{"id":36759,"date":"2026-07-26T17:39:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T17:39:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/baal-hadad-deus-da-tempestade-fenicio\/"},"modified":"2026-07-26T17:40:07","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T17:40:07","slug":"baal-hadad","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pt-br\/baal-hadad\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hadad: deus da tempestade fen\u00edcio"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"36759\" class=\"elementor elementor-36759 elementor-2624\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hadad, deus supremo fen\u00edcio do clima e das alturas<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad \u00e9 o deus supremo do clima da religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia-cananeia e her\u00f3i do Ciclo de Baal do corpus ugar\u00edtico. Como deus da tempestade, governa os trov\u00f5es, a chuva e a fertilidade, e combate o mar ca\u00f3tico <a href=\"\/pt-br\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a> e o deus da morte <a href=\"\/pt-br\/mot-phoenix\/\">Mot<\/a>. Como deus supremo, a sua morada situa-se nas alturas da montanha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Deus do tempo da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.\">Deus do tempo<\/span><a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.\">Fen\u00edcia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divindade suprema.\">Divindade suprema<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nenhum t\\u00edtulo foi encontrado nesta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fechar Tabela de Conte\u00fados\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2845\" alt=\"Baal Hadad - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o prestados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span><\/strong> de Baal-Hadad abrange <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> no Levante e na Mesopot\u00e2mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e perfil resumido<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad \u00e9 o deus do tempo supremo do pante\u00e3o fen\u00edcio e insere-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do deus da tempestade sem\u00edtico-noroccidental Hadad, atestado desde a \u00e9poca paleoss\u00edria (3.\u00ba mil\u00e9nio a.C.) em Alepo, Mari, Ebla e Ugarit.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati demonstrou em <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1965, ed. alem\u00e3 1966) que Baal-Hadad constitui o centro da religi\u00e3o superior fen\u00edcia. No interior da <a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\">tradi\u00e7\u00e3o fen\u00edcia<\/a>, \u00e9 de longe a mais importante divindade masculina <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no seio de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span>.<\/p><p>O nome Baal \u00e9 um apelativo sem\u00edtico que significa &#8216;senhor&#8217; ou &#8216;propriet\u00e1rio&#8217;; \u00e9 anteposto a numerosas hip\u00f3stases locais (Baal-\u0160amem, Baal-Hammon, Baal-Saphon, Baal-Sidon). Baal-Hadad designa a forma principal com o nome pr\u00f3prio Hadad, que remete para o trov\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet apresentou em <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (2015) a configura\u00e7\u00e3o do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> fen\u00edcio de forma abrangente; Mark Smith, em <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001), o contexto hist\u00f3rico-religioso.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista da ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es, Baal-Hadad \u00e9 o deus-chave sem\u00edtico-noroccidental do tipo divindade do tempo, para o per\u00edodo do Bronze Final e da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo trabalho do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span>. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> no Ciclo de Baal de Ugarit (s\u00e9culo XIV a.C.) \u00e9 a composi\u00e7\u00e3o mitol\u00f3gica mais importante do mundo sem\u00edtico-ocidental. Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo trabalho do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span>, a sua venera\u00e7\u00e3o prossegue nas cidades-estado fen\u00edcias de Tiro, S\u00eddon, Biblos, Arvade e nas suas col\u00f3nias mediterr\u00e2nicas.<\/p><p>A centralidade de Baal-Hadad pode ainda inferir-se do fato de as suas hip\u00f3stases representarem a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no seio de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> mais importante em quase cada cidade-estado fen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Em Tiro domina <a href=\"\/pt-br\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a>; em S\u00eddon, Eshmun e Astarte; em Biblos, Baal-\u0160amem; os tr\u00eas s\u00e3o, no sentido mais lato, hip\u00f3stases ou filhos de Baal. Esta &#8216;baaliza\u00e7\u00e3o&#8217; do pante\u00e3o fen\u00edcio constitui uma das estruturas hist\u00f3rico-religiosas caracter\u00edsticas da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo trabalho do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nome e etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O nome duplo Baal-Hadad \u00e9 formado pelo apelativo <em>ba\u02bfal<\/em> &#8216;senhor, propriet\u00e1rio&#8217; e pelo nome pr\u00f3prio <em>Haddu<\/em> ou <em>Hadad<\/em>. A raiz <em>hdd<\/em> significa &#8216;trovejar&#8217; e pertence ao vocabul\u00e1rio sem\u00edtico-ocidental para os fen\u00f3menos meteorol\u00f3gicos. Daniel Schwemer discutiu detalhadamente os fundamentos etimol\u00f3gicos em <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Nos textos ugar\u00edticos aparece como <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> (Baal) ou <em>b\u02bfl hd<\/em> (Baal-Haddu); nas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es fen\u00edcias da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo trabalho do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span> predomina o nome simples Baal com especifica\u00e7\u00e3o local em cada caso. No material das listas divinas ac\u00e1dicas \u00e9 identificado com Adad; no hitita com DU\/I\u0161kur, o que facilitou a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a>.<\/p><p>Uma forma particular interessante \u00e9 Baal-Saphon, &#8216;Senhor do Monte Saphon&#8217; (Mons Casius), a montanha a ele consagrada a norte de Ugarit. Saphon \u00e9 a sua morada e corresponde funcionalmente ao Hazzi hurrita ou ao Olimpo grego. A identifica\u00e7\u00e3o Baal-Hadad = Baal-Saphon \u00e9 estabelecida explicitamente nos textos ugar\u00edticos.<\/p><p>Nas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es hierogl\u00edfico-luvitas das cidades-estado do norte da S\u00edria, Baal aparece como &#8216;Tarhunza da vinha&#8217; ou &#8216;Tarhunza da montanha&#8217;; a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o com o deus do tempo anat\u00f3lio \u00e9 testemunho do estreito entrela\u00e7amento hist\u00f3rico do Levante do Bronze Final.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descri\u00e7\u00e3o e iconografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad surge na iconografia como um homem robusto e barbudo, de saia curta, com um machado de combate erguido ou um feixe de raios numa das m\u00e3os, e uma lan\u00e7a ou um ceptro de espigas na outra.<\/p><p>A representa\u00e7\u00e3o mais conhecida \u00e9 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira ereta, com inscri\u00e7\u00e3o ou decora\u00e7\u00e3o figurada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> de Ras Shamra (Ugarit, s\u00e9culo XIII a.C.), que mostra Baal no esquema cl\u00e1ssico de marcha com a ma\u00e7a erguida; a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira ereta, com inscri\u00e7\u00e3o ou decora\u00e7\u00e3o figurada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> encontra-se hoje no Louvre.<\/p><p>O seu animal sagrado \u00e9 o touro; em numerosos relevos, ele est\u00e1 de p\u00e9 ou em marcha sobre um touro ou ao lado de um touro. A iconografia do touro liga-o a Hadad e \u00e0s tradi\u00e7\u00f5es paleoss\u00edrias do deus-touro da tempestade. Em contextos fen\u00edcios, a \u00e1guia aparece ocasionalmente como animal acompanhante, possivelmente sob influ\u00eancia mesopot\u00e2mica.<\/p><p>Nas moedas e estelas fen\u00edcias da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo trabalho do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span> a sua iconografia \u00e9 algo mais vari\u00e1vel; aparece sentado no trono, em marcha ou como soberano c\u00f3smico com fundo estrelado. Nas col\u00f3nias do Mediterr\u00e2neo ocidental (Cartago, Sic\u00edlia), a sua tradi\u00e7\u00e3o figurativa funde-se com <a href=\"\/pt-br\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, que desenvolve uma figura teol\u00f3gica aut\u00f3noma.<\/p><p>Nas estelas cartaginesas do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um lugar sagrado consagrado \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma divindade.\" tabindex=\"0\">santu\u00e1rio<\/span> do Tofet, Baal-Hammon aparece frequentemente como um deus barbudo sentado no trono, com o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span> da &#8216;m\u00e3o de Tanit&#8217; sobre ele, uma f\u00f3rmula iconogr\u00e1fica da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A atitude e a pr\u00e1tica religiosa vivida por um ser humano.\" tabindex=\"0\">piedade<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Narrativas mitol\u00f3gicas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fonte mitol\u00f3gica mais importante \u00e9 o Ciclo de Baal ugar\u00edtico (KTU 1.1, 1.6), uma composi\u00e7\u00e3o de seis tabuinhas do s\u00e9culo XIV a.C., editada por Mark Smith em <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (vol. I 1994, vol. II com Wayne Pitard 2009).<\/p><p>O ciclo cont\u00e9m tr\u00eas conflitos principais: Baal contra <a href=\"\/pt-br\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a> (o mar), Baal como construtor do templo e Baal contra <a href=\"\/pt-br\/mot-phoenix\/\">Mot<\/a> (a morte).<\/p><p>No primeiro conflito, Yam reivindica a soberania e obt\u00e9m o assentimento de El; Baal combate com duas armas m\u00e1gicas fabricadas pelo deus ferreiro Kothar-wa-Khasis e vence Yam. No segundo conflito, Baal constr\u00f3i um pal\u00e1cio no Saphon com a autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o do deus-pai El e por media\u00e7\u00e3o de Athirat.<\/p><p>No terceiro conflito, Mot leva Baal \u00e0 submundo; <a href=\"\/pt-br\/anat-phoenix\/\">Anat<\/a>, irm\u00e3 e companheira de Baal, mata ent\u00e3o Mot e liberta Baal, que ressuscita.<\/p><p>Esta sequ\u00eancia &#8216;vit\u00f3ria sobre o caos, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>, morte e ressurrei\u00e7\u00e3o&#8217; \u00e9 um dos esquemas mitol\u00f3gicos mais influentes da religi\u00e3o do Antigo Oriente. O despertar de Baal na primavera era entendido como sinal sazonal: quando Baal vive, chove; quando morre, reina a seca. Do ponto de vista hist\u00f3rico-religioso, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> insere-se numa s\u00e9rie que inclui Tarhunna-Illuyanka, Marduk-Tiamat, Teshub-Ullikummi e o combate grego Zeus-Typhon.<\/p><p>Uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria importante \u00e9 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> hurrito-hitita do &#8216;Canto do Mar&#8217; (CTH 346), no qual <a href=\"\/pt-br\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a> combate o mar. Os paralelos com o combate Baal-Yam s\u00e3o t\u00e3o estreitos que uma liga\u00e7\u00e3o liter\u00e1ria direta \u00e9 prov\u00e1vel. Mary Bachvarova tra\u00e7ou detalhadamente os percursos destas narrativas de combate mar\u00edtimo em <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culto e venera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Os principais centros de culto de Baal-Hadad eram Ugarit (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> no monte Tell), Tiro (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Baal-Saphon), S\u00eddon, Biblos (com Baal-\u0160amem) e a cidade do interior de Alepo. Em Tiro, o templo de Baal-\u0160amem foi associado \u00e0 soberania real; Hiram I de Tiro ter\u00e1 constru\u00eddo, segundo Josefo, um espl\u00eandido <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> de Baal-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span> no s\u00e9culo X a.C.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati descreveu em <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> a arquitetura e a ritual\u00edstica dos templos fen\u00edcios. Os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templos<\/span> eram espa\u00e7os alongados com \u00e1trio, sala principal e sancta sanctorum (adyton), onde se encontrava a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representa\u00e7\u00e3o figurada de uma divindade venerada no templo ou santu\u00e1rio.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagem de culto<\/span>. Os <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oferta a uma divindade para expressar agradecimento, s\u00faplica ou venera\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrif\u00edcios<\/span> inclu\u00edam holocaustos, oferendas de incenso e liba\u00e7\u00f5es; um importante ritual festivo era o &#8216;despertar&#8217; anual de Baal na primavera.<\/p><p>Na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poca pr\u00e9-hist\u00f3rica posterior \u00e0 Idade do Bronze, marcada pelo trabalho do ferro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Idade do Ferro<\/span>, o culto de Baal difundiu-se, com as col\u00f3nias fen\u00edcias, por todo o Mediterr\u00e2neo: Chipre (Kition, Salamina), Sic\u00edlia (Mozia, Lilibeu), Sardenha (Tharros, Sulcis), Tun\u00edsia (Cartago, \u00datica), Espanha (Gadir, Tartessos). Corinne Bonnet documentou detalhadamente a expans\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nica em <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o prestados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> em <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) e em v\u00e1rias obras posteriores.<\/p><p>Em Cartago, o culto de Baal desenvolveu-se numa tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica aut\u00f3noma, com <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos atos religiosos de venera\u00e7\u00e3o prestados a uma divindade ou figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culto<\/span> de <a href=\"\/pt-br\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> e <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a> como fam\u00edlia divina suprema. Maria Eugenia Aubet apresentou em <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o do culto oriental de Baal no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> p\u00fanico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e1tica de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e apotropaico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad era deus protetor do rei, da cidade e da fertilidade. Nas inscri\u00e7\u00f5es fen\u00edcias \u00e9 invocado como garante de juramentos; os textos de tratados entre reis fen\u00edcios e soberanos estrangeiros iniciam-se com a sua <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ato de invocar uma divindade ou poder em s\u00faplica ou conjura\u00e7\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span>. Nos selos reais aparece a sua imagem ou o seu nome como f\u00f3rmula de prote\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>As pr\u00e1ticas apotropaicas recorriam frequentemente ao touro como <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um sinal que representa por substitui\u00e7\u00e3o uma ideia ou significado.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbolo<\/span>; formas de cornos de touro surgem como amuletos e em altares. Nas casas fen\u00edcias colocavam-se estatuetas de bronze de Baal, geralmente com o machado de combate erguido. Esta pr\u00e1tica de estatuetas do &#8216;Baal em marcha&#8217; est\u00e1 bem documentada arqueologicamente e foi objeto de v\u00e1rios estudos, nomeadamente de H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader.<\/p><p>De uma perspetiva cient\u00edfica, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o protetora de Baal-Hadad est\u00e1 associada \u00e0 ordem do reino e \u00e0 fertilidade. Ele n\u00e3o garante primariamente a cura individual, mas o regresso da \u00e9poca das chuvas, a estabilidade da realeza e a vit\u00f3ria em batalha. O iWell-Guard considera-o uma figura hist\u00f3rico-religiosa, sem refer\u00eancias a promessas de cura atuais.<\/p><p>Nas f\u00f3rmulas de juramento fen\u00edcias do 1.\u00ba mil\u00e9nio a.C., Baal aparece regularmente como primeiro garante do juramento; os tratados de Esarhaddon-Ad\u0113 entre o grande rei ass\u00edrio e os soberanos vassalos fen\u00edcios (s\u00e9culo VII a.C.) constituem um importante testemunho a esse respeito.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelos noutras culturas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad est\u00e1 estreitamente relacionado com o hurrita <a href=\"\/pt-br\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a>, o hitita <a href=\"\/pt-br\/tarhunna\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>, o mesopot\u00e2mico Adad\/I\u0161kur e o urarteu Tei\u0161eba. O seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um elemento tem\u00e1tico recorrente na arte ou na narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> do combate contra o drag\u00e3o tem paralelos estreitos com a vit\u00f3ria de Indra sobre Vrtra, a vit\u00f3ria de Marduk sobre Tiamat e o combate de Zeus contra Typhon. Daniel Schwemer tratou detalhadamente todos estes paralelos na sua monografia.<\/p><p>No material hebraico, Baal aparece como o grande advers\u00e1rio de Yahweh; os textos pol\u00e9micos do Antigo Testamento (em especial 1 Reis 18, Oseias, Jeremias) apresentam-no negativamente.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista hist\u00f3rico, Baal-Hadad n\u00e3o era para os antigos hebreus um deus estranho, mas um deus concorrente da mesma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cananeia; o anti-baalismo b\u00edblico \u00e9 a rea\u00e7\u00e3o teol\u00f3gica a uma real vizinhan\u00e7a religiosa. Mark Smith tratou este tema detalhadamente em <em>The Early History of God<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Com o Zeus grego, Baal-Hadad foi identificado no per\u00edodo helen\u00edstico; Baal-\u0160amem corresponde a Zeus Hypsistos, Baal-Saphon a Zeus Kasios. Em Cartago, da tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de Baal emerge a figura aut\u00f3noma <a href=\"\/pt-br\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> com uma determina\u00e7\u00e3o funcional distinta.<\/p><p>Na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o cartaginesa tardia, Baal-Hammon \u00e9 identificado com o romano Saturno; esta saturniniza\u00e7\u00e3o do culto fen\u00edcio de Baal no espa\u00e7o norte-africano foi estudada detalhadamente por Marcel Le Glay em <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) e constitui um exemplo cl\u00e1ssico de sincretismos hist\u00f3rico-religiosos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u00e7\u00e3o e investiga\u00e7\u00e3o atuais<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre Baal est\u00e1 hoje muito desenvolvida. A edi\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o do Ciclo de Baal por Mark Smith e Wayne Pitard \u00e9 obra de refer\u00eancia; a monografia de Daniel Schwemer sobre as figuras do deus do tempo constitui a s\u00edntese mais abrangente. Corinne Bonnet apresentou de forma exaustiva a hist\u00f3ria religiosa fen\u00edcia em v\u00e1rias obras. Sabatino Moscati e Maria Eugenia Aubet s\u00e3o autoridades para a difus\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nica da religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Na recep\u00e7\u00e3o popular, Baal \u00e9 sobretudo conhecido pela pol\u00e9mica b\u00edblica; a palavra &#8216;Baal&#8217; tem frequentemente uma conota\u00e7\u00e3o pejorativa no uso lingu\u00edstico moderno. Apresenta\u00e7\u00f5es cientificamente mais diferenciadas encontram-se nas obras de refer\u00eancia mencionadas, bem como em numerosos volumes coletivos sobre a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00eancia que estuda culturas passadas atrav\u00e9s de achados materiais.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>.<\/p><p>As atuais prioridades de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o incidem na diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o das hip\u00f3stases de Baal (Baal-\u0160amem, Baal-Saphon, Baal-Hammon, Baal-Sidon, etc.), na difus\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nica do culto e na quest\u00e3o de como o Ciclo de Baal foi atualizado <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertencente a uma sequ\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas estabelecida.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualmente<\/span>. O iWell-Guard regista Baal-Hadad como membro hist\u00f3rico central do <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O conjunto dos deuses de uma religi\u00e3o ou cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00e3o<\/span> e n\u00e3o como destinat\u00e1rio atual de prote\u00e7\u00e3o. Promessas de cura ou efeitos espirituais modernos n\u00e3o fazem parte desta apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Uma nova e interessante dire\u00e7\u00e3o de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o diz respeito \u00e0 persist\u00eancia iconogr\u00e1fica de Baal no Oriente Pr\u00f3ximo helen\u00edstico e romano. Klaus St\u00e4hler e Andreas Kropp estudaram as transi\u00e7\u00f5es entre as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es figurativas fen\u00edcias, helen\u00edsticas e romanas em v\u00e1rias publica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura e fontes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A sele\u00e7\u00e3o que se segue inclui as principais obras de refer\u00eancia sobre a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Baal-Hadad. Re\u00fane edi\u00e7\u00f5es de textos, s\u00ednteses hist\u00f3ricas e publica\u00e7\u00f5es arqueol\u00f3gicas. A edi\u00e7\u00e3o do Ciclo de Baal de Mark Smith \u00e9 a base das fontes prim\u00e1rias; Schwemer, Bonnet e Moscati fornecem a contextualiza\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa. Quem desejar aprofundar o estudo do material encontrar\u00e1 em Aubet e Bonnet excelentes bibliografias sobre a difus\u00e3o mediterr\u00e2nica do culto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23eb14dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23eb14dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd30715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2cd30715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">O combate contra Jam no ciclo de Baal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2885aeb7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2885aeb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23bca9d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp23bca9d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O epis\u00f3dio central do Ciclo de Baal ugar\u00edtico \u00e9 o confronto entre Baal e Yam, o mar divinizado. Na tabuinha que na numera\u00e7\u00e3o KTU \u00e9 referida como <em>1.2<\/em> , Yam exige perante a assembleia dos deuses a entrega de Baal. O velho rei dos deuses, El, empenhado em manter a paz, consente inicialmente e chama Baal prisioneiro de Yam. Baal, por\u00e9m, recusa-se.<\/p><p>O elemento decisivo \u00e9 o artes\u00e3o dos deuses, Kothar-wa-Hasis. Ele forja duas armas prodigiosas com os nomes <em>Jagrusch<\/em> e <em>Ajjamur<\/em>, cujas designa\u00e7\u00f5es se interpretam como &#8216;expulsador&#8217; e &#8216;perseguidor&#8217;.<\/p><p>Com a primeira, Baal atinge Yam no ombro; com a segunda, entre os olhos. Yam cai por terra e Baal \u00e9 proclamado soberano. Astarte impede-o de despeda\u00e7ar o vencido.<\/p><p>Do ponto de vista cient\u00edfico, esta narrativa pertence ao tipo amplamente difundido do combate contra o caos, no qual um jovem deus do tempo vence uma pot\u00eancia aqu\u00e1tica que personifica o caos, garantindo assim a ordem do mundo.<\/p><p>Algo semelhante encontra-se no babil\u00f3nico <em>Enuma eli\u0161<\/em> com Marduk e Tiamat, bem como no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> hitita de Illuyanka. Hermann Gunkel assinalou estes paralelos no Antigo Oriente j\u00e1 em 1895, muito antes de as tabuinhas ugar\u00edticas serem conhecidas.<\/p><p>Hoje, as alus\u00f5es b\u00edblicas \u00e0 vit\u00f3ria de Yahweh sobre o mar, sobre Rahab e sobre o Leviat\u00e3 s\u00e3o lidas \u00e0 luz precisamente desta tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sem\u00edtico-noroccidental. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma narrativa transmitida pela tradi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre deuses, origens e a ordem do mundo.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> de Baal-Yam \u00e9, assim, um texto-chave para a compreens\u00e3o da ideologia r\u00e9gia do Antigo Oriente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274a5cdf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp274a5cdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2566e22a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2566e22a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A morte de Baal, o mundo inferior e o regresso<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a7bae2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21a7bae2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248db3f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp248db3f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O segundo grande arco narrativo do Ciclo de Baal conduz o deus do tempo \u00e0 morte. Mot, o deus da seca, da morte e do submundo, convida Baal ao seu reino.<\/p><p>Baal aceita o convite, e as tabuinhas relatam que desce para a garganta de Mot como um bocado para o es\u00f3fago. A not\u00edcia da sua morte chega a El, que desce do trono, veste roupas de luto, se talha a pele e chora Baal.<\/p><p>Segue-se a busca da irm\u00e3 <a href=\"\/pt-br\/anat-phoenix\/\">Anat<\/a>, que recolhe o cad\u00e1ver de Baal e o sepulta com a ajuda da deusa solar Shapasch. Por algum tempo governa um soberano substituto, mas a terra resseca.<\/p><p>Por fim, Baal aparece a El vivo em sonho e os campos voltam a transbordar de mel. Num \u00faltimo confronto, Baal e Mot combatem como animais selvagens at\u00e9 Shapasch mediar e Mot ceder.<\/p><p>A investiga\u00e7\u00e3o mais antiga leu esta sequ\u00eancia como um puro mito sazonal, espelho do ressecamento estival e da \u00e9poca outonal das chuvas na costa s\u00edria. Trabalhos mais recentes, como o coment\u00e1rio de Mark Smith e Wayne Pitard, consideram esta interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o demasiado redutora.<\/p><p>O calend\u00e1rio ugar\u00edtico n\u00e3o conhece uma data ritual fixa para a morte anual de Baal, e o pr\u00f3prio texto aponta antes para um ritmo de sete anos. O epis\u00f3dio combina legitima\u00e7\u00e3o do poder, fertilidade e a experi\u00eancia da seca, sem se fixar num \u00fanico esquema interpretativo. Permanece um dos textos mais debatidos da hist\u00f3ria das religi\u00f5es do Antigo Oriente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp269d2191 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp269d2191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2677d35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2677d35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hadad nas cartas de Amarna e na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do per\u00edodo de Mari<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2998a58b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2998a58b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2af41bb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2af41bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O deus que os ugaritas chamavam Baal tinha por nome pr\u00f3prio Hadad ou Haddu. Este nome \u00e9 muito mais antigo e mais difundido do que as tabuinhas ugar\u00edticas. Nos arquivos de Mari, no Eufrates m\u00e9dio, datados do s\u00e9culo XVIII a.C., o deus do tempo de Alepo, denominado Adad, aparece como figura pol\u00edtica de relevo.<\/p><p>Uma famosa carta faz um profeta falar em nome do deus ao rei Zimri-Lim, recordando-lhe que Adad o colocou no trono do seu pai e espera contrapartidas.<\/p><p>Nas cartas de Amarna do s\u00e9culo XIV a.C., a correspond\u00eancia diplom\u00e1tica dos fara\u00f3s eg\u00edpcios com os pr\u00edncipes da S\u00edria e da Palestina, o deus surge em nomes de pessoas e em compara\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><p>Soberanos locais descrevem o terror do fara\u00f3 com imagens tomadas de empr\u00e9stimo ao trov\u00e3o de Hadad. Estes testemunhos mostram que Hadad era, muito antes da \u00e9poca fen\u00edcia, uma divindade imperial central, estreitamente ligada \u00e0 realeza e ao poder militar.<\/p><p>Para a religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia, isto significa: o Baal das cidades fen\u00edcias \u00e9 o herdeiro tardio de uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o secular de deus do tempo. Em Tiro, <a href=\"\/pt-br\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a> avultou como deus da cidade; noutros locais, o t\u00edtulo Baal manteve-se associado a Hadad.<\/p><p>A designa\u00e7\u00e3o ass\u00edria Adad e a forma aramaica Hadad atestam simultaneamente que a mesma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Um ser venerado como divino no seio de uma religi\u00e3o.\" tabindex=\"0\">divindade<\/span> era venerada para al\u00e9m das fronteiras lingu\u00edsticas e pol\u00edticas. As fontes de Mari e de Amarna s\u00e3o indispens\u00e1veis para enquadrar historicamente o testemunho fen\u00edcio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27a103e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27a103e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c2c9948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c2c9948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A estela de Baal au foudre e o programa iconogr\u00e1fico<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b7dfef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26b7dfef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd9f9fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cd9f9fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entre os achados de Ras Shamra destaca-se uma estela de calc\u00e1rio conhecida na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o como <em>Baal au foudre<\/em>, o Baal com o raio. Foi encontrada nas proximidades do grande templo de Baal na acr\u00f3pole de Ugarit e encontra-se hoje no Louvre.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira ereta, com inscri\u00e7\u00e3o ou decora\u00e7\u00e3o figurada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> mostra o deus em posi\u00e7\u00e3o de marcha, com o bra\u00e7o direito erguido a brandir uma ma\u00e7a, enquanto a m\u00e3o esquerda segura uma lan\u00e7a cuja ponta aponta para baixo, para o solo, e cuja extremidade superior se ramifica em formas vegetais.<\/p><p>Este pormenor \u00e9 significativo. A lan\u00e7a, que \u00e9 simultaneamente raio e planta em crescimento, condensa os dois dom\u00ednios de a\u00e7\u00e3o do deus do tempo: a viol\u00eancia destruidora da tempestade e a for\u00e7a vivificante da chuva.<\/p><p>Sob os p\u00e9s do deus, linhas onduladas evocam as montanhas ou o mar. Uma pequena figura humana \u00e0 margem \u00e9 geralmente interpretada como o rei de Ugarit, que se coloca sob a prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Baal.<\/p><p>O capacete com chifres que o deus usa \u00e9 um sinal oriental antigo de estatuto divino. Toda a composi\u00e7\u00e3o segue um tipo iconogr\u00e1fico difundido do espa\u00e7o anat\u00f3lio at\u00e9 ao Egito, onde aparece, por exemplo, em representa\u00e7\u00f5es do deus do tempo associado a Seth.<\/p><p>Marguerite Yon descreveu detalhadamente a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma placa de pedra ou madeira ereta, com inscri\u00e7\u00e3o ou decora\u00e7\u00e3o figurada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> na sua monografia sobre Ugarit e assinalou o seu significado como nexo entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o destinada \u00e0 venera\u00e7\u00e3o de uma ou v\u00e1rias divindades.\" tabindex=\"0\">templo<\/span>, realeza e imagem divina. Para a iconografia do Baal fen\u00edcio, \u00e9 o testemunho conservado mais importante, ainda que, em rigor, provenha de Ugarit e n\u00e3o de uma cidade fen\u00edcia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (sele\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Early History of God<\/em> (San Francisco 1990)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhadad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhadad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhadad-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhadad-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Como divindade suprema fen\u00edcia, Baal-Hadad governa o tempo (tempestade, chuva e vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o); nos textos ugar\u00edticos vence Yam e Mot e assegura a ordem c\u00f3smica do pante\u00e3o fen\u00edcio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termos-chave relacionados: Baal-Hadad Fen\u00edcios deus do tempo Ciclo de Baal Saphon Ugarit Alepo Yam Mot.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hadad\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard e as tradi\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>O iWell Guard insere-se na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural dos objetos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o port\u00e1teis, na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o <a href=\"\/pt-br\/deuses-fenicios\/\">fen\u00edcia<\/a> e de muitas outras culturas em todo o mundo. 41 n\u00edveis, ouro genu\u00edno, platina, prata, fabricado na Alemanha. Direito de devolu\u00e7\u00e3o em 30 dias.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mais sobre o iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">As experi\u00eancias pessoais podem variar. N\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico. Sem promessas de cura.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O iWell Guard <strong>n\u00e3o \u00e9 um produto m\u00e9dico<\/strong> e n\u00e3o substitui qualquer tratamento m\u00e9dico ou psicoterap\u00eautico. Os conte\u00fados de ci\u00eancia das religi\u00f5es constituem uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-cultural, n\u00e3o uma recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1tica espiritual.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baal-Hadad, deus supremo fen\u00edcio do clima e das alturas Baal-Hadad \u00e9 o deus supremo do clima da religi\u00e3o fen\u00edcia-cananeia e her\u00f3i do Ciclo de Baal do corpus ugar\u00edtico. Como deus da tempestade, governa os trov\u00f5es, a chuva e a fertilidade, e combate o mar ca\u00f3tico Yam e o deus da morte Mot. Como deus supremo, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2845,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"baal-hadad fen\u00edcios deus do tempo","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hadad: deus do tempo fen\u00edcio, mito, culto","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hadad \u00e9 o deus do tempo fen\u00edcio-cananeu e her\u00f3i do Ciclo de Baal. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rico-religiosa com mitologia e culto.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-36759","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Baal-Hadad: deus do tempo fen\u00edcio, mito, culto<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Baal-Hadad \u00e9 o deus do tempo fen\u00edcio-cananeu e her\u00f3i do Ciclo de Baal. 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