshall Sahlins: <em>Islands of History<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Gananath Obeyesekere: <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa: <em>Native Land and Foreign Desires<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>David Malo: <em>Hawaiian Antiquities<\/em> (1898)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como <strong>deus supremo<\/strong> da paz, da agricultura e do per\u00edodo festivo anual do Makahiki, Lono ocupa uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o central no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A totalidade dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span> havaiano e constitui o contrapolo do belicoso Ku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Palavras-chave relacionadas: Lono Havai Makahiki James Cook estandarte de Lono parentesco com Rongo deus da paz.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-lono\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard se insere na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural-hist\u00f3rica dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/polinesio-maori\/\">Polin\u00e9sia \/ Maori<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas do mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico. Sem promessas de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00eautico. Os conte\u00fados de ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o cultural-hist\u00f3rica e n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lono: deus supremo havaiano da paz, da agricultura e do Makahiki Lono \u00e9, na religi\u00e3o havaiana, um dos quatro deuses supremos, Atua da paz, da fertilidade, da chuva, da agricultura e do grande festival anual Makahiki. \u00c9 figura paralela pr\u00f3xima do Atua Maori Rongo. Esta apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o descreve a sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o no Pantheon, o sistema Makahiki [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2712,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"lono hava\u00ed makahiki","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lono: Deus havaiano da paz, mito","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lono \u00e9 o deus supremo havaiano da paz e patrono do festival Makahiki. 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