{"id":37040,"date":"2026-07-26T18:43:12","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T18:43:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/baal-hammon-deus-supremo-cartagines\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T18:43:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T18:43:30","slug":"baal-hammon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/baal-hammon\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hammon: deus supremo cartagin\u00eas"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37040\" class=\"elementor elementor-37040 elementor-2628\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hammon, deus supremo p\u00fanico-cartagin\u00eas e Saturnus Africanus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon (p\u00fanico <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em>) \u00e9 o deus masculino supremo do Cartago p\u00fanico e das suas col\u00f3nias. Aparece regularmente em conjunto com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a> e \u00e9 destinat\u00e1rio das oferendas votivas do Tofet. No per\u00edodo romano, foi identificado com Saturnus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.\">Deus<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.\">Fen\u00edcio<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindade suprema.\">Divindade suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2848\" alt=\"Baal Hammon - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e perfil resumido<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon \u00e9 uma das divindades mais importantes do mundo p\u00fanico do Mediterr\u00e2neo ocidental. Sabatino Moscati demonstrou em <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) que Baal-Hammon estava atestado na metr\u00f3pole fen\u00edcia, mas ocupava a\u00ed um lugar secund\u00e1rio; em Cartago atingiu o cume do pante\u00e3o, partilhando essa posi\u00e7\u00e3o com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>. No \u00e2mbito da <a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia<\/a>, \u00e9 o prot\u00f3tipo do deus supremo p\u00fanico.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet documentou em <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) a difus\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nica; santu\u00e1rios de Baal-Hammon est\u00e3o atestados em Cartago, Motya, Tharros, Sulcis, Hadrumetum e em numerosos outros s\u00edtios. Na \u00e9poca imperial romana, o seu culto prossegue sob a forma de Saturnus Africanus e alcan\u00e7a uma persist\u00eancia not\u00e1vel nas prov\u00edncias da Num\u00eddia e da Maurit\u00e2nia at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo IV d.C.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, Baal-Hammon representa o tipo do deus supremo com aspectos ct\u00f3nicos e solares. Marcel Le Glay demonstrou em <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) que a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o com o romano Saturnus assenta na dupla natureza de Baal-Hammon: \u00e9 simultaneamente deus dos cereais e da colheita (aspecto saturnino) e deus-pai ct\u00f3nico.<\/p><p>As estelas do Tofet e as numerosas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es registam o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dedicados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> como dado central da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es.<\/p><p>A persist\u00eancia de Baal-Hammon na \u00e9poca imperial romana sob a forma de Saturnus Africanus \u00e9 um dos exemplos mais not\u00e1veis de continuidade hist\u00f3rico-religiosa ap\u00f3s a queda pol\u00edtica do estado p\u00fanico. Mais de dois mil estelas de Saturnus est\u00e3o conservadas nas prov\u00edncias norte-africanas, desde o s\u00e9culo I at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo IV d.C.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> comp\u00f5e-se de <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8216;senhor&#8217; e <em>\u1e25mn<\/em>, cuja etimologia \u00e9 controvertida. Uma interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o relaciona <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> com a raiz <em>\u1e25mm<\/em> &#8216;ser quente&#8217; e v\u00ea em Baal-Hammon o &#8216;Senhor do Calor&#8217;, presumivelmente de aspecto solar.<\/p><p>Uma outra interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o considera <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> um top\u00f3nimo &#8216;Hammon&#8217; (talvez um lugar na Fen\u00edcia) e Baal-Hammon como &#8216;Senhor de Hammon&#8217;. Uma terceira possibilidade relaciona <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> com objetos cultuais de incenso (&#8216;altar de incenso&#8217;).<\/p><p>Charles Krahmalkov reuniu em <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) as variantes epigr\u00e1ficas; nas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es aparece como <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> ou simplesmente <em>b\u02bfl<\/em>. A transcri\u00e7\u00e3o grega \u00e9 \u0392\u03ac\u03b1\u03bb-\u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (Baal-Ammon), por vezes identificado na \u00e9poca helen\u00edstica tamb\u00e9m com o eg\u00edpcio Amun (em tra\u00e7os vestigiais). A identifica\u00e7\u00e3o romana com Saturnus \u00e9 a mais duradoura e marca a hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es afro-romana.<\/p><p>No material hebraico, Hammon aparece como top\u00f3nimo na Galileia; se existe uma liga\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica direta, permanece incerto. Em inscri\u00e7\u00f5es aramaicas de Palmira aparece um deus <em>\u02bfolam<\/em> com fun\u00e7\u00f5es semelhantes \u00e0s de Baal-Hammon; tamb\u00e9m aqui o parentesco exato \u00e9 controvertido. Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, Baal-Hammon constitui um desenvolvimento especificamente ocidental.<\/p><p>Uma outra hip\u00f3tese etimol\u00f3gica relaciona <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> com o aramaico <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> &#8216;ter miseric\u00f3rdia&#8217;, o que implicaria uma conota\u00e7\u00e3o teologicamente profunda; n\u00e3o est\u00e1, por\u00e9m, fundamentada do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria lingu\u00edstica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o e iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon aparece na iconografia p\u00fanica habitualmente como um anci\u00e3o barbado entronizado, com coroa de cornos de touro, longa veste pregueada e um ceptro. Esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o iconogr\u00e1fica est\u00e1 amplamente atestada nas estelas do Tofet e distingue-o de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>, que surge como deus jovem da tempestade com um machado erguido. O perfil senil de Baal-Hammon liga-o teologicamente ao El de Ugarit e a Saturnus.<\/p><p>O seu animal sagrado \u00e9 o carneiro ou bode; nos rituais de sacrif\u00edcio p\u00fanicos, o carneiro era o animal de sacrif\u00edcio preferido. Em algumas estelas aparece ladeado por esfinges ou por grifos.<\/p><p>Em Cartago estava erigida uma colossal est\u00e1tua de bronze de Baal-Hammon no templo da cidade; \u00e9 mencionada nas fontes acerca dos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferta a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcios<\/span> do Tofet e ter\u00e1 tido mecanismos que faziam cair animais sacrificais ou crian\u00e7as para uma fogueira situada por baixo. A cr\u00edtica das fontes a este respeito \u00e9 controvertida e \u00e9 hoje avaliada com maior reserva.<\/p><p>No per\u00edodo helen\u00edstico-romano, a iconografia de Baal-Hammon funde-se progressivamente com a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Saturnus; as estelas tardias de Saturnus provenientes do Norte de \u00c1frica (s\u00e9culos III e IV d.C.) mostram o deus como um anci\u00e3o barbado com foice, exatamente segundo o modelo de Saturnus. Esta iconografia do Saturnus Africanus \u00e9 o tema central de Marcel Le Glay e \u00e9 tratada extensamente na sua monografia.<\/p><p>Uma fonte arqueol\u00f3gica not\u00e1vel s\u00e3o as numerosas estatuetas de bronze provenientes do Tofet, que mostram Baal-Hammon entronizado com a m\u00e3o erguida, gesto de concess\u00e3o de b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o. Estas estatuetas foram colocadas em parte no pr\u00f3prio Tofet como oferendas votivas, em parte em habita\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitos pr\u00f3prios de Baal-Hammon n\u00e3o foram transmitidos; tal como <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>, \u00e9 primariamente uma figura cultual-ritual. Relatos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a.C. a 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span> (Diodoro, Pol\u00edbio, Plutarco, Tertuliano) mencionam sacrif\u00edcios de crian\u00e7as no Tofet como o seu principal ato cultual.<\/p><p>Diodoro (20.14) relata pormenorizadamente um grande sacrif\u00edcio de crian\u00e7as no ano 310 a.C., quando Cartago estava sitiada por Agatocles de Siracusa; numa situa\u00e7\u00e3o de desespero, sacrificaram-se 200 rapazes de fam\u00edlia nobre para aplacar a ira do deus.<\/p><p>A historicidade destes relatos tem sido debatida de forma controversa h\u00e1 gera\u00e7\u00f5es; s\u00e3o fontes pol\u00e9micas greco-romanas e devem ser analisadas criticamente. Os dados arqueol\u00f3gicos provenientes do Tofet confirmam, por\u00e9m, que beb\u00e9s e crian\u00e7as pequenas foram a\u00ed sepultados em n\u00famero consider\u00e1vel; se sempre como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferta a uma divindade para expressar gratid\u00e3o, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcio<\/span> ou tamb\u00e9m como falecidos de morte natural, \u00e9 objeto da controv\u00e9rsia sobre o Tofet.<\/p><p>Agostinho de Hipona polemiza em <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 7.19 contra os cultos do Saturnus Africanus e descreve os sacrif\u00edcios de crian\u00e7as como &#8216;crudelis daemonum cultus&#8217;. Esta pol\u00e9mica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca de transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre a Antiguidade e a Idade M\u00e9dia, aproximadamente dos s\u00e9culos III ao VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade Tardia<\/span> integra a constru\u00e7\u00e3o do Cartago crist\u00e3o e deve ser lida com prud\u00eancia do ponto de vista hist\u00f3rico, mas reflete a associa\u00e7\u00e3o duradoura de Baal-Hammon com o topos do sacrif\u00edcio de crian\u00e7as na percep\u00e7\u00e3o antiga. A avalia\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica desta pr\u00e1tica permanece controvertida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O principal local de culto de Baal-Hammon era o Tofet de Cartago; al\u00e9m deste, Tofets em Motya, Tharros, Sulcis, Hadrumetum, Cirta, Lambafundi e numerosos outros s\u00edtios. Em cada um destes santu\u00e1rios, Baal-Hammon era o principal destinat\u00e1rio das oferendas votivas, frequentemente em conjunto com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>. As inscri\u00e7\u00f5es votivas seguem uma f\u00f3rmula padronizada: &#8216;Ao Senhor Baal-Hammon, o que N.N. prometeu, porque o ouviu&#8217;.<\/p><p>Al\u00e9m disso, existiam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> urbanos de Baal-Hammon, por exemplo em Thinissut e no pr\u00f3prio Cartago (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> na colina de Byrsa). Sabatino Moscati documentou a arquitetura templ\u00e1ria p\u00fanica em v\u00e1rias publica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> seguem um esquema tripartido: \u00e1trio, sala principal, santo dos santos. No interior erguia-se a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representa\u00e7\u00e3o figurada de uma divindade venerada no templo ou santu\u00e1rio.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagem de culto<\/span> ou uma &#8216;Mazzeba&#8217; (coluna sagrada), esta \u00faltima t\u00edpica do aniconismo fen\u00edcio da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no \u00e2mbito de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> suprema.<\/p><p>Na \u00e9poca imperial romana, Baal-Hammon continuou a ser venerado como Saturnus Africanus; o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> em Cartago foi renomeado e novamente <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Consagrado ao sagrado por meio de um ato religioso, sendo assim retirado do cotidiano.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagrado<\/span>.<\/p><p>O n\u00famero de estelas de Saturnus no Norte de \u00c1frica supera o de todas as outras divindades romanas da regi\u00e3o; Baal-Hammon-Saturnus foi, at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo IV d.C., a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no \u00e2mbito de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> mais importante das prov\u00edncias africanas. A cristianiza\u00e7\u00e3o e a invas\u00e3o v\u00e2ndala puseram fim ao seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dedicados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span>.<\/p><p>Uma fonte numism\u00e1tica importante s\u00e3o as tetradracmas cartaginesas dos s\u00e9culos IV e III a.C., que exibem a coroa de cornos de touro de Baal-Hammon como f\u00f3rmula de prote\u00e7\u00e3o no anverso. As moedas foram cunhadas em grande n\u00famero para o pagamento dos ex\u00e9rcitos cartagineses e difundiram o programa iconogr\u00e1fico de Baal-Hammon at\u00e9 \u00e0 Hisp\u00e2nia e \u00e0 Sic\u00edlia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e apotropaico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon era deus protetor da cidade, da fam\u00edlia e das colheitas. Nas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fanicas aparece como destinat\u00e1rio de votos <em>n\u0113der<\/em> em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de crise: antes de viagens, antes de batalhas, em caso de doen\u00e7a, em nascimentos. A frequ\u00eancia da sua <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ato de dirigir-se a uma divindade ou poder em s\u00faplica ou invoca\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> em oferendas votivas privadas evidencia a intensa piedade privada da popula\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fanica.<\/p><p>Nas entradas de casas e em espa\u00e7os dom\u00e9sticos, os seus s\u00edmbolos eram utilizados de forma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que repele o mal: diz-se de sinais e objetos destinados a afastar influ\u00eancias nefastas.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span>: coroa de cornos de touro, foice e o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> do &#8216;caduceu&#8217;, regularmente associado a Baal-Hammon no mundo p\u00fanico. Estatuetas de bronze de um deus barbado entronizado com coroa de cornos de touro foram encontradas em numerosos s\u00edtios habitacionais p\u00fanicos.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o protetora de Baal-Hammon est\u00e1 estreitamente ligada \u00e0 ordem do estado, mas encontra-se tamb\u00e9m ancorada na esfera pessoal e familiar. A pr\u00e1tica do Tofet deve ser entendida como uma forma espec\u00edfica de piedade em situa\u00e7\u00e3o de crise, sem que isso implique uma interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o cientificamente afirmativa nos dias de hoje. O iWell-Guard regista Baal-Hammon como figura hist\u00f3rico-religiosa, sem refer\u00eancias a promessas de cura.<\/p><p>A estreita liga\u00e7\u00e3o de Baal-Hammon com a condu\u00e7\u00e3o da guerra cartaginesa est\u00e1 bem documentada; o juramento de An\u00edbal no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Local elevado ou mesa para sacrif\u00edcios e atos religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> de Baal-Hammon aos nove anos de idade, de considerar Roma inimiga eterna, \u00e9 uma das anedotas antigas mais c\u00e9lebres e insere-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos juramentos de guerra p\u00fanicos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon est\u00e1 historicamente relacionado com o El de Ugarit (antigo deus-pai), com o mesopot\u00e2mico Anu, com o romano Saturnus e com o grego Kronos. A identifica\u00e7\u00e3o com Saturnus \u00e9 a mais duradoura; Marcel Le Glay demonstrou em <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) que esta sincrese moldou fundamentalmente o culto africano de Saturnus na \u00e9poca imperial.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o dedicados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> da \u00e9poca imperial.<\/p><p>Com Kronos, Baal-Hammon partilha o perfil do deus-pai anci\u00e3o com associa\u00e7\u00f5es a sacrif\u00edcios de crian\u00e7as; o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> grego de Kronos inclui a degluti\u00e7\u00e3o dos pr\u00f3prios filhos, o que na percep\u00e7\u00e3o helen\u00edstica foi associado aos sacrif\u00edcios do Tofet cartagin\u00eas. Plutarco (<em>De superstitione<\/em>) torna expl\u00edcita esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/kumarbi\/\">Kumarbi<\/a> da <a href=\"\/pt-br\/mitologia-hitita\/\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hitita<\/a>, Baal-Hammon partilha o tipo do deus-pai destronado ou suplantado. Do ponto de vista da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es, pertence \u00e0 fam\u00edlia internacional dos deuses-pai do antigo Mediterr\u00e2neo, cuja fun\u00e7\u00e3o foi parcialmente suplantada pela gera\u00e7\u00e3o mais jovem dos deuses da tempestade. Na prov\u00edncia romana de Africa Proconsularis, esta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nica antiga manteve-se viva por um per\u00edodo invulgarmente longo.<\/p><p>A liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre Baal-Hammon e o eg\u00edpcio Amun-Re foi estabelecida ativamente no per\u00edodo helen\u00edstico; o o\u00e1sis de Siwa com o seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um local ou institui\u00e7\u00e3o onde se obt\u00e9m um pronunciamento divino.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1culo<\/span> de Amun era facilmente acess\u00edvel a partir de Cartago, e algumas fontes relatam peregrina\u00e7\u00f5es cartaginesas at\u00e9 l\u00e1. A import\u00e2ncia hist\u00f3rica desta sincrese \u00e9 controvertida, mas not\u00e1vel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre Baal-Hammon encontra-se hoje a um n\u00edvel elevado. <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) de Marcel Le Glay \u00e9 a refer\u00eancia cl\u00e1ssica de base; Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar e Lawrence Stager apresentaram contributos importantes para a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o Tofet. <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (2015) de Brian Doak trata a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o anic\u00f3nica de Baal-Hammon. Os estudos de Josephine Quinn sobre a identidade p\u00fanica constituem contributos importantes dos \u00faltimos anos.<\/p><p>Na recep\u00e7\u00e3o popular, Baal-Hammon \u00e9 conhecido sobretudo pela controv\u00e9rsia do Tofet e pela pol\u00e9mica crist\u00e3 da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a.C. a 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span>; a imagem est\u00e1 distorcida e dificilmente corresponde a uma abordagem cient\u00edfica. Apresenta\u00e7\u00f5es mais diferenciadas do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico encontram-se nas obras referidas.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, Baal-Hammon \u00e9 hoje considerado um objeto de estudo central para a religi\u00e3o p\u00fanica, para a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do Saturnus Africanus e para a hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es mediterr\u00e2nicas. Os atuais focos de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o incidem sobre a an\u00e1lise bioarqueol\u00f3gica do Tofet, sobre a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o das estelas do Saturnus Africanus e sobre a quest\u00e3o da componente berbere. O iWell-Guard regista-o como membro hist\u00f3rico do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span>.<\/p><p>Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es recentes de Josephine Quinn (<em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em>, 2018) reexaminaram a identidade p\u00fanica e a sua autodefini\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa, questionando o papel de Baal-Hammon como &#8216;deus dos fen\u00edcios&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A sele\u00e7\u00e3o seguinte re\u00fane as principais obras de refer\u00eancia sobre a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Baal-Hammon. Inclui relat\u00f3rios arqueol\u00f3gicos, s\u00ednteses hist\u00f3rico-religiosas e edi\u00e7\u00f5es epigr\u00e1ficas. A monografia de Marcel Le Glay \u00e9 a refer\u00eancia cl\u00e1ssica; Moscati e Aubet fornecem o enquadramento p\u00fanico; Doak a perspetiva iconol\u00f3gica. O estudo mais recente de Quinn introduz a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o no debate cr\u00edtico sobre identidade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dce0c7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2dce0c7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22efe76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22efe76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O Tophet de Cartago e os achados de estelas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp207c89a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp207c89a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp223f9336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp223f9336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A principal testemunha do culto de Baal Hammon n\u00e3o \u00e9 um texto, mas um recinto. Trata-se do chamado Tophet de Cartago, um santu\u00e1rio na periferia da cidade antiga, no atual bairro de Salammb\u00f4. As escava\u00e7\u00f5es iniciaram-se a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1920. Determinante foi a campanha de uma arque\u00f3loga americana e da sua equipa nos anos 1970, conhecida pelo nome &#8216;Punic Project&#8217;.<\/p><p>O recinto cont\u00e9m milhares de pequenas urnas com os restos calcinados de beb\u00e9s e de animais jovens, com estelas de pedra erigidas por cima.<\/p><p>Muitas destas estelas apresentam inscri\u00e7\u00f5es votivas em escrita p\u00fanica. A f\u00f3rmula habitual menciona em primeiro lugar <em>Baal Hammon<\/em> e a deusa <em>Tinnit<\/em> (frequentemente designada como &#8216;Tinnit, face de Baal&#8217;), depois o nome do dedicante e o seu pedido.<\/p><p>Estas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es constituem a fonte epigr\u00e1fica mais densa para a religi\u00e3o p\u00fanica em geral e fazem de Baal Hammon a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no \u00e2mbito de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> cartaginesa mais bem atestada.<\/p><p>A interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do Tophet \u00e9 controvertida desde o s\u00e9culo XIX. Autores gregos e romanos da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca da cultura grega e romana, aproximadamente de 800 a.C. a 600 d.C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguidade<\/span> como Diodoro e Plutarco relatam sacrif\u00edcios de crian\u00e7as cartaginesas, e uma parte da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o v\u00ea no Tophet a confirma\u00e7\u00e3o arqueol\u00f3gica.<\/p><p>Uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o contr\u00e1ria, defendida entre outros por Sabatino Moscati e posteriormente por outros investigadores, interpreta o recinto como cemit\u00e9rio de crian\u00e7as pequenas falecidas de morte natural. An\u00e1lises osteol\u00f3gicas mais recentes dos ossos calcinados n\u00e3o resolveram definitivamente o debate. Para a descri\u00e7\u00e3o de Baal Hammon, isso significa: o seu principal local de culto \u00e9 simultaneamente o dado mais controvertido da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00eancia que estuda culturas passadas com base em achados materiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span> p\u00fanica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8c90e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8c90e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239ab422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239ab422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A interpretatio: Saturno, Cronos e a sobreviv\u00eancia na \u00e9poca romana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22113ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22113ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234d4277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234d4277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal Hammon n\u00e3o desapareceu com a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de Cartago em 146 a.C. No Norte de \u00c1frica romano, sobreviveu sob o nome de <em>Saturnus Africanus<\/em>, um dos cultos mais amplamente atestados da prov\u00edncia de \u00c1frica.<\/p><p>Centenas de estelas de Saturnus de \u00e9poca romana mostram que a popula\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fanica continuou a venerar a sua antiga divindade principal sob nome romano, com caracter\u00edsticas iconogr\u00e1ficas pr\u00f3prias, como o deus sob um v\u00e9u ou com a foice.<\/p><p>J\u00e1 os gregos haviam identificado Baal Hammon com <em>Kronos<\/em>, o que desempenhou um papel sobretudo nos relatos sobre sacrif\u00edcios de crian\u00e7as, uma vez que Kronos devorou os seus pr\u00f3prios filhos.<\/p><p>Os romanos escolheram ent\u00e3o Saturnus, o deus latino correspondente de Kronos. Esta <em>interpretatio<\/em> \u00e9 para a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o um instrumento de duplo fio: por um lado evidencia continuidade, por outro sobrep\u00f5e \u00e0 figura p\u00fanica representa\u00e7\u00f5es greco-romanas.<\/p><p>A quest\u00e3o de quem era originalmente Baal Hammon n\u00e3o pode, por isso, ser respondida apenas com base na tardia equipara\u00e7\u00e3o a Saturnus. Discute-se se o ep\u00edteto <em>Hammon<\/em> remete para um top\u00f3nimo, talvez para o Hamath do norte da S\u00edria ou para um monte, ou para a palavra sem\u00edtica que designa &#8216;braseiro&#8217; ou &#8216;altar de incenso&#8217;.<\/p><p>Eric Gubel, Paolo Xella e outros investigaram estas quest\u00f5es sem que se tenha alcan\u00e7ado um consenso. O que \u00e9 certo \u00e9 apenas que a m\u00e1scara romana de Saturnus \u00e9 a camada mais recente, e n\u00e3o a origin\u00e1ria, da figura. Para a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no \u00e2mbito de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> sem\u00edtica ocidental com o mesmo radical nominal, ver tamb\u00e9m <a href=\"\/pt-br\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a> no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> ugar\u00edtico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Marcel Le Glay: <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (Paris 1966)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Roma 2004)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><li>Josephine Quinn: <em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em> (Princeton 2018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon surge como deus supremo p\u00fanico-cartagin\u00eas, cujos santu\u00e1rios do Tofet em Cartago atestam a sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o como divindade protetora suprema; na fase romana \u00e9 continuamente venerado como Saturnus Africanus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Baal-Hammon Cartago P\u00fanico Saturnus Tofet Sacrif\u00edcios de crian\u00e7as Africana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hammon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard inspira-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o <a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\">fen\u00edcia<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico. Sem promessas de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00eautico. Os conte\u00fados de ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es aqui apresentados constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baal-Hammon, deus supremo p\u00fanico-cartagin\u00eas e Saturnus Africanus Baal-Hammon (p\u00fanico b\u02bfl \u1e25mn) \u00e9 o deus masculino supremo do Cartago p\u00fanico e das suas col\u00f3nias. Aparece regularmente em conjunto com Tanit e \u00e9 destinat\u00e1rio das oferendas votivas do Tofet. No per\u00edodo romano, foi identificado com Saturnus. DeusFen\u00edcioDivindade suprema \u00cdndice Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e perfil resumido Baal-Hammon \u00e9 uma das [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2848,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"baal-hammon deus supremo cartagin\u00eas","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hammon, deus supremo p\u00fanico-cartagin\u00eas e Saturnus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hammon \u00e9 o deus masculino supremo de Cartago, esposo de Tanit e destinat\u00e1rio das oferendas do Tofet. Enquadramento religioso.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-37040","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Baal-Hammon, deus supremo p\u00fanico-cartagin\u00eas e Saturnus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baal-Hammon \u00e9 o deus masculino supremo de Cartago, esposo de Tanit e destinat\u00e1rio das oferendas do Tofet. 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