{"id":37729,"date":"2026-07-26T21:23:27","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T21:23:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ksitigarbha-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T21:23:47","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T21:23:47","slug":"ksitigarbha","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/ksitigarbha\/","title":{"rendered":"Ksitigarbha"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37729\" class=\"elementor elementor-37729 elementor-3038\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e868ac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e868ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe78d0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe78d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4c167 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a4c167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e09f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e09f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha, Bodhisattva dos infernos<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54a838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54a838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksitigarbha (s\u00e2nscrito &#8220;ventre da terra&#8221;) \u00e9 uma figura central de Bodhisattva no budismo Mahayana e no budismo do leste asi\u00e1tico. \u00c9 conhecido pelo seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma promessa religiosa solene feita a uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">voto<\/span>, de n\u00e3o alcan\u00e7ar a budeidade plena enquanto todos os seres n\u00e3o forem libertados dos reinos infernais.<\/p><p>Na China chama-se Dizang, no Jap\u00e3o Jizo, na Coreia Jijang Bosal. A sua liga\u00e7\u00e3o especial aos defuntos, \u00e0 viagem pelos mundos interm\u00e9dios e \u00e0 prote\u00e7\u00e3o das crian\u00e7as torna-o uma das figuras de Bodhisattva mais populares do leste asi\u00e1tico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44f4a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a44f4a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1765563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1765563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es bem definidas: for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra, fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, sacrif\u00edcios e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista com Bodhisattvas, divindades protetoras, esp\u00edritos famintos e guardi\u00f5es do inferno.\">Budismo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3325e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3325e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd16e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"90cd16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b2456 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0b2456\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4716c iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c4716c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3274\" alt=\"Ksitigarbha - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0214908 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0214908\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b1329 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0b1329\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc79855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc79855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes em s\u00e2nscrito e sutras<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f19d17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f19d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fonte mais importante \u00e9 o Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, abreviadamente Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>. Conserva-se apenas numa tradu\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa do s\u00e9culo VII; o original indiano est\u00e1 perdido ou nunca existiu.<\/p><p>Robert Buswell e Donald Lopez (&#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014) consideram o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> uma composi\u00e7\u00e3o provavelmente originada na \u00c1sia Central ou na China, que re\u00fane motivos mais antigos de Bodhisattva numa nova doutrina.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> descreve v\u00e1rias exist\u00eancias anteriores de Ksitigarbha, nas quais ele, como mulher ou como br\u00e2mane, proferiu repetidamente o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma promessa religiosa solene feita a uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">voto<\/span> da reden\u00e7\u00e3o infernal. O verso central exprime, em s\u00edntese: &#8220;Enquanto os infernos n\u00e3o estiverem vazios, n\u00e3o me tornarei Buda; enquanto todos os seres n\u00e3o forem redimidos, n\u00e3o entrarei no Nirvana.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Uma segunda obra, de menor extens\u00e3o, \u00e9 o Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> de Ksitigarbha. Trata das dez rodas que o Bodhisattva faz girar para travar a decad\u00eancia moral das \u00e9pocas tardias. Ambos os textos est\u00e3o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente ao conjunto de escrituras reconhecidas como vinculativas de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonicamente<\/span> integrados nas cole\u00e7\u00f5es do Tripitaka do leste asi\u00e1tico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe85b6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe85b6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0183d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac0183d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fun\u00e7\u00e3o no pante\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d06f78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d06f78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Mahayana chin\u00eas, Dizang conta-se entre os quatro grandes Bodhisattvas, a par de Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), Manjushri (Wenshu) e Samantabhadra (Puxian). A cada um destes quatro corresponde uma montanha sagrada na China; a Dizang corresponde o Jiuhua Shan, em Anhui. Esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o das Quatro Montanhas est\u00e1 atestada a partir do s\u00e9culo IX e continua a estruturar at\u00e9 hoje a paisagem de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o budista chinesa.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista funcional, Ksitigarbha partilha com Avalokiteshvara o papel de Bodhisattva da compaix\u00e3o, com especializa\u00e7\u00e3o nos dom\u00ednios para al\u00e9m da vida humana. Enquanto Avalokiteshvara protege os seres neste mundo, Ksitigarbha age nos outros cinco dos seis reinos da exist\u00eancia, sobretudo nos reinos infernais (naraka) e entre os esp\u00edritos famintos (preta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a88e1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2848bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f7b92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5f7b92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksitigarbha \u00e9 representado habitualmente como monge, o que o distingue da maioria dos outros Bodhisattvas, que ostentam adornos reais. Usa o Khakkhara, um bord\u00e3o mon\u00e1stico com argolas de guizo, que serve tanto para abrir as portas do inferno como para afugentar os insetos que o acompanham, a fim de que o monge n\u00e3o lese nenhum ser vivo.<\/p><p>Na m\u00e3o esquerda segura um Cintamani, a joia do desejo, que traz luz aos dom\u00ednios tenebrosos. A sua cabe\u00e7a est\u00e1 rapada como a de um monge plenamente ordenado. A iconografia japonesa de Jizo adotou esta estrutura de base e simplificou-a ao mesmo tempo; pequenas est\u00e1tuas de pedra \u00e0 beira dos caminhos s\u00e3o uma forma caracter\u00edstica da religiosidade popular que deriva do modelo can\u00f4nico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2620dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2620dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2e2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb2e2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan e a lenda de Kim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e17f5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e17f5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O monte Jiuhua, na prov\u00edncia de Anhui, \u00e9 desde o s\u00e9culo VIII o principal centro de venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Dizang. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> associa o monte a um pr\u00edncipe coreano chamado Kim Gyo-gak (em chin\u00eas Jin Qiaojue), que por volta de 720 veio para a China como monge e levou no monte uma vida asc\u00e9tica.<\/p><p>Dizem que morreu com 99 anos; o seu cad\u00e1ver foi encontrado incorrupto passados tr\u00eas anos, o que segundo a compreens\u00e3o budista era sinal da sua ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o. Passou a ser venerado como encarna\u00e7\u00e3o de Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>A pessoa hist\u00f3rica \u00e9 dificilmente apreens\u00edvel pela cr\u00edtica das fontes, mas o material arqueol\u00f3gico e liter\u00e1rio aponta para um n\u00facleo real. Hans Steininger (&#8220;Buddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas&#8221;, Wiesbaden 1976) reconstruiu em detalhe a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do culto no Jiuhua Shan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a107da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a107da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-125645b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"125645b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jizo no Jap\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38ebe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38ebe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Jap\u00e3o, Jizo percorreu um caminho pr\u00f3prio que o tornou, muito al\u00e9m do quadro can\u00f4nico cl\u00e1ssico, divindade popular das crian\u00e7as, dos viajantes, das gr\u00e1vidas e dos moribundos.<\/p><p>A venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Mizuko-Jizo, hoje particularmente conhecida, diz respeito aos &#8220;filhos de \u00e1gua&#8221; (mizuko), ou seja, crian\u00e7as mortas por nado-mortalidade, aborto espont\u00e2neo ou interrup\u00e7\u00e3o volunt\u00e1ria da gravidez. Trata-se de um desenvolvimento moderno do s\u00e9culo XX, sobretudo ap\u00f3s 1948, quando o aborto foi legalizado no Jap\u00e3o.<\/p><p>William LaFleur demonstrou em &#8220;Liquid Life. Abortion and Buddhism in Japan&#8221; (Princeton 1992) que esta forma n\u00e3o tem raiz can\u00f4nica, sendo antes um complexo contempor\u00e2neo de trabalho de luto, oferta comercial de templos e simbolismo budista.<\/p><p>Em contraste com isso est\u00e3o as antigas est\u00e1tuas de Jizo em cruzamentos de caminhos, em passagens de montanha e em cemit\u00e9rios, difundidas no Jap\u00e3o desde o s\u00e9culo XII, que se destinam a proteger igualmente viajantes e defuntos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f37fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93f37fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd22f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cd22f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os dez reis do inferno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442474d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"442474d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa popular chinesa, Ksitigarbha est\u00e1 intimamente ligado ao sistema dos dez reis do inferno (shidian yanjun). Estes representam os dez tribunais interm\u00e9dios pelos quais a alma passa ap\u00f3s a morte. Ksitigarbha n\u00e3o \u00e9 ele pr\u00f3prio um juiz; \u00e9 a inst\u00e2ncia que traz compaix\u00e3o e aux\u00edlio em cada um desses dom\u00ednios.<\/p><p>O &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> dos dez reis&#8221; (Shiwang jing), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Situado fora do c\u00e2none reconhecido.\" tabindex=\"0\">ap\u00f3crifo<\/span> do s\u00e9culo IX, descreve esta constela\u00e7\u00e3o. Stephen Teiser tra\u00e7ou, em &#8220;The Scripture of the Ten Kings&#8221; (Honolulu 1994), o desenvolvimento desta vis\u00e3o do mundo a partir da fus\u00e3o de elementos budistas, taoistas e confucionistas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5afb81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5afb81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae3159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ae3159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liturgia e ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abac0ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abac0ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ordem estabelecida do culto de uma comunidade religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> de Ksitigarbha inclui a recita\u00e7\u00e3o do Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, especialmente no per\u00edodo a seguir a um falecimento. A fase de quarenta e sete dias do estado interm\u00e9dio (em chin\u00eas zhongyin), que a doutrina budista atribui \u00e0 alma entre a morte e o renascimento, \u00e9 considerada a fase em que Dizang age de forma mais imediata.<\/p><p>Os familiares recitam o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, oferecem incenso e transferem os m\u00e9ritos (punya) assim gerados para o defunto. Os doze dias de recorda\u00e7\u00e3o ao longo do ano, em que Dizang \u00e9 especialmente venerado, est\u00e3o fixados no calend\u00e1rio lunar chin\u00eas; a sua festa principal cai no 30.\u00ba dia do 7.\u00ba m\u00eas lunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38727b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38727b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3434ad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3434ad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o na hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ca3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ca3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Buswell demonstrou em &#8220;The Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea&#8221; (Princeton 1989) como o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das pr\u00e1ticas de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Ksitigarbha se tornou um elemento mediador entre a doutrina budista e a venera\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa dos antepassados. O budismo s\u00f3 conseguiu estabelecer-se de forma duradoura na China porque ofereceu respostas \u00e0 quest\u00e3o do destino dos mortos.<\/p><p>Dizang liga a doutrina budista do karma e do renascimento \u00e0 necessidade chinesa de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e intercess\u00e3o pelos antepassados. Nesta fun\u00e7\u00e3o mediadora reside uma das principais raz\u00f5es da sua extraordin\u00e1ria popularidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c335c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c335c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd98313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd98313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontes e bibliografia complementar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae558d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae558d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Fontes prim\u00e1rias: Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>); Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> de Ksitigarbha; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> dos dez reis (Shiwang jing).<\/p>\n<p>Literatura secund\u00e1ria: Stephen Teiser, &#8220;The Scripture of the Ten Kings&#8221;, Honolulu 1994; William LaFleur, &#8220;Liquid Life.<\/p><p>Abortion and Buddhism in Japan&#8221;, Princeton 1992; Robert Buswell, &#8220;The Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea&#8221;, Princeton 1989; Hans Steininger, &#8220;Buddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas&#8221;, Wiesbaden 1976; Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3d36b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd3d36b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f3cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13f3cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan como centro de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb5fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcb5fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O Jiuhua Shan, na prov\u00edncia de Anhui, \u00e9 composto por nove cumes montanhosos pr\u00f3ximos entre si, cuja forma se diz ter evocado um l\u00f3tus.<\/p><p>No monte distribuem-se hoje mais de setenta mosteiros e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma edifica\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> ativos; os mais antigos remontam ao s\u00e9culo VIII. O mosteiro principal, Huacheng Si, foi fundado em 401 como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismo<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um lugar sagrado consagrado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santu\u00e1rio<\/span> puro e convertido em mosteiro budista por volta de 781.<\/p><p>A \u00e9poca anual de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o atinge o seu auge no s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar (correspondente \u00e0 Festa dos Esp\u00edritos), durante o qual mais de um milh\u00e3o de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma pessoa que realiza uma viagem de motiva\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa a um lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrinos<\/span> visitam o monte. Uma particularidade not\u00e1vel \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma a\u00e7\u00e3o transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e regularmente repetida numa comunidade.\" tabindex=\"0\">costume<\/span> de oferecer incenso pelos diversos defuntos nos diferentes templos ao longo da subida.<\/p><p>Um percurso de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o completo inclui esta\u00e7\u00f5es para os pais, av\u00f3s, outros familiares e para os &#8220;esp\u00edritos famintos&#8221; sem fam\u00edlia, a quem de outro modo ningu\u00e9m ofereceria as refei\u00e7\u00f5es rituais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3b676 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de3b676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b530d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85b530d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpos mumificados como rel\u00edquias<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8258b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8258b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uma particularidade not\u00e1vel do culto de Jiuhua s\u00e3o os corpos mumificados de monges eminentes, venerados como &#8220;Budas de carne&#8221; (rou shen pusa). O corpo do pr\u00edncipe coreano Kim Gyo-gak, que segundo a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa edificante, geralmente sobre a vida de santos.\" tabindex=\"0\">lenda<\/span> viveu no monte, \u00e9 considerado o primeiro desses corpos-rel\u00edquia.<\/p><p>At\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo XX foram identificadas no maci\u00e7o de Jiuhua v\u00e1rias dezenas de tais monges mumificados; alguns remontavam \u00e0 \u00e9poca Tang, outros \u00e0 \u00e9poca Ming e Qing, e at\u00e9 alguns do final do s\u00e9culo XIX e in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p><p>Esta pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 etnograficamente excepcional do ponto de vista religioso; combina a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina acad\u00eamica que estuda Deus e a cren\u00e7a de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> budista do renascimento com concep\u00e7\u00f5es chinesas do corpo imortal, provenientes sobretudo do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o religioso-filos\u00f3fica chinesa orientada pelo Dao, o Caminho.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoismo<\/span>. Bernard Faure analisou esta pr\u00e1tica em v\u00e1rios estudos sobre a hist\u00f3ria do budismo chin\u00eas e examinou os seus sincretismos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22bf0c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22bf0c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436cae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"436cae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A pr\u00e1tica de Jizo no Jap\u00e3o moderno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b3aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No Jap\u00e3o, Jizo encontrou uma ancoragem particularmente ampla na cultura cotidiana. As pequenas est\u00e1tuas de pedra que se encontram \u00e0 beira dos caminhos, em cemit\u00e9rios e nas imedia\u00e7\u00f5es de templos s\u00e3o regularmente providas de babetes vermelhos, gorros ou brinquedos pelos moradores.<\/p><p>Este equipamento \u00e9 um sinal do cuidado prestado pela comunidade. No T\u00f3quio urbano existem recintos templares onde est\u00e3o colocadas v\u00e1rias centenas de est\u00e1tuas de Mizuko-Jizo.<\/p><p>Estas s\u00e3o tratadas por pais enlutados em mem\u00f3ria de filhos n\u00e3o nascidos ou falecidos precocemente, muitas vezes ao longo de v\u00e1rios anos. William LaFleur e Helen Hardacre estudaram de forma independente os aspectos econ\u00f4micos e sociais desta pr\u00e1tica.<\/p><p>Ambos veem nela tanto um importante trabalho de luto como uma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma edifica\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>-economia parcialmente comercializada, em que os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma edifica\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> lucram consideravelmente com a venda de est\u00e1tuas e com os rituais anuais de recorda\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe866f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe866f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3356a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3356a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha e a Festa dos Esp\u00edritos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b7018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b7018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Festa dos Esp\u00edritos, no 15.\u00ba dia do 7.\u00ba m\u00eas lunar (em Taiwan e no continente celebrada hoje geralmente em agosto), \u00e9 uma das \u00e9pocas festivas chinesas mais importantes e est\u00e1 em estreita rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das pr\u00e1ticas de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>.<\/p><p>Durante todo o s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar, os port\u00f5es entre os mundos s\u00e3o considerados abertos; os defuntos e os esp\u00edritos famintos podem entrar no mundo dos vivos.<\/p><p>As fam\u00edlias disp\u00f5em mesas de oferendas com alimentos, incenso e dinheiro de papel destinados aos antepassados e aos esp\u00edritos sem lar. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma edifica\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Os templos<\/span> realizam neste per\u00edodo liturgias especiais, em que o Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> \u00e9 recitado para libertar os seres dos infernos.<\/p><p>A liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre a Festa dos Esp\u00edritos e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto das pr\u00e1ticas de venera\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa dirigidas a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de Dizang est\u00e1 documentada desde a \u00e9poca Tang; na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ordem estabelecida do culto de uma comunidade religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> &#8220;Yulanpen Hui&#8221; (assembleia Ullambana) culminam os ritos, cuja base textual \u00e9 o Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f51568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f51568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7325a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7325a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun-Sutra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b77a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b77a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para al\u00e9m do conhecido <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> sobre os votos originais do Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha (Dizang pusa benyuan jing), o &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma promessa religiosa solene feita a uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">Votos<\/span> do Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha&#8221; (Dizang pusa benyuan jing) \u00e9 uma obra doutrin\u00e1ria central, tal como o &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> das Dez Rodas do Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha&#8221; (Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun jing, Taisho 411).<\/p><p>Foi traduzido por Xuanzang no ano 651 da nossa era. Cont\u00e9m a fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica da posi\u00e7\u00e3o de Dizang no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> Mahayana e sublinha a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o de &#8220;purificador das dez atividades&#8221;.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Zhiru Ng (&#8220;The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva&#8221;, Honolulu 2007) mostra que este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> transmite a camada indiana mais antiga da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disciplina acad\u00eamica que estuda Deus e a cren\u00e7a de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de Ksitigarbha, enquanto o Benyuan-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> representa um desenvolvimento chin\u00eas ulterior, provavelmente composto na \u00e9poca Sui ou no in\u00edcio da \u00e9poca Tang, sem remeter de forma inequ\u00edvoca para um original indiano.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2531f9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2531f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4e916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a4e916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os Seis Caminhos do Renascimento e a responsabilidade de Ksitigarbha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7355a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7355a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do leste asi\u00e1tico, Ksitigarbha \u00e9 o Bodhisattva que, entre o Buda Shakyamuni e a futura apari\u00e7\u00e3o de Maitreya, assume a responsabilidade pelos seis caminhos do renascimento (deuses, semideuses, humanos, animais, esp\u00edritos famintos, seres infernais). Esta responsabilidade \u00e9-lhe confiada por Buda Shakyamuni na cena Pariwarta do Benyuan-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>.<\/p><p>A consequ\u00eancia lit\u00fargica \u00e9 que Ksitigarbha \u00e9 invocado como mediador entre os reinos da exist\u00eancia. Por essa raz\u00e3o, nas salas dos templos \u00e9 frequentemente representado em conjunto com os &#8220;Dez Reis do Submundo&#8221; (Shi Wang), uma constela\u00e7\u00e3o que foi padronizada na China no s\u00e9culo IX e que perdura at\u00e9 \u00e0 pr\u00e1tica funer\u00e1ria atual no Jap\u00e3o e na Coreia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7b191 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db7b191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead0df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ead0df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As est\u00e1tuas Roku-Jizo no Jap\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4247ee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4247ee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nos cemit\u00e9rios e cruzamentos de estradas japoneses encontram-se grupos de seis est\u00e1tuas de Jizo (Roku-Jizo), cada uma correspondendo a um dos seis caminhos do renascimento. Esta pr\u00e1tica remonta ao per\u00edodo Heian (s\u00e9culos IX a XII) e foi popularizada pela escola Tendai.<\/p><p>Hank Glassman (&#8220;The Face of Jizo&#8221;, Honolulu 2012) estudou o desenvolvimento das est\u00e1tuas Roku-Jizo como fen\u00f4meno sociorreligioso e demonstrou que a pr\u00e1tica aparentemente uniforme apresenta varia\u00e7\u00f5es regionais consider\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>As est\u00e1tuas ostentam atributos distintos: bord\u00e3o Khakkhara (para despertar os seres infernais), joia do desejo (Cintamani), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">rolo de Sutra<\/span>, bot\u00e3o de l\u00f3tus. Em Quioto, as esta\u00e7\u00f5es Roku-Jizo nos arredores da cidade s\u00e3o ainda hoje destino de rituais de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o que enquadram a festa anual Roku-Jizo-Meguri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb8a91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb8a91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb04ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb04ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mizuko-Kuyo e a ind\u00fastria do ritual f\u00fanebre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a53cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a53cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pr\u00e1tica Mizuko-Kuyo (ritos de recorda\u00e7\u00e3o para fetos e crian\u00e7as falecidos precocemente) desenvolveu-se no Jap\u00e3o sobretudo ap\u00f3s 1948, no contexto da legaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da interrup\u00e7\u00e3o volunt\u00e1ria da gravidez, tornando-se um elemento fixo da liturgia templ\u00e1ria. Jizo \u00e9 considerado patrono dos que morreram sem reden\u00e7\u00e3o, em particular das crian\u00e7as que ainda n\u00e3o puderam alcan\u00e7ar a pr\u00f3pria maturidade k\u00e1rmica.<\/p><p>William LaFleur (&#8220;Liquid Life&#8221;, Princeton 1992) apresentou o discurso \u00e9tico-religioso em torno do Mizuko-Kuyo como a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o mais significativa da pr\u00e1tica religiosa japonesa moderna para a bio\u00e9tica.<\/p><p>A dimens\u00e3o comercial \u00e9 consider\u00e1vel: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma edifica\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templos<\/span> como Hase-dera em Kamakura albergam milhares de pequenas est\u00e1tuas de Jizo oferecidas por pais. A cr\u00edtica \u00e0 comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 conduzida no interior das pr\u00f3prias associa\u00e7\u00f5es budistas, sem que a pr\u00e1tica tenha por isso diminu\u00eddo de forma significativa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b92766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b92766\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2068be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2068be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha no Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ac0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ac0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No budismo tibetano, Ksitigarbha (Sai Nyingpo) tem uma presen\u00e7a menos proeminente do que no leste asi\u00e1tico. Pertence ao grupo dos oito grandes Bodhisattvas (rgyal sras chen po brgyad), mas raramente \u00e9 venerado como objeto central de pr\u00e1tica. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o tibetana n\u00e3o conhece uma venera\u00e7\u00e3o compar\u00e1vel \u00e0 de Tara.<\/p><p>Nas constela\u00e7\u00f5es de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo representa o cosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>, como no Garbhadhatu- e no Vajradhatu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo representa o cosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>, Ksitigarbha ocupa um lugar fixo no setor ocidental. Yael Bentor (&#8220;Consecration of Images and Stupas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism&#8221;, Leiden 1996) analisou sistematicamente a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo representa o cosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> de Ksitigarbha na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ordem estabelecida do culto de uma comunidade religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> tibetana posterior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96aa37a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96aa37a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254f540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"254f540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A escola Jiuhua e a sua tradi\u00e7\u00e3o lit\u00fargica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d99b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d99b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O monte Jiuhua, em Anhui, \u00e9 desde o final da \u00e9poca Tang o principal centro chin\u00eas do culto de Ksitigarbha. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o lit\u00fargica desenvolveu uma forma de canto pr\u00f3pria, denominada &#8220;Jiuhua-Yinyue&#8221;, que combina louvores budistas com melodias populares locais. A UNESCO reconheceu esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o em 2008 como patrim\u00f4nio cultural imaterial da China.<\/p><p>Os mosteiros do monte mant\u00eam uma cole\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria de grava\u00e7\u00f5es das liturgias, reconstru\u00edda sistematicamente desde a d\u00e9cada de 1980. A cidade mon\u00e1stica conta hoje com mais de oitenta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma edifica\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> e eremit\u00e9rios. A \u00e9poca de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o central \u00e9 o 30.\u00ba dia do s\u00e9timo m\u00eas lunar, anivers\u00e1rio de Ksitigarbha, durante o qual a regi\u00e3o de Anhui recebe centenas de milhares de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma pessoa que realiza uma viagem de motiva\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa a um lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">peregrinos<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f161d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f161d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f87a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f87a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perguntas frequentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba2ceb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba2ceb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>O que distingue Ksitigarbha de Avalokiteshvara?<\/strong> Ambos s\u00e3o Bodhisattvas da compaix\u00e3o, mas t\u00eam orienta\u00e7\u00f5es distintas. Avalokiteshvara auxilia os seres vivos neste mundo; Ksitigarbha, os seres nos infernos e nos reinos dos esp\u00edritos. Avalokiteshvara \u00e9 habitualmente representado com adornos reais; Ksitigarbha, como monge de cabe\u00e7a rapada.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Por que raz\u00e3o Ksitigarbha \u00e9 associado a crian\u00e7as no Jap\u00e3o?<\/strong> A liga\u00e7\u00e3o com as crian\u00e7as, sobretudo com crian\u00e7as n\u00e3o nascidas e falecidas (mizuko), \u00e9 um desenvolvimento japon\u00eas atestado a partir do s\u00e9culo XII e fortemente ampliado no s\u00e9culo XX. N\u00e3o tem fundamento can\u00f4nico nos sutras mais antigos, sendo antes uma express\u00e3o culturalmente espec\u00edfica da fun\u00e7\u00e3o protetora budista.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qual \u00e9 o principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um lugar sagrado consagrado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santu\u00e1rio<\/span> de Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> O Jiuhua Shan, na prov\u00edncia chinesa de Anhui, \u00e9 o principal santu\u00e1rio. \u00c9 uma das quatro montanhas sagradas do budismo chin\u00eas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada recitada repetidamente no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> \u00e9 atribu\u00eddo a Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma s\u00edlaba ou f\u00f3rmula sagrada recitada repetidamente no hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> padr\u00e3o \u00e9 &#8220;om ha ha ha vismaye svaha&#8221;; \u00e9 recitado sobretudo na pr\u00e1tica de clausura e nos rituais para os defuntos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ksitigarbha, Bodhisattva dos infernos Ksitigarbha (s\u00e2nscrito &#8220;ventre da terra&#8221;) \u00e9 uma figura central de Bodhisattva no budismo Mahayana e no budismo do leste asi\u00e1tico. \u00c9 conhecido pelo seu voto, de n\u00e3o alcan\u00e7ar a budeidade plena enquanto todos os seres n\u00e3o forem libertados dos reinos infernais. Na China chama-se Dizang, no Jap\u00e3o Jizo, na Coreia Jijang [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3274,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"ksitigarbha","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ksitigarbha: Bodhisattva dos Infernos | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ksitigarbha (jap. 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