{"id":37371,"date":"2026-07-26T19:58:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T19:58:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/enma-o-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T19:58:58","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T19:58:58","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37371\" class=\"elementor elementor-37371 elementor-2006\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o japonesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e9 um deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o japonesa.<\/p><p><strong>Juiz dos condenados, soberano do inferno budista.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus \/ Deusa: Poder supremo personificado no pante\u00e3o de uma cultura, com atribui\u00e7\u00f5es definidas sobre for\u00e7as da natureza, destino, guerra e fertilidade. Venerado atrav\u00e9s de cultos, oferendas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es templares.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/japan\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami do Xinto\u00edsmo japon\u00eas e mundos budistas-yokai.\">Jap\u00e3o<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/divindades-dos-mortos\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deuses do inframundo e da morte, soberanos do al\u00e9m, ju\u00edzes dos mortos, guias das almas.\">Divindade dos mortos<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1732\" alt=\"Enma O - G\u00f6tter aus der Japan-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d \u00e9 a forma do Leste Asi\u00e1tico do indiano Yama, que chegou pela escola Tendai atrav\u00e9s do chin\u00eas Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ng. Documentado no budismo do Leste Asi\u00e1tico desde aproximadamente o s\u00e9culo VIII, foi difundido sobretudo pelas escolas Tendai e Shingon. Como presidente dos dez ju\u00edzes do inferno (J\u016b\u014d), decide ao s\u00e9timo dia ap\u00f3s a morte o destino da alma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo dos textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As mais antigas fontes japonesas conservadas sobre Enma-\u014d remontam ao final do s\u00e9culo VIII e ao in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo IX, inseridas na transmiss\u00e3o das cosmologias budistas do inferno provenientes da China. O <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (c. 822) cont\u00e9m narrativas antigas em que Enma-\u014d interroga os falecidos.<\/p><p>No s\u00e9culo XII consolida-se o sistema dos dez ju\u00edzes do inferno com Enma-\u014d como presidente; o repert\u00f3rio iconogr\u00e1fico padr\u00e3o (coroa, pele escura, espelho, t\u00e1bua de escrita) surge no per\u00edodo Kamakura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difus\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Enma-\u014d estava difundida por todo o mundo budista do Leste Asi\u00e1tico, desde as grandes cidades templ\u00e1rias de Ky\u014dto e Nara at\u00e9 aos lugares de peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o rurais.<\/p><p>Particularmente marcante foi a sua imagem nas salas dos templos budistas, onde as est\u00e1tuas do juiz do inferno deveriam levar os vivos ao exame \u00e9tico de si mesmos. O teatro popular retomou o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> a partir do s\u00e9culo XIV; Enma-\u014d aparece regularmente em pe\u00e7as de N\u014d e Kabuki como figura do julgamento incorrupt\u00edvel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado das fontes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa sobre Enma-\u014d apoia-se numa ampla base de fontes: s\u016btras budistas can\u00f4nicos em tradu\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa, cole\u00e7\u00f5es setsuwa do budismo Tendai, t\u00e1buas iconogr\u00e1ficas (J\u016b\u014d-zu) e narrativas populares otogi-z\u014dshi. As obras de refer\u00eancia centrais prov\u00eam da etnologia religiosa regional e da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o internacional sobre o budismo; uma bibliografia selecionada por ser \u00e9 continuamente atualizada no l\u00e9xico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d \u00e9 representado como uma figura enorme e musculosa, de pele vermelha intensa ou azul-negra. Os seus cabelos erguem-se em chamas e os seus olhos brilham como brasas incandescentes. Enverga uma veste ornamentada com brocado e senta-se num trono elevado.<\/p><p>Nas m\u00e3os segura uma espada de julgamento (<em>kensaku<\/em>) e frequentemente um grande livro de registros ou um rolo com o saldo k\u00e1rmico de cada alma. Os seus s\u00edmbolos s\u00e3o os guardas do inferno (<em>oni<\/em>), o rio dos condenados e os v\u00e1rios n\u00edveis infernais sob o seu dom\u00ednio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edsticas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d recebe cada alma imediatamente ap\u00f3s a morte. No tribunal dos mortos, cl\u00e9rigos leigos ou os pr\u00f3prios atos mal\u00e9ficos do falecido atuam como acusadores, enquanto o livro de registros n\u00e3o mente. Enma-\u014d n\u00e3o negoceia, executa. A sua decis\u00e3o determina o pr\u00f3ximo renascimento no \u00e2mbito dos seis dom\u00ednios da exist\u00eancia (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>O seu reino n\u00e3o \u00e9 simplesmente puni\u00e7\u00e3o, mas equil\u00edbrio k\u00e1rmico: caminho pedregoso, \u00f3leo fervente, ou regresso como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser incorp\u00f3reo ao qual se atribui a\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">esp\u00edrito<\/span> faminto. Na escola Tendai mant\u00eam-se pequenos santu\u00e1rios dedicados a Enma-\u014d em templos locais, frequentemente com est\u00e1tuas de <em>Jiz\u014d<\/em> ao lado, que simbolizam o aux\u00edlio \u00e0s crian\u00e7as condenadas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e9, no budismo japon\u00eas, o juiz dos mortos, que julga os falecidos com base nos seus atos. \u00c9 geralmente representado como um dignit\u00e1rio irado em traje de funcion\u00e1rio chin\u00eas, com barrete de juiz e t\u00e1bua oficial. A sua figura combina camadas da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o indiana, chinesa e japonesa numa figura aut\u00f4noma da cren\u00e7a popular e da arte templ\u00e1ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origem<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e9 a adapta\u00e7\u00e3o budista-japonesa do chin\u00eas Yanluo, cuja raiz se encontra no indiano <em>Yama<\/em>, deus v\u00e9dico dos mortos e primeiro mortal (Rigveda 10.14). Com a difus\u00e3o do budismo Mahayana pela \u00c1sia Central, o conceito de Yama chegou \u00e0 China nos s\u00e9culos VI-VIII e a\u00ed foi desenvolvido como Yanluo Wang, o rei dos dez infernos.<\/p><p>Nos s\u00e9culos IX-X, o budismo japon\u00eas adotou este sistema com os <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (dez reis). Enma-O ocupa o lugar de topo nesta s\u00e9rie. Do ponto de vista hist\u00f3rico-religioso, fundiram-se a doutrina indiana do karma, o conceito chin\u00eas de burocracia de funcion\u00e1rios e as concep\u00e7\u00f5es japonesas sobre os mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O p\u00fablico-alvo de Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Em particular, as pessoas que se preocupavam com o destino dos falecidos ocupavam-se de Enma-O no Jap\u00e3o, procurando obter um julgamento favor\u00e1vel atrav\u00e9s de ritos f\u00fanebres e cerim\u00f4nias comemorativas. Al\u00e9m disso, a sua figura servia a educa\u00e7\u00e3o moral: pais e templos apresentavam \u00e0s crian\u00e7as o severo juiz, nomeadamente com a conhecida amea\u00e7a de que Enma arrancaria a l\u00edngua aos mentirosos. Templos com est\u00e1tuas de Enma, como os de Kyoto e T\u00f3quio, foram e continuam a ser locais de preces a favor dos mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aspecto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e9 representado iconograficamente como um velho aterrador com longa barba negra, pele escura e olhos em chamas. Enverga a robe de um funcion\u00e1rio chin\u00eas da dinastia Tang com coroa imperial (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>Nas m\u00e3os, o Livro Dourado da Vida (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), no qual est\u00e3o registrados todos os atos k\u00e1rmicos, e um ceptro ou c\u00e1lamo. Diante do seu tribunal encontram-se os mensageiros <em>Ni\u016b-T\u014d<\/em> (Cabe\u00e7a de Boi) e <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (Cara de Cavalo), bem como o secret\u00e1rio-escriba. As pinturas dos templos (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> do per\u00edodo Edo) mostram-no rodeado de cenas infernais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c2mbito de a\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c2mbito de a\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Enma-O \u00e9 o juiz universal de todos os falecidos; no s\u00e9timo dos 49 dias dos mortos (49.\u00ba dia ap\u00f3s a morte), realiza-se diante do seu tribunal o ajuste de contas central do karma. Decide sobre o renascimento num dos seis mundos (deuses, semideuses, humanos, animais, esp\u00edritos famintos, infernos).<\/p><p>O seu julgamento n\u00e3o \u00e9 arbitr\u00e1rio, mas estritamente conforme ao karma (<em>dh\u00e1rmico<\/em>). Os vivos tamb\u00e9m o veneram para atenuar o karma dos falecidos. Nas regi\u00f5es rurais do Jap\u00e3o, \u00e9 considerado deus protetor contra a morte inesperada e auxiliar em partos dif\u00edceis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00edmbolos: Livro Dourado da Vida (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), c\u00e1lamo, espada, espelho da verdade (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), diante deste espelho todos os atos da vida tornam-se vis\u00edveis como imagens. O seu apotropeu: alimentos de konjac s\u00e3o-lhe oferecidos como prato preferido (tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Edo); Enma-Omamori em seda vermelha protegem contra a morte inesperada e doen\u00e7as k\u00e1rmicas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os paralelos de Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa descreve Enma-O como a express\u00e3o japonesa de uma figura de juiz que percorreu um longo caminho desde a \u00cdndia at\u00e9 \u00e0 China. Nos textos v\u00e9dicos, Yama \u00e9 o primeiro mortal e senhor do reino dos mortos; no budismo chin\u00eas, torna-se o quinto dos Dez Reis do Inferno. O Jap\u00e3o adotou este modelo judicial juntamente com a ideia de estados interm\u00e9dios ap\u00f3s a morte, nos quais os familiares podem interceder pelos falecidos atrav\u00e9s de ritos de sufr\u00e1gio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituais apotropaicos e devocionais<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (jap. \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) \u00e9 a adapta\u00e7\u00e3o budista-japonesa do chin\u00eas Yanluo \/ indiano Yama. Venerado em numerosos templos Enma do Jap\u00e3o (Genkaku-ji em T\u00f3quio, Inn-ji em Quioto, Enn\u014d-ji em Kamakura). O principal dia de pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 o 16.\u00ba dia do 1.\u00ba e do 7.\u00ba m\u00eas (<em>Enmasai<\/em>) como porta para o mundo infernal.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser humano que empreende uma viagem de motiva\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa a um lugar sagrado.\" tabindex=\"0\">Os peregrinos<\/span> oferecem alimentos de konjac (prato preferido de Enma segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Edo), ora\u00e7\u00f5es pelos familiares falecidos e s\u00faplicas de atenua\u00e7\u00e3o do karma (cf. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>S\u016btras e invoca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p><p>O <em>J\u016b\u014d-ky\u014d<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">(S\u016btra dos dez reis) \u00e9 a principal liturgia. Monges budistas recitam o S\u016btra do Cora\u00e7\u00e3o com v\u00eanias especiais a Enma. O per\u00edodo Edo (s\u00e9culos XVII-XIX) viu a venera\u00e7\u00e3o de Enma popularizar-se no budismo popular atrav\u00e9s de livros ilustrados (<\/span><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"No hindu\u00edsmo e no budismo, um texto doutrinal em forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span><em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em>, rolos do inferno).<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos e s\u00edmbolos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-Omamori (amuletos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o com a imagem de Enma) provenientes dos templos Enma, geralmente em tecido vermelho com bordado dourado. O Go\u014dh\u014din (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da cura do Buda Yakushi) \u00e9 usado contra doen\u00e7as k\u00e1rmicas. A t\u00e1bua iconogr\u00e1fica dos dez reis do inferno (<em>J\u016b\u014d-zu<\/em>) \u00e9 afixada nos altares dom\u00e9sticos budistas como prepara\u00e7\u00e3o para a morte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O remonta ao deus indiano dos mortos Yama, que chegou \u00e0 China com o budismo e a\u00ed foi integrado no sistema dos Dez Reis do Inferno como Yanluo Wang. Esta forma chinesa chegou ao Jap\u00e3o com as escolas budistas e a\u00ed se tornou Enma-O. Figuras compar\u00e1veis de ju\u00edzes do al\u00e9m existem tamb\u00e9m noutras culturas, como o eg\u00edpcio Os\u00edris no julgamento dos mortos ou o coreano Yeomra, que pertence \u00e0 mesma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O caminho de uma divindade indiana at\u00e9 ao Jap\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o, o soberano do inframundo e juiz dos mortos do budismo japon\u00eas, \u00e9 o elo final de uma longa peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o. A sua origem remonta \u00e0 \u00cdndia v\u00e9dica, onde <em>Yama<\/em> era considerado o primeiro mortal e, por isso, rei dos mortos.<\/p><p>Atrav\u00e9s do budismo, a figura chegou \u00e0 China, onde foi integrada como <em>Yanluo<\/em> no sistema dos tribunais do inframundo, e de l\u00e1 chegou ao Jap\u00e3o via Coreia. O nome japon\u00eas <em>Enma<\/em> \u00e9 a adapta\u00e7\u00e3o fon\u00e9tica do s\u00e2nscrito <em>Yama<\/em>; o acr\u00e9scimo <em>o<\/em> significa rei.<\/p><p>Em cada etapa, a figura foi-se transformando. O Yama indiano era inicialmente mais um soberano sobre um reino dos mortos do que um juiz severo.<\/p><p>Na China, fundiu-se com a concep\u00e7\u00e3o burocr\u00e1tica de uma administra\u00e7\u00e3o do al\u00e9m que examina a vida de cada falecido, faz o balan\u00e7o e decide sobre o seu renascimento. Esta configura\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa, que representa o al\u00e9m como um aparelho de funcion\u00e1rios com processos, escribas e tribunais, foi amplamente adotada pelo budismo japon\u00eas.<\/p><p>No Jap\u00e3o, Enma-o foi firmemente integrado na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A atitude e a pr\u00e1tica religiosa vivida de um ser humano.\" tabindex=\"0\">devo\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> budista popular. Aparece em prega\u00e7\u00f5es, na pintura templ\u00e1ria e em textos doutrinais como a inst\u00e2ncia perante a qual cada ser humano deve prestar contas ap\u00f3s a morte. Ao contr\u00e1rio de um conceito abstrato de retribui\u00e7\u00e3o k\u00e1rmica, deu a esta doutrina um rosto: uma figura concreta, interpel\u00e1vel e aterradora.<\/p><p>O significado cient\u00edfico desta peregrina\u00e7\u00e3o reside no fato de Enma-o permitir observar como uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa \u00e9 transportada atrav\u00e9s de fronteiras lingu\u00edsticas e culturais, sendo em cada etapa reinterpretada. O juiz dos mortos japon\u00eas carrega em si camadas de tr\u00eas culturas: a origem indiana, a burocratiza\u00e7\u00e3o chinesa e a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa popular japonesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Os dez reis do mundo inferior e o julgamento do al\u00e9m<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No budismo de influ\u00eancia chinesa que chegou ao Jap\u00e3o, Enma-o n\u00e3o \u00e9 o \u00fanico soberano do al\u00e9m, mas parte de um col\u00e9gio.<\/p><p>O sistema dos dez reis do inframundo, elaborado na Idade M\u00e9dia chinesa e difundido no Jap\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s de rolos ilustrados e textos, atribui a cada rei um tribunal e um momento determinado ap\u00f3s a morte. O falecido percorre estes tribunais segundo uma sequ\u00eancia temporal fixa, em dias determinados ap\u00f3s a morte e em anivers\u00e1rios.<\/p><p>Enma-o ocupa uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o destacada neste sistema. \u00c9 geralmente o quinto dos dez reis; o seu tribunal \u00e9 percorrido no trig\u00e9simo quinto dia ap\u00f3s a morte, e \u00e9 considerado o mais importante e poderoso entre eles. Diante do seu tribunal, os atos do falecido s\u00e3o examinados com particular min\u00facia.<\/p><p>O equipamento do seu tribunal inclui elementos iconogr\u00e1ficos fixos. Enma-o mant\u00e9m registros nos quais cada ato bom e mau est\u00e1 inscrito. Ao seu lado encontram-se auxiliares; a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmiss\u00e3o de saberes e narrativas ao longo de gera\u00e7\u00f5es.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> japonesa conhece, por exemplo, uma figura que carrega cabe\u00e7as humanas em varas, uma com express\u00e3o irada e outra serena, que indicam a natureza do falecido.<\/p><p>Um elemento iconogr\u00e1fico c\u00e9lebre \u00e9 o espelho das almas, no qual o morto v\u00ea refletida sem disfarce a sua vida e as suas faltas, tornando a mentira imposs\u00edvel.<\/p><p>Este sistema judicial tinha uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o pastoral evidente. Fundamentou a pr\u00e1tica das cerim\u00f4nias de sufr\u00e1gio pelos mortos, realizadas em intervalos fixos ap\u00f3s a morte.<\/p><p>Os familiares podiam influenciar favoravelmente a passagem do falecido pelos dez tribunais atrav\u00e9s de ritos e transfer\u00eancia de m\u00e9ritos. Enma-o n\u00e3o era, assim, apenas uma figura aterradora, mas o eixo de toda uma economia ritual entre vivos e mortos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia e as imagens dos ju\u00edzes infernais nos templos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A representa\u00e7\u00e3o pict\u00f3rica de Enma-o segue uma conven\u00e7\u00e3o fixa derivada do modelo chin\u00eas. Aparece como rei ou alto funcion\u00e1rio, frequentemente na veste oficial de um dignit\u00e1rio chin\u00eas com uma coroa ou cobertura de cabe\u00e7a caracter\u00edstica, na qual frequentemente se destaca o ideograma de rei.<\/p><p>O seu rosto \u00e9 geralmente avermelhado de ira, com olhos arregalados e express\u00e3o sombria, reflexo de uma severidade incorrupt\u00edvel.<\/p><p>Tais imagens encontram-se em numerosos templos japoneses, frequentemente como escultura numa sala pr\u00f3pria, a sala de Enma. Exemplos c\u00e9lebres s\u00e3o as figuras de Enma em templos de Kyoto e de Kamakura.<\/p><p>Frequentemente, Enma-o aparece rodeado pelos outros nove reis ou integrado numa representa\u00e7\u00e3o mais ampla do inferno. A tradi\u00e7\u00e3o pict\u00f3rica japonesa das <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, as imagens do inferno, descreve em cenas dr\u00e1sticas os castigos do inframundo e coloca Enma-o como inst\u00e2ncia julgadora no seu in\u00edcio.<\/p><p>Uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iconograficamente significativa associa Enma-o ao bodhisattva Jizo. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A atitude e a pr\u00e1tica religiosa vivida de um ser humano.\" tabindex=\"0\">devo\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> japonesa, Jizo \u00e9 considerado o salvador compassivo que assiste os seres no inferno.<\/p><p>Alguns textos e imagens interpretam mesmo Enma-o e Jizo como dois aspectos de uma mesma realidade, o lado severo e o lado misericordioso, que atuam em conjunto para conduzir o falecido \u00e0 melhoria e a um renascimento favor\u00e1vel. Este par atenua o car\u00e1ter terr\u00edvel do juiz e integra-o numa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O estudo cient\u00edfico de Deus e da f\u00e9 de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> orientada para a salva\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>As imagens dos templos tinham uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o pedag\u00f3gica. Os monges pregadores utilizavam-nas para mostrar aos leigos as consequ\u00eancias das m\u00e1s a\u00e7\u00f5es. O avermelhado e irado Enma-o era, assim, um instrumento did\u00e1tico que traduzia a doutrina abstrata do karma numa imagem marcante e aterradora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o na cren\u00e7a popular e na cultura moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Para al\u00e9m dos mosteiros, Enma-o tornou-se uma figura permanente da cren\u00e7a popular japonesa. O seu nome entrou em express\u00f5es fixas e advert\u00eancias educativas.<\/p><p>Os pais avisavam as crian\u00e7as que mentissem que Enma-o lhes arrancaria a l\u00edngua, uma amea\u00e7a conhecida em muitas regi\u00f5es do Jap\u00e3o. Assim, o juiz dos mortos tornou-se uma inst\u00e2ncia da educa\u00e7\u00e3o moral cotidiana, muito antes de uma crian\u00e7a entrar num <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>.<\/p><p>Em determinados dias do ano, tradicionalmente na primavera e no final do ver\u00e3o, realizavam-se em algumas regi\u00f5es devo\u00e7\u00f5es especiais diante das figuras de Enma, nas quais as salas dos templos eram abertas e os fi\u00e9is podiam contemplar as imagens habitualmente mantidas fechadas. Tais costumes mostram que Enma-o n\u00e3o era apenas uma figura liter\u00e1ria ou doutrinal, mas objeto de venera\u00e7\u00e3o e temor vividos.<\/p><p>Na cultura japonesa moderna, Enma-o manteve uma presen\u00e7a extraordin\u00e1ria. Aparece em manga, anime, videojogos e filmes, ora como antagonista aterrador, ora numa leitura c\u00f4mica como burocr\u00e1tico sobrecarregado do inframundo.<\/p><p>Este tratamento na cultura popular aprecia sobretudo o lado burocr\u00e1tico da figura: o rei que dirige um enorme aparelho administrativo do al\u00e9m com processos, carimbos e subordinados.<\/p><p>Esta perman\u00eancia \u00e9 cient\u00edficamente reveladora. Enma-o realizou a transi\u00e7\u00e3o de figura doutrin\u00e1ria religiosa para figura cultural de conhecimento geral sem perder o seu n\u00facleo. Mesmo no tratamento humor\u00edstico, continua a ser aquele que decide sobre o justo e o injusto de uma vida vivida.<\/p><p>A figura demonstra como a concep\u00e7\u00e3o budista de um tribunal dos mortos se infiltrou profundamente na cultura japonesa e como pode ser narrada de novo continuamente, desde a sala do templo at\u00e9 ao livro infantil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Links complementares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yama\/\">Yama, predecessor v\u00e9dico<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yama-buddhismus\/\">Yama (Budismo), predecessor direto<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo Wang, predecessor chin\u00eas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, equivalente coreano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/deuses-budistas\/\">Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o budista, contexto geral<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religi\u00e3o ind\u00edgena do Jap\u00e3o, caracterizada pela venera\u00e7\u00e3o dos Kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (org.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enma O, deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o japonesa Enma-O \u00e9 um deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o japonesa. Juiz dos condenados, soberano do inferno budista. DeusJap\u00e3oDivindade dos mortos \u00cdndice Enma O Perfil: Enma O Enma-\u014d \u00e9 a forma do Leste Asi\u00e1tico do indiano Yama, que chegou pela escola Tendai atrav\u00e9s do chin\u00eas Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ng. Documentado no budismo do Leste Asi\u00e1tico desde [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"enma-o juiz dos mortos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d: Juiz dos Mortos no Budismo Japon\u00eas","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Soberano do inferno japon\u00eas Jigoku, administra\u00e7\u00e3o do karma e o tribunal dos mortos na mitologia budista do Jap\u00e3o.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-37371","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Enma-\u014d: 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