{"id":37861,"date":"2026-07-26T21:52:18","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T21:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/erlik-khan-senhor-do-submundo-dos-altaicos\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T21:52:37","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T21:52:37","slug":"erlik-khan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/erlik-khan\/","title":{"rendered":"Erlik Khan, senhor do submundo dos altaicos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37861\" class=\"elementor elementor-37861 elementor-2636\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik Khan, senhor altaico-siberiano do submundo e advers\u00e1rio de \u00dclgen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan \u00e9, no tengrismo do sul da Sib\u00e9ria, o soberano do mundo inferior, ou submundo, e o antagonista m\u00edtico do deus da luz <a href=\"\/pt-br\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. Representa simultaneamente a morte e a doen\u00e7a, bem como o lado sombrio necess\u00e1rio e ordenado do mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Seres nocivos da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Sib\u00e9ria \/ Tengrismo.\">Seres nocivos<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/xamanismo-siberiano\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Sib\u00e9ria \/ Tengrismo.\">Sib\u00e9ria \/ Tengrismo<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus do mundo inferior.\">Deus do mundo inferior<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2855\" alt=\"Erlik Khan - D\u00e4monen aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan \u00e9 o <strong>deus altaico-siberiano<\/strong> do mundo inferior no tengrismo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan, o <strong>deus altaico do mundo inferior<\/strong>, governa os mortos e o mundo subterr\u00e2neo da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e perfil resumido<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan (tamb\u00e9m Erlik, Erklik, Erlig, mong. Erlig Khaan) pertence ao estrato superior do pante\u00e3o do sul da Sib\u00e9ria. Na cren\u00e7a altaica e tuvana, \u00e9 o senhor do reino inferior, n\u00e3o do mal em sentido absoluto, mas de um dom\u00ednio delimitado onde habitam os mortos e os esp\u00edritos da peste e da fome.<\/p><p>Numa estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o tardia, surge como figura degenerada e mal\u00e9vola, o que se deve sobretudo \u00e0 sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o budista no mundo mongol (Erlig Khan \u2248 Yama) e \u00e0 demoniza\u00e7\u00e3o imposta pelas miss\u00f5es crist\u00e3s dos s\u00e9culos XVIII e XIX.<\/p><p>No \u00e2mbito da <a href=\"\/pt-br\/xamanismo-siberiano\/\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o siberiano-tengrista<\/a>, Erlik forma com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> um par dual. Contudo, n\u00e3o deve ser entendido de forma alguma em sentido moral, \u00e0 maneira de um dualismo manique\u00edsta, mas antes como uma ordem complementar de cima e baixo, ver\u00e3o e inverno, nascimento e morte. Esta compreens\u00e3o foi esclarecida por A. V. Anokhin em <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924).<\/p><p>O debate acad\u00eamico em torno de Erlik \u00e9 t\u00e3o rico porque demonstra exemplarmente como perspectivas externas de cariz mission\u00e1rio podem distorcer uma religi\u00e3o ind\u00edgena. Aquilo que os altaicos conheciam como &#8216;Senhor dos de Baixo&#8217; foi convertido em &#8216;diabo&#8217; por meio de tradu\u00e7\u00f5es russo-ortodoxas e budistas, um caso cl\u00e1ssico dos Estudos Religiosos P\u00f3s-coloniais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome <em>Erlik<\/em> \u00e9 turco antigo e \u00e9 habitualmente associado na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o a <em>er<\/em> (&#8216;homem, her\u00f3i&#8217;); uma deriva\u00e7\u00e3o alternativa liga-o a um radical com o significado de &#8216;corajoso, forte, autorit\u00e1rio&#8217;.<\/p><p>Em mongol, transforma-se em <em>Erlig Khaan<\/em>; na sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o budista, funde-se com o Yama \/ Shinje indo-tibetano. Walther Heissig descreveu esta fus\u00e3o em pormenor em <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>O t\u00edtulo adicional <em>Khan<\/em> marca-o como soberano; nos cantos xam\u00e2nicos altaicos \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m chamado <em>Yer-Tine Khan<\/em>, &#8216;rei das profundezas da terra&#8217;. Importa sublinhar: no contexto siberiano pr\u00f3prio, Erlik n\u00e3o \u00e9 um diabo no sentido crist\u00e3o; os mission\u00e1rios crist\u00e3os do s\u00e9culo XIX (Verbickij e outros) sugeriram, por\u00e9m, essa tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, e a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o adoptou-a durante muito tempo de forma acr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista lingu\u00edstico, \u00e9 interessante a poss\u00edvel liga\u00e7\u00e3o a <em>er-lig<\/em>, &#8216;o viril&#8217;, o que caracteriza Erlik como o &#8216;Grande Homem&#8217; para l\u00e1 da morte. Nesta leitura, seria menos um ser nocivo do que o representante de uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o antropol\u00f3gica necess\u00e1ria: a morte como parte da condi\u00e7\u00e3o masculina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o e iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik \u00e9 descrito como um homem idoso de cabelo negro, com presas de javali, garras de ferro e uma ma\u00e7a feita de v\u00e9rtebras humanas.<\/p><p>Cavalga um touro negro ou um cavalo negro; o seu pal\u00e1cio fica na margem de um rio infernal, onde habita com nove filhos e nove filhas. O tambor xam\u00e2nico altaico representa-o no ter\u00e7o inferior, frequentemente com um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span>.<\/p><p>Esta iconografia encontra-se descrita de forma cl\u00e1ssica em Anokhin (1924) e em N. Dyrenkova; foi posteriormente recepcionada por Mircea Eliade em <em>Le chamanisme<\/em>. A sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o budista atribui-lhe adicionalmente os atributos do Yama indo-tibetano: cornos de b\u00fafalo, la\u00e7o e espelho dos atos.<\/p><p>Nas colec\u00e7\u00f5es do Museu Kunstkammer (S\u00e3o Petersburgo) conservam-se v\u00e1rias representa\u00e7\u00f5es altaicas de Erlik, que L. P. Potapov catalogou na sua obra de refer\u00eancia <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991). Revelam uma estabilidade iconogr\u00e1fica not\u00e1vel ao longo de 200 anos de hist\u00f3ria coleccion\u00edstica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A mitologia altaica da cria\u00e7\u00e3o narra como <a href=\"\/pt-br\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> quer retirar terra do mar primordial e pede ajuda a Erlik, em forma de ave.<\/p><p>Erlik mergulha, traz lama \u00e0 superf\u00edcie, mas guarda secretamente uma parte na boca; deste resto emergem p\u00e2ntanos, montanhas e, por fim, o pr\u00f3prio Erlik como poder aut\u00f3nomo. Por arrog\u00e2ncia, tenta posteriormente sentar-se ao lado de \u00dclgen, \u00e9 banido e governa desde ent\u00e3o o mundo inferior.<\/p><p>Uma segunda narrativa descreve como Erlik adoece os primeiros humanos ao &#8216;ler&#8217; ossos do interior do corpo. Os xam\u00e3s nasceram para recuperar esses ossos, uma mitologia que fundamenta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas estabelecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span> a viagem do xam\u00e3 ao mundo inferior e que ocupa, no modelo de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> de Eliade, o lugar protot\u00edpico.<\/p><p>Uma terceira narrativa, menos conhecida, conta como Erlik negoceia com os mensageiros de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> em disputa pelas almas dos mortos: quem levou uma boa vida pode regressar ao mundo superior; quem agiu mal permanece com Erlik. Esta variante moralizadora \u00e9 provavelmente de forma\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente (p\u00f3s-budista).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em sentido estrito, n\u00e3o existia uma &#8216;venera\u00e7\u00e3o&#8217; de Erlik, mas antes um afastamento ritualizado. Os xam\u00e3s altaicos distinguiam entre <em>aq kam<\/em> (xam\u00e3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem \u00e9 atribu\u00edda a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">branco<\/span>), que ascendia a \u00dclgen, e <em>kara kam<\/em> (xam\u00e3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem \u00e9 atribu\u00edda a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">negro<\/span>), que descia a Erlik.<\/p><p>Ambas as voca\u00e7\u00f5es eram consideradas leg\u00edtimas e necess\u00e1rias; a descri\u00e7\u00e3o etnogr\u00e1fica de Anokhin deixa claro que &#8216;negro&#8217; significa aqui &#8216;orientado para baixo&#8217; e de modo algum &#8216;mau&#8217;.<\/p><p>Em caso de epidemias, mortes s\u00fabitas ou perda de uma crian\u00e7a, era convocado o xam\u00e3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem \u00e9 atribu\u00edda a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">negro<\/span>. Durante a sess\u00e3o, este penetrava <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas estabelecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span> no reino de Erlik, negociava com ele e trazia de volta a &#8216;alma raptada&#8217;. As <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferenda a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">oferendas<\/span> consistiam em ovelhas ou cavalos negros; o sangue era derramado na terra, em vez de ser oferecido ao sol.<\/p><p>Com a \u00e9poca sovi\u00e9tica, este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> extinguiu-se quase por completo; no renascimento altaico desde 1991, assiste-se a uma t\u00edmida revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, embora claramente menos vis\u00edvel do que o culto de \u00dclgen, pois Erlik continua a ser associado, na percep\u00e7\u00e3o moderna, \u00e0 &#8216;magia negra&#8217;.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidos a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>, uma vez que Erlik continua a ser associado, na percep\u00e7\u00e3o moderna, \u00e0 &#8216;magia negra&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e apotropaico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descritas do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es (sem promessa de efic\u00e1cia): as pr\u00e1ticas apotropaicas contra Erlik inclu\u00edam a suspens\u00e3o de fitas de l\u00e3 branca na verga da porta, o dep\u00f3sito de pequenas figuras de madeira (&#8216;servidores de Erlik&#8217;) como oferenda simb\u00f3lica de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o, o tabu de pronunciar o nome de Erlik em voz alta ap\u00f3s o p\u00f4r-do-sol e a fumiga\u00e7\u00e3o da casa com zimbro.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m certas regras de comportamento tinham uma conota\u00e7\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apotropaico: relativo a sinais e objetos destinados a afastar influ\u00eancias nocivas.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span>: n\u00e3o era permitido visitar doentes de chap\u00e9u, pois Erlik &#8216;colecciona cabe\u00e7as&#8217;; as soleiras das portas eram untadas com carv\u00e3o, porque o negro bloqueado supostamente bloqueia o negro, um exemplo cl\u00e1ssico de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e1ticas que, mediante a\u00e7\u00f5es ou f\u00f3rmulas especiais, pretendem intervir no curso dos acontecimentos.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> simp\u00e1tica no sentido de James Frazer.<\/p><p>Estas pr\u00e1ticas devem ser compreendidas no \u00e2mbito do conceito de tabu e pureza da religi\u00e3o do sul da Sib\u00e9ria, que delimita, mediante in\u00fameras regras de detalhe, a ordem do mundo face ao mundo inferior. Roberte Hamayon interpretou-as em <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) como parte da &#8216;economia de parentesco&#8217;, em que a doen\u00e7a e a morte s\u00e3o abordadas como rupturas da ordem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00e3o estruturalmente compar\u00e1veis: Yama na \u00cdndia v\u00e9dica e budista; Hades no mundo grego; Hel na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das narrativas m\u00edticas transmitidas pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> n\u00f3rdica; Mictlantecuhtli no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das divindades de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> asteca; Os\u00edris na sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o de juiz dos mortos, menos como deus que morre. Na pr\u00f3pria Sib\u00e9ria existem figuras paralelas, como o contraponto de <em>Aiy Tojon<\/em>, ou seja, <em>Yer-Khan<\/em> entre os Iakutes.<\/p><p>A sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o budista-tibetana de Erlik em Erlig Khaan = Yama \u00e9 objeto de uma an\u00e1lise espec\u00edfica em Walther Heissig (<em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em>, 1970). Aqui se evidencia como uma figura ind\u00edgena do mundo inferior \u00e9 integrada no tantrismo e a\u00ed recoberta com camadas atributivas pr\u00f3prias.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista fenomenol\u00f3gico da religi\u00e3o, \u00e9 not\u00e1vel a observa\u00e7\u00e3o de que praticamente todos os sistemas cosmol\u00f3gicos tripartidos (Cima, Meio, Baixo) conhecem uma divindade do mundo inferior que \u00e9 simultaneamente figura de terror e garante da ordem. Erlik n\u00e3o \u00e9, portanto, uma anomalia, mas um exemplo paradigm\u00e1tico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rece\u00e7\u00e3o e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A cultura popular transmitida, com costumes, narrativas e can\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span> tuvano e altaico moderno, Erlik \u00e9 sobretudo uma figura de terror e n\u00e3o um objeto de culto; na recep\u00e7\u00e3o popular (romances de fantasia, jogos em linha) surge por vezes como &#8216;antagonista das trevas&#8217;. Apresenta\u00e7\u00f5es cientificamente s\u00f3lidas encontram-se em Andrei Znamenski, Roberte Hamayon e na colect\u00e2nea de l\u00edngua russa <em>Mify narodov mira<\/em> (vol. 2, 1992).<\/p><p>Um debate de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o importante gira em torno da quest\u00e3o de saber quanto da imagem &#8216;sombria&#8217; de Erlik actual \u00e9 pr\u00e9-isl\u00e2mica\/pr\u00e9-budista e quanto surgiu como demoniza\u00e7\u00e3o mission\u00e1ria crist\u00e3 nos s\u00e9culos XVIII e XIX. Verbickij e outros mission\u00e1rios traduziram simplesmente &#8216;Erlik&#8217; por &#8216;diabo&#8217; nos seus dicion\u00e1rios, o que a ci\u00eancia posterior adoptou durante muito tempo de forma acr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>A obra de Andrei Znamenski <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007) reconstruiu de forma abrangente esta hist\u00f3ria de distor\u00e7\u00e3o e defende a restitui\u00e7\u00e3o do Erlik hist\u00f3rico como figura de ordem ambivalente, para al\u00e9m dos esquemas dualistas crist\u00e3os.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Debates de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e quest\u00f5es em aberto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tr\u00eas quest\u00f5es de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o permanecem em aberto. Em primeiro lugar: que forma anterior tinha Erlik na religi\u00e3o proto-turca, antes do contacto com o budismo e o cristianismo? O material de Anokhin leva a supor que era mais antigo e aut\u00f3nomo do que a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Yama sugere.<\/p><p>Em segundo lugar: em que medida \u00e9 que a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o altaica de Erlik \u00e9 cont\u00ednua com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o <em>abasy<\/em> iacuta e descont\u00ednua com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mongol de Erlig Khaan? L. P. Potapov defendeu aqui uma hip\u00f3tese de bifurca\u00e7\u00e3o, que a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente tem retomado.<\/p><p>Em terceiro lugar: que papel desempenha Erlik na cena neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">xam\u00e2nica<\/span> tuvana e altaica contempor\u00e2nea, que se desenvolve em parte contra, em parte com a corrente principal russa? Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer mostrou em v\u00e1rios artigos que os xam\u00e3s modernos recorrem deliberadamente a Erlik para delinear uma alternativa ind\u00edgena \u00e0 simbologia russo-ortodoxa dominante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Erlik com o Yama budista \u00e9, do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, um dos casos mais bem documentados da religi\u00e3o mongol-tibetana. Walther Heissig mostrou em <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) como, ao longo de v\u00e1rios s\u00e9culos, o Erlik altaico se fundiu com o Yama \/ Shinje indo-tibetano sem que tivesse ocorrido uma substitui\u00e7\u00e3o completa.<\/p><p>Em vez disso, surgiu uma figura de duas camadas, em que, consoante o contexto, \u00e9 actualizada a camada altaica ou a budista.<\/p><p>Esta estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um exemplo paradigm\u00e1tico dos &#8216;Translation Studies&#8217; cient\u00edficos: como \u00e9 que um conceito \u00e9 transferido com exactid\u00e3o de uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o para outra, que deslocamentos sem\u00e2nticos s\u00e3o inevit\u00e1veis e que formas h\u00edbridas peculiares emergem do processo de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/p><p>Um caso concreto: no <em>Bardo-th\u00f6dr\u00f6l<\/em> tibetano (&#8216;Livro dos Mortos Tibetano&#8217;), Yama surge como portador do espelho que mostra ao morto os atos da sua vida. Esta ideia est\u00e1 ausente no complexo altaico aut\u00f3ctone de Erlik, mas est\u00e1 presente na concep\u00e7\u00e3o mongol tardia de Erlik, um ind\u00edcio da camada budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o centro cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Quem desejar estudar o complexo de Erlik na sua amplitude encontrar\u00e1 na p\u00e1gina de s\u00edntese <a href=\"\/pt-br\/xamanismo-siberiano\/\">Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Siberiano-Tengrista<\/a> as refer\u00eancias cruzadas mais importantes para figuras afins, como <a href=\"\/pt-br\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> e os seres nocivos <em>abasy<\/em> do mundo inferior. A obra de A. V. Anokhin <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924) continua a ser a principal fonte prim\u00e1ria.<\/p><p>Para a sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o budista, s\u00e3o indispens\u00e1veis <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) de Walther Heissig e os estudos de Klaus Sagaster. Para o tratamento cr\u00edtico das distor\u00e7\u00f5es mission\u00e1rias, a melhor obra dispon\u00edvel \u00e9 <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> de Andrei Znamenski (Oxford 2007).<\/p><p>A obra de refer\u00eancia de L. P. Potapov <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (S\u00e3o Petersburgo 1991) oferece a s\u00edntese sovi\u00e9tico-russa mais abrangente e n\u00e3o deve ser ignorada na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre Erlik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fenomenologia religiosa do mundo subterr\u00e2neo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik insere-se no espectro fenomenol\u00f3gico-religioso das divindades do mundo inferior, que Mircea Eliade tratou extensamente em <em>Forgerons et alchimistes<\/em> (1956) e no seu livro sobre o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span>. Caracter\u00edstica \u00e9 a ambival\u00eancia: as divindades do mundo inferior representam o dom\u00ednio sombrio necess\u00e1rio da ordem c\u00f3smica, a sua natureza n\u00e3o pode ser captada com um simples &#8216;mau&#8217;.<\/p><p>Uma particularidade not\u00e1vel de Erlik \u00e9 a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o simult\u00e2nea de causador e eliminador de doen\u00e7as. O xam\u00e3 negro negocia com Erlik a devolu\u00e7\u00e3o das almas perdidas, um modelo cl\u00e1ssico de &#8216;negocia\u00e7\u00e3o xam\u00e2nica&#8217; que Roberte Hamayon desenvolveu em contraste com o modelo da &#8216;\u00eaxtase&#8217; de Eliade.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Especialista religioso a quem \u00e9 atribu\u00edda a media\u00e7\u00e3o entre os seres humanos e o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamane<\/span> negocia com Erlik a devolu\u00e7\u00e3o das almas perdidas, um modelo cl\u00e1ssico de &#8216;negocia\u00e7\u00e3o xam\u00e2nica&#8217; que Roberte Hamayon desenvolveu em contraste com o modelo da &#8216;\u00eaxtase&#8217; de Eliade.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da antropologia religiosa, \u00e9 interessante a distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre xam\u00e3s &#8216;brancos&#8217; e &#8216;negros&#8217; com diferentes divindades destinat\u00e1rias. Esta dupla estrutura s\u00f3 se encontra em poucas tradi\u00e7\u00f5es siberianas com tanta clareza como entre os altaicos e os tuvanos; historicamente, \u00e9 provavelmente tardia e pode ter surgido sob influ\u00eancia budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reflex\u00e3o metodol\u00f3gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O trabalho com fontes sobre Erlik levanta v\u00e1rios problemas metodol\u00f3gicos. Em primeiro lugar: as fontes mais antigas s\u00e3o os registos de mission\u00e1rios crist\u00e3os (Verbickij, Chivalkov) do s\u00e9culo XIX, que o identificaram sistematicamente com o diabo crist\u00e3o. Remover esta camada mission\u00e1ria \u00e9 metodologicamente exigente.<\/p><p>Em segundo lugar: a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Yama introduziu camadas de significado adicionais que n\u00e3o se separam facilmente da camada altaica origin\u00e1ria de Erlik. O modelo estratigr\u00e1fico de Walther Heissig ajuda, mas permanece pass\u00edvel de discuss\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Em terceiro lugar: a pr\u00e1tica xam\u00e2nica contempor\u00e2nea em torno de Erlik encontra-se fragmentada ap\u00f3s a \u00e9poca sovi\u00e9tica; o que hoje se observa \u00e9 uma reformula\u00e7\u00e3o com base em textos etnogr\u00e1ficos, n\u00e3o uma continuidade ininterrupta. Andrei Znamenski reflectiu criticamente sobre este facto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik na cultura popular contempor\u00e2nea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na cultura popular contempor\u00e2nea, Erlik est\u00e1 surpreendentemente presente. Surge em v\u00e1rios romances russos de fantasia, em jogos de computador em linha (como <em>Path of Exile<\/em>, <em>Smite<\/em>), em letras de heavy metal e no universo da manga e do anime. Esta recep\u00e7\u00e3o distorce frequentemente de forma acentuada a imagem hist\u00f3rica, mas torna Erlik uma figura culturalmente activa.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, esta recep\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 ambivalente: mant\u00e9m Erlik na mem\u00f3ria cultural, mas ao mesmo tempo banaliza-o. Andrei Znamenski chamou a aten\u00e7\u00e3o, em <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007), para a tens\u00e3o entre reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica e apropria\u00e7\u00e3o popular.<\/p><p>Nas pr\u00f3prias rep\u00fablicas altaica e tuvana, Erlik est\u00e1 menos presente na cultura popular do que \u00dclgen ou Tengri; permanece uma figura relativamente perif\u00e9rica, que desempenha um papel na pr\u00e1tica xam\u00e2nica, mas n\u00e3o na representa\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica da regi\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27518a4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27518a4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20374ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20374ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik na narrativa cosmog\u00f3nica altaica: o co-criador do mundo imperfeito<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d083fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d083fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fdabf2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fdabf2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nas narrativas de cria\u00e7\u00e3o dos povos de l\u00edngua turca do Altai, Erlik, tamb\u00e9m chamado <em>Erlik Khan<\/em> ou <em>Erlik<\/em>, desempenha um papel amb\u00edguo mas indispens\u00e1vel.<\/p><p>V\u00e1rias vers\u00f5es registradas por etn\u00f3grafos do s\u00e9culo XIX e do in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX descrevem como, no princ\u00edpio, s\u00f3 havia \u00e1gua e como o deus criador, frequentemente identificado com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, traz a terra das \u00e1guas primordiais com a participa\u00e7\u00e3o de Erlik.<\/p><p>Numa forma narrativa difundida, os dois mergulham em forma de ave ou enviam uma criatura a mergulhar, para trazer terra do fundo do mar primordial. Erlik ret\u00e9m secretamente uma parte da terra na boca, com a inten\u00e7\u00e3o de criar um mundo pr\u00f3prio.<\/p><p>Quando o deus criador faz crescer a terra trazida, a terra oculta na boca de Erlik come\u00e7a tamb\u00e9m a crescer, de tal modo que ele tem de a cuspir. Desta terra cuspida formam-se os p\u00e2ntanos e as regi\u00f5es intransit\u00e1veis e est\u00e9reis. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> explica mitologicamente por que raz\u00e3o o mundo n\u00e3o \u00e9 perfeito.<\/p><p>Esta narrativa pertence a um tipo amplamente difundido de mitos de cria\u00e7\u00e3o por mergulho terrestre, atestado em toda a Eur\u00e1sia setentrional e na Am\u00e9rica do Norte. \u00c9 not\u00e1vel a posi\u00e7\u00e3o moralmente ambivalente de Erlik: em vez de um simples destruidor, o mito mostra um co-criador cuja iniciativa pr\u00f3pria e ast\u00facia simultaneamente completam e danificam o mundo.<\/p><p>Ao avaliar estas narrativas, importa ter em conta que os registos prov\u00eam de uma \u00e9poca em que a religi\u00e3o altaica j\u00e1 tinha sido tocada por concep\u00e7\u00f5es crist\u00e3s e budistas. Alguns investigadores perguntaram, por isso, se a acentua\u00e7\u00e3o de um co-criador advers\u00e1rio ter\u00e1 sido refor\u00e7ada por tais influ\u00eancias. Uma resposta segura n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2032381e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2032381e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2549d4d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2549d4d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O senhor do mundo subterr\u00e2neo: o reino de Erlik e a viagem xam\u00e2nica \u00e0 profundeza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699d7d9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2699d7d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c60fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp215c60fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para al\u00e9m das narrativas de cria\u00e7\u00e3o, Erlik \u00e9 conhecido na religi\u00e3o altaica e, de forma mais geral, siberiana, sobretudo como senhor do mundo inferior e soberano dos mortos. O seu reino \u00e9 descrito nas fontes como uma regi\u00e3o sombria sob a terra, para onde os falecidos entram.<\/p><p>Erlik \u00e9 ainda considerado o autor da doen\u00e7a e da morte; quem adoecia gravemente podia ter, segundo a concep\u00e7\u00e3o altaica, a sua for\u00e7a vital ou alma raptada por Erlik ou pelos seus mensageiros e levada ao mundo inferior.<\/p><p>A esta concep\u00e7\u00e3o se ligava uma forma espec\u00edfica de pr\u00e1tica xam\u00e2nica. Enquanto a viagem celeste a \u00dclgen era uma ascens\u00e3o, a viagem a Erlik era uma descida.<\/p><p>O especialista xam\u00e2nico descrevia em cantos rituais como descia ao reino de Erlik, superava obst\u00e1culos e se apresentava afinal diante de Erlik para negociar com ele, por exemplo, para reclamar a alma raptada de um doente ou para entregar oferendas.<\/p><p>Wilhelm Radloff registou tais descri\u00e7\u00f5es de descida, que foram posteriormente muito consideradas na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o comparativa sobre o xamanismo.<\/p><p>Na interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o, imp\u00f5e-se prud\u00eancia. Os textos registrados s\u00e3o atua\u00e7\u00f5es concretas, n\u00e3o roteiros intemporais, e a sua generaliza\u00e7\u00e3o para um padr\u00e3o de viagem xam\u00e2nica ao mundo inferior, tal como a empreendeu Mircea Eliade, foi criticada pela investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais recente como excessivamente simplificadora.<\/p><p>Pode afirmar-se que Erlik era, na pr\u00e1tica altaica, muito mais do que um simples ser temido que se evitava: um poder com o qual o especialista entrava activamente em negocia\u00e7\u00e3o no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma sequ\u00eancia regulada de a\u00e7\u00f5es simb\u00f3licas com significado religioso ou cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. O trato com Erlik ia al\u00e9m da pura defesa; era uma comunica\u00e7\u00e3o regulada e arriscada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2907420d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2907420d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fc29be0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fc29be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik entre a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o aut\u00f3ctone e a influ\u00eancia estrangeira: um debate acad\u00eamico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c8e40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp215c8e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27662833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27662833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A figura de Erlik est\u00e1 no centro de um longo debate acad\u00eamico sobre influ\u00eancias externas na religi\u00e3o da \u00c1sia interior. \u00c0 partida, \u00e9 not\u00e1vel o pr\u00f3prio nome: Erlik ou Erlik Khan est\u00e1 lingu\u00edstica e conceptualmente ligado ao Yama da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista, que entrou, na forma de Erlik Khan, no mundo de representa\u00e7\u00f5es mongol e budista-tibetano.<\/p><p>A quest\u00e3o \u00e9 saber se a figura altaica do mundo inferior tinha desde o in\u00edcio estas caracter\u00edsticas ou se foi reformulada pelo budismo.<\/p><p>Uma segunda linha do debate diz respeito ao dualismo.<\/p><p>A contraposi\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00dclgen no alto e Erlik em baixo, de cria\u00e7\u00e3o e destrui\u00e7\u00e3o, de c\u00e9u e mundo inferior, faz lembrar a alguns investigadores sistemas religiosos dualistas, por exemplo, concep\u00e7\u00f5es zoroastristas que poderiam ter chegado atrav\u00e9s das rotas comerciais da \u00c1sia central, ou a contraposi\u00e7\u00e3o crist\u00e3 de Deus e diabo, trazida com a miss\u00e3o russa.<\/p><p>Como as fontes s\u00f3 prov\u00eam de uma \u00e9poca em que todos esses contactos h\u00e1 muito existiam, o substrato original dificilmente pode ser isolado.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o metodologicamente cautelosa conclui da\u00ed que Erlik remonta provavelmente a uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o ind\u00edgena de um poder do mundo inferior, mas que essa concep\u00e7\u00e3o foi transformada por influ\u00eancias budistas e possivelmente outras, tendo os seus contornos sido agu\u00e7ados. Importante \u00e9 neste contexto o aviso contra um equ\u00edvoco frequente: Erlik n\u00e3o deve ser precipitadamente equiparado ao diabo crist\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Nas narrativas altaicas, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um ser absolutamente mau, mas uma parte necess\u00e1ria da ordem do mundo, com a qual as pessoas e os seus especialistas rituais tinham de se arranjar. A sua classifica\u00e7\u00e3o como antagonista de \u00dclgen descreve uma complementaridade tensa, n\u00e3o uma guerra moral. Soberanos afins do mundo inferior s\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m conhecidos por outras <a href=\"\/pt-br\/xamanismo-siberiano\/\">culturas da \u00c1sia interior<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>A. V. Anokhin: <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religioso em que especialistas comunicam com o mundo dos esp\u00edritos.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>L. P. Potapov: <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No <em>altaico<\/em>&#8211;<em>siberiano<\/em>, o <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span><\/em> configura Erlik Khan como soberano do mundo inferior e contraparte de \u00dclgen; cantos xam\u00e2nicos dos turcos altaicos e dos Burjates transmitem o seu papel na doen\u00e7a, na morte e na condu\u00e7\u00e3o das almas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Palavras-chave relacionadas: Erlik Khan, Erlig Khaan, Altai, mundo inferior, Yama, sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o budista.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-erlik-khan\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>A iWell Guard insere-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cultural-hist\u00f3rica dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/xamanismo-siberiano\/\">Sib\u00e9ria \/ Tengrismo<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico. Sem promessas de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">A iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00eautico. Os conte\u00fados de ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o cultural-hist\u00f3rica, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Erlik Khan, senhor altaico-siberiano do submundo e advers\u00e1rio de \u00dclgen Erlik Khan \u00e9, no tengrismo do sul da Sib\u00e9ria, o soberano do mundo inferior, ou submundo, e o antagonista m\u00edtico do deus da luz \u00dclgen. Representa simultaneamente a morte e a doen\u00e7a, bem como o lado sombrio necess\u00e1rio e ordenado do mundo. Seres nocivosSib\u00e9ria \/ [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2855,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Erlik Khan deus do mundo inferior Altai","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Erlik Khan, Deus altaico do mundo inferior, mito e fontes","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Erlik Khan \u00e9, no tengrismo do sul da Sib\u00e9ria, o senhor do mundo inferior e antagonista de \u00dclgen. 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