{"id":9510,"date":"2026-05-19T11:48:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:48:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yong-wang\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T15:16:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T15:16:21","slug":"yong-wang","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/yong-wang\/","title":{"rendered":"Yong-wang"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9510\" class=\"elementor elementor-9510 elementor-3056 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f5c618 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9f5c618\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdcbdc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bdcbdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff802b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff802b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f180f97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f180f97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yong-wang, korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfa5314 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfa5314\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yong-wang to korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l, kt\u00f3ry panuje nad morzem, deszczem i wszystkimi wodami. Yong Wang (korea\u0144ski \uc6a9\uc655, \u9f8d\u738b), dos\u0142ownie \u201eSmoczy Kr\u00f3l&#8221;, jest w korea\u0144skiej religii ludowej g\u0142\u00f3wnym b\u00f3stwem wody. Panuje nad morzami, rzekami, jeziorami i studniami oraz uchodzi za opiekuna wszystkich stworze\u0144 wodnych.<\/p>\n<p>Jego kult nale\u017cy, podobnie jak kult Sansin (b\u00f3stwa g\u00f3r), do najstarszych warstw religijnych Korei i pozostaje w \u015bcis\u0142ym zwi\u0105zku z por\u00f3wnywalnymi tradycjami Smoczych Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w Chin i Japonii, w Korei wykszta\u0142ci\u0142 jednak w\u0142asne lokalne formy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42a45b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"42a45b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-460f534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"460f534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ Bogini: Uosobiona najwy\u017csza moc w panteonie danej kultury, o jasno okre\u015blonych kompetencjach: si\u0142y natury, los, wojna, p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107. Czczona poprzez kulty, ofiary i instytucje \u015bwi\u0105tynne.\">B\u00f3g<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korea\u0144ski \u015bwiat bog\u00f3w, szaman\u00f3w i duch\u00f3w ludowych.\">Korea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c596bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0c596bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff2e07 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"dff2e07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__dff2e07\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__dff2e07\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__dff2e07\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2244aa5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2244aa5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9445d34 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9445d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_yong-wang-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9511\" alt=\"Yong Wang - Bogowie z tradycji korea\u0144skiej, historyczno-ilustracyjny\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_yong-wang-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_yong-wang-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_yong-wang-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_yong-wang.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae10e2e e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae10e2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d6c61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"82d6c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be604e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be604e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 i pochodzenie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e639b40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e639b40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wyobra\u017cenie Smoczego Kr\u00f3la ma swoje korzenie w chi\u0144skiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span>, w kt\u00f3rej Long Wang pe\u0142ni funkcj\u0119 w\u0142adcy czterech m\u00f3rz i jest czczony w zespo\u0142ach \u015bwi\u0105tynnych.<\/p><p>Wraz z wprowadzeniem buddyzmu i wykszta\u0142cenia konfucja\u0144skiego do Korei mi\u0119dzy IV a VII wiekiem wyobra\u017cenie Smoczego Kr\u00f3la dotar\u0142o na obszar korea\u0144ski, gdzie zetkn\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 z istniej\u0105cymi ludowo-religijnymi wyobra\u017ceniami b\u00f3stwa wody.<\/p><p>\u201eSamguk Yusa&#8221; przekazuje kilka epizod\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3rych smoki i Smoczy Kr\u00f3lowie odgrywaj\u0105 rol\u0119 we wczesnej historii korea\u0144skich pa\u0144stw. Mityczne kr\u00f3lestwo Silla zostaje wr\u0119cz wsp\u00f3\u0142za\u0142o\u017cone przez Smoczego Kr\u00f3la, kt\u00f3ry niesie z morza matk\u0119 trzeciego kr\u00f3la Talhae.<\/p><br><br><p>James Grayson i Maurizio Riotto wykazali w przegl\u0105dach z zakresu historii religii, \u017ce kult Smoczego Kr\u00f3la w Korei wcze\u015bnie powi\u0105zano z ideologi\u0105 kr\u00f3lewsk\u0105.<\/p><p>Kr\u00f3lowie Silla nazywali siebie \u201esynami smoka&#8221;, co by\u0142o praktyk\u0105 szeroko rozpowszechnion\u0105 we wschodnioazjatyckich kr\u00f3lestwach, lecz w Silla przybra\u0142o szczeg\u00f3lnie wyrazist\u0105 form\u0119. To polityczne zaw\u0142aszczenie smoka kszta\u0142tuje korea\u0144sk\u0105 tradycj\u0119 obrazow\u0105 a\u017c po okres Joseon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1913e5b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1913e5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b541514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b541514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-350c604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"350c604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yong Wang jest tradycyjnie przedstawiany jako posta\u0107 kr\u00f3lewska ze smocz\u0105 koron\u0105 i wspania\u0142ymi szatami. W niekt\u00f3rych tradycjach obrazowych pojawia si\u0119 jako posta\u0107 hybrydowa ze smocz\u0105 g\u0142ow\u0105 i ludzkim cia\u0142em, w innych jako starzec z d\u0142ug\u0105 brod\u0105, otoczony smokami.<\/p><p>Jego dw\u00f3r sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z kolejnych zwierz\u0105t wodnych, takich jak \u017c\u00f3\u0142wie, karpie, o\u015bmiornice i meduzy, kt\u00f3re w opowie\u015bciach ludowych pe\u0142ni\u0105 funkcj\u0119 jego ministr\u00f3w i pos\u0142a\u0144c\u00f3w.<\/p><br><br><p>Godn\u0105 uwagi tradycj\u0105 obrazow\u0105 jest \u201eyongwang-do&#8221;, tablica Smoczego Kr\u00f3la, kt\u00f3r\u0105 mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 w buddyjskich \u015bwi\u0105tyniach Korei. Ukazuje ona Yong Wanga na tronie pod wod\u0105, otoczonego swoimi zwierz\u0119tami wodnymi, cz\u0119sto w towarzystwie dw\u00f3ch towarzyszek nios\u0105cych per\u0142y i czarki.<\/p><p>Tablice te s\u0105 ujednolicone od XVII wieku i pod\u0105\u017caj\u0105 za w\u0142asn\u0105 konwencj\u0105 ikonograficzn\u0105, kt\u00f3ra r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 od chi\u0144skich wzorc\u00f3w.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-115c720 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"115c720\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45cf17f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45cf17f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanktuaria i obrz\u0119dy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37dc5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37dc5a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze sanktuaria Yong Wanga w Korei znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 na wybrze\u017cach oraz nad wi\u0119kszymi rzekami. Na wschodnim wybrze\u017cu, przede wszystkim w prowincji Gangwon, wzniesiono liczne kapliczki (\u201eyongwang-dang&#8221;) na klifach i na wysuni\u0119tych w morze wyspach.<\/p><p>Na po\u0142udniowym wybrze\u017cu, zw\u0142aszcza na Jeju, istniej\u0105 w\u0142asne sanktuaria Smoczego Kr\u00f3la z lokalnymi tradycjami rytualnymi. Tak\u017ce wiele rzek i studni ma niewielkie kapliczki Yong Wanga, utrzymywane przez okolicznych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w.<\/p><br><br><p>Najwa\u017cniejszymi obrz\u0119dami ku czci Yong Wanga s\u0105 obrz\u0119dy b\u0142agalne rybak\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy przed sezonem modl\u0105 si\u0119 o obfity po\u0142\u00f3w i o ochron\u0119 przed sztormami. R\u00f3wnie\u017c rolnicy w regionach ubogich w deszcz przyzywali go o deszcz, w szczeg\u00f3lnie suchych latach z rozbudowanymi procesjami i ta\u0144cami b\u0142agalnymi.<\/p><p>Boudewijn Walraven udokumentowa\u0142 w swoich studiach nad korea\u0144sk\u0105 praktyk\u0105 szama\u0144sk\u0105, w jaki spos\u00f3b Yong Wang jest przywo\u0142ywany w rytua\u0142ach \u201egut&#8221;, przede wszystkim w regionach nadmorskich, gdzie szamanki cz\u0119sto go wzywaj\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebfe83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ebfe83b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9829d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9829d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yong Wang w korea\u0144skiej opowie\u015bci ludowej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18af666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18af666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Szczeg\u00f3lnie znan\u0105 opowie\u015bci\u0105 jest \u201eHistoria o zaj\u0105cu i \u017c\u00f3\u0142wiu&#8221;, w kt\u00f3rej \u017c\u00f3\u0142w jako pos\u0142aniec Smoczego Kr\u00f3la wabi zaj\u0105ca do podwodnego kr\u00f3lestwa, aby zdoby\u0107 jego w\u0105trob\u0119 dla uzdrowienia chorego Yong Wanga.<\/p><p>Pe\u0142en sprytu zaj\u0105c wymyka si\u0119 dzi\u0119ki zr\u0119cznemu wybiegowi. Opowie\u015b\u0107 ta nale\u017cy do w\u0105tk\u00f3w \u201epansori&#8221;, \u015bpiewanych opowie\u015bci korea\u0144skiej tradycji ludowej, i jest szeroko rozpowszechniona w kulturze popularnej.<\/p><br><br><p>Druga, mniej znana tradycja dotyczy kr\u00f3lowej Heo Hwang-ok, kt\u00f3ra w <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">micie<\/span> dynastii Karak przybywa do Korei drog\u0105 morsk\u0105 jako c\u00f3rka kr\u00f3la z kraju Ayodhya (Indie) i zostaje po\u015blubiona kr\u00f3lowi Suro.<\/p><p>Jej statek w niekt\u00f3rych wersjach prowadzony jest przez Smoczego Kr\u00f3la. Opowie\u015b\u0107 ta jest dzi\u015b przedmiotem dyskusji naukowych o mo\u017cliwych wczesnych powi\u0105zaniach morskich mi\u0119dzy Kore\u0105 a Azj\u0105 Po\u0142udniow\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b469d78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b469d78\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5adce55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5adce55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Integracja buddyjska<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d666fba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d666fba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podobnie jak Sansin, r\u00f3wnie\u017c Yong Wang zosta\u0142 zintegrowany z buddyjsk\u0105 topografi\u0105 \u015bwi\u0105tynn\u0105 Korei. W wielu klasztorach obok g\u0142\u00f3wnej hali Buddy znajduje si\u0119 niewielka hala zwana \u201eyongwang-gak&#8221;, w kt\u00f3rej czczony jest Yong Wang.<\/p><p>Hala ta jest najcz\u0119\u015bciej wzniesiona bli\u017cej cieku wodnego lub \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a i pozostaje w wyra\u017anym przestrzennym oddzieleniu od g\u0142\u00f3wnego obszaru. Integracja jest skonstruowana analogicznie do Sansin-gak.<\/p><br><br><p>Don Baker zwr\u00f3ci\u0142 uwag\u0119, \u017ce buddyjskie zaw\u0142aszczenie b\u00f3stwa wody zosta\u0142o tak\u017ce uzasadnione teologicznie, przez przedstawienie Yong Wanga jako ucznia lub s\u0142ugi Buddy.<\/p><p>W niekt\u00f3rych sutrach, przede wszystkim w \u201eSutrze Lotosu&#8221;, Smoczy Kr\u00f3lowie pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 jako s\u0142uchacze nauki, co dostarcza kanonicznej podstawy dla kultu w kontek\u015bcie buddyjskim. W Korei tradycja ta sta\u0142a si\u0119 form\u0105 standardow\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e9fb947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba9fef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cba9fef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zwi\u0105zek z Jeju i z tradycj\u0105 Seonangsin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ff64f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7ff64f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na wyspie Jeju kult Yong Wanga przybra\u0142 szczeg\u00f3lnie wyrazist\u0105 form\u0119. Wyspa jest pokryta licznymi sanktuariami, z kt\u00f3rych wiele po\u015bwi\u0119conych jest Smoczemu Kr\u00f3lowi lub pokrewnym b\u00f3stwom wody.<\/p><p>Szamanki Jeju, \u201esimbang&#8221;, piel\u0119gnuj\u0105 bogat\u0105 tradycj\u0119 obrz\u0119d\u00f3w Yong Wanga. Centralnym \u015bwi\u0119tem jest \u201eYeongdeunggut&#8221; w drugim miesi\u0105cu ksi\u0119\u017cycowym, kt\u00f3re czci bogini\u0119 Yeongdeung Halmang (dawn\u0105 bogini\u0119 wody) wsp\u00f3lnie z Yong Wangiem i prosi o bezpieczny sezon po\u0142owowy.<\/p><br><br><p>Na korea\u0144skim l\u0105dzie sta\u0142ym Yong Wang \u0142\u0105czy si\u0119 z \u201eseonangsin&#8221;, b\u00f3stwami opieku\u0144czymi przy wej\u015bciach do wsi, wznoszonymi w postaci stos\u00f3w kamieni lub malowanych s\u0142up\u00f3w. Przy przeprawach rzecznych i przy studniach ustawia si\u0119 podobne obiekty ochronne, kt\u00f3re cz\u0119sto bezpo\u015brednio wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 ze Smoczym Kr\u00f3lem. Boudewijn Walraven szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo udokumentowa\u0142 t\u0119 lokaln\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 w swoich badaniach terenowych.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58cde8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58cde8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49dbebe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49dbebe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolika polityczna i kulturowa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0182c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0182c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Smok by\u0142 w korea\u0144skiej ideologii kr\u00f3lewskiej g\u0142\u00f3wnym symbolem w\u0142adzy kr\u00f3lewskiej. Szaty kr\u00f3l\u00f3w Joseon zdobione by\u0142y pi\u0119cioma pazurzastymi smokami, co by\u0142o przywilejem zastrze\u017conym w tradycji wschodnioazjatyckiej dla Syna Niebios. Tym samym Yong Wang jako posta\u0107 drugiego planu mia\u0142 po\u015brednie znaczenie polityczne, nie zajmuj\u0105c w\u0142asnej pozycji w oficjalnym konfucja\u0144skim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 bog\u00f3w danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonie<\/span>.<\/p><br><br><p>We wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej kulturze korea\u0144skiej smok \u017cyje dalej jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak, kt\u00f3ry zast\u0119pczo reprezentuje pewne wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>. Pojawia si\u0119 w nazwach marek, w klubach sportowych, w filmach i w reklamie. Bezpo\u015bredni kult religijny Yong Wanga ogranicza si\u0119 do region\u00f3w nadmorskich, do Jeju i do pojedynczych klasztor\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich.<\/p><p>W miastach przemys\u0142owych uleg\u0142 on os\u0142abieniu, w portach rybackich pozostaje jednak nadal \u017cywy. Antonetta Bruno wykaza\u0142a w swoich pracach, jak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> \u0142\u0105czy si\u0119 ze wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 kultur\u0105 turystyczn\u0105, na przyk\u0142ad gdy doroczne \u015bwi\u0119ta Yong Wanga s\u0105 komercyjnie promowane jako atrakcje turystyczne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ab942 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13ab942\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957b3b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957b3b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Badania i por\u00f3wnanie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746903a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"746903a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Badania nad Yong Wangiem s\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 szerszych wschodnioazjatyckich bada\u0144 nad Smoczymi Kr\u00f3lami, kt\u00f3re por\u00f3wnuj\u0105 Kore\u0119, Chiny i Japoni\u0119. W tradycji chi\u0144skiej Long Wang jest silniej zwi\u0105zany z cesarsk\u0105 religi\u0105 dworsk\u0105, w Japonii Ryujin jest \u015bci\u015blej powi\u0105zany z sanktuariami <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rdzenna religia Japonii, naznaczona kultem kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">shinto<\/span>.<\/p><p>W Korei Yong Wang ukazuje typow\u0105 form\u0119 mieszan\u0105 z\u0142o\u017con\u0105 z ludowo-religijnej praktyki, integracji buddyjskiej i symboliki politycznej. Ta forma mieszana jest, wed\u0142ug Jamesa Graysona, charakterystyczna dla korea\u0144skiej religijno\u015bci jako ca\u0142o\u015bci.<\/p><br><br><p>W obr\u0119bie bada\u0144 korea\u0144skich szczeg\u00f3lnie wa\u017cne okaza\u0142y si\u0119 prace nad tradycj\u0105 Jeju (Hyun Yong-jun, Yoon Yong-min) oraz studia z socjologii religii nad rybo\u0142\u00f3wstwem przybrze\u017cnym (Kim Sun-young).<\/p><p>W skali mi\u0119dzynarodowej Yong Wang jest mniej wszechstronnie zbadany ni\u017c Sansin czy g\u0142\u00f3wne b\u00f3stwa szama\u0144skie, co wynika przede wszystkim ze stanu \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142, naznaczonego ludowo-ustnym charakterem i trudno dost\u0119pnego w archiwach zachodnich.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12058fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12058fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c73ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3c73ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yong Wang w ideologii kr\u00f3lewskiej Silla i Goryeo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a129e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a129e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zwi\u0105zek Smoczego Kr\u00f3la z w\u0142adz\u0105 kr\u00f3lewsk\u0105 jest najsilniej uchwytny ikonograficznie i tekstowo w okresie Silla (57 przed Chrystusem do 935 po Chrystusie).<\/p><p>\u201eSamguk Yusa&#8221; donosi w rozdziale \u201eMunmu-wang Bobgi&#8221;, \u017ce kr\u00f3l Munmu z Silla (panowa\u0142 661 do 681) na \u0142o\u017cu \u015bmierci zarz\u0105dzi\u0142, by pochowano go w morzu, aby po swojej \u015bmierci jako smok Morza Wschodniego chroni\u0107 pa\u0144stwo przed japo\u0144skimi piratami.<\/p><p>Jego gr\u00f3b, \u201epodwodne miejsce poch\u00f3wku&#8221; Daewangam na wschodnim wybrze\u017cu w pobli\u017cu Gyeongju, jest po dzi\u015b dzie\u0144 miejscem pielgrzymek. Jego syn Sinmun kaza\u0142 wznie\u015b\u0107 w bezpo\u015brednim s\u0105siedztwie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca kultowi jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni\u0119<\/span> Gameunsa, kt\u00f3rej g\u0142\u00f3wna krypta wed\u0142ug ustale\u0144 archeologicznych zosta\u0142a skonstruowana tak, by smok-ojciec m\u00f3g\u0142 do niej wp\u0142yn\u0105\u0107.<\/p><br><p>W okresie Goryeo (918 do 1392) rodzina kr\u00f3lewska Wang systematycznie przej\u0119\u0142a symbolik\u0119 smoka. Mityczna historia za\u0142o\u017cycielska tw\u00f3rcy dynastii Wang Geona, zapisana w \u201eGoryeo Sa&#8221; (\u201eHistoria Goryeo&#8221;, 1451), wywodzi jego pochodzenie przez kilka pokole\u0144 od Smoczego Kr\u00f3la Morza Zachodniego.<\/p><p>Ta genealogiczna konstrukcja smocza by\u0142a skuteczna w wymiarze religijno-politycznym: wi\u0105za\u0142a rodzin\u0119 kr\u00f3lewsk\u0105 z b\u00f3stwem wody, a tym samym z przedbuddyjsk\u0105 i przedkonfucja\u0144sk\u0105 warstw\u0105 religijn\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d652d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d652d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea98ead elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea98ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sutry buddyjskie i o\u015bmiu Smoczych Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1688d3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1688d3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W kontek\u015bcie buddyjskim Yong Wang pojawia si\u0119 nie jako pojedyncza posta\u0107, lecz jako przedstawiciel o\u015bmiu Smoczych Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w (\u201epal yongwang&#8221;), kt\u00f3rzy w licznych sutrach mahajany wyst\u0119puj\u0105 jako istoty opieku\u0144cze nauki.<\/p><p>\u201eSaddharmapundarika <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst doktrynalny w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>&#8221; (\u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst doktrynalny w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Lotosu&#8221;), w buddyzmie korea\u0144skim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nale\u017c\u0105cy do wi\u0105\u017c\u0105co uznanego zbioru pism danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanoniczna<\/span> od okresu Silla, wymienia w pierwszym rozdziale o\u015bmiu Smoczych Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w jako s\u0142uchaczy kazania Buddy. Poszczeg\u00f3lne imiona: Nanda, Upananda, Sagara, Vasuki, Takshaka, Anavatapta, Manasvin i Utpalaka przew\u0119drowa\u0142y poprzez transkrypcje sanskryckie do korea\u0144skiej tradycji \u015bwi\u0105tynnej.<\/p><br><p>Szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 korea\u0144sk\u0105 form\u0105 jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> \u201eDharani-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst doktrynalny w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>&#8221; ku czci Smoczych Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w, po\u015bwiadczony w klasztorach g\u00f3rskich Songgwangsa i Tongdosa. \u201eYongwang-gyeong&#8221;, apokryficzny zbi\u00f3r sutr o Smoczych Kr\u00f3lach o w\u0105tpliwym indyjskim pochodzeniu, by\u0142 w p\u00f3\u017anym okresie Joseon wa\u017cnym tekstem dewocyjnym.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Robert Buswell udokumentowa\u0142 w \u201eThe Zen Monastic Experience&#8221; (Princeton 1992) oraz w swojej pracy nad buddyzmem korea\u0144skim wzajemne oddzia\u0142ywanie mi\u0119dzy kanoniczn\u0105 tradycj\u0105 sutr a lokalnym kultem Yong Wanga.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9078f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9078f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c88faf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c88faf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chilmeoridang-Yeongdeunggut na Jeju<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0762989 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0762989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze wielkie wydarzenie rytualne ku czci b\u00f3stw wody odbywa si\u0119 na Jeju w lutym i marcu kalendarza ksi\u0119\u017cycowego.<\/p><p>\u201eChilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut&#8221;, prowadzony przez szama\u0144sk\u0105 rodzin\u0119 Kim przy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Niewielkie \u015bwi\u0119te miejsce przechowywania lub miejsce modlitwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">kapliczce<\/span> Chilmeoridang w pobli\u017cu Gunhae, trwa kilka dni i dzieli si\u0119 na powitanie bogini Yeongdeung Halmang w dniu kalendarza ksi\u0119\u017cycowego 2.1., centralne obrz\u0119dy 2.14. oraz po\u017cegnanie 2.15. Szamanki prowadz\u0105 sekwencje \u201egut&#8221; o bezpieczny sezon po\u0142owowy, dobre zbiory alg i ma\u0142\u017cy oraz o pomy\u015blno\u015b\u0107 Haenyeo, kobiet nurkuj\u0105cych Jeju, kt\u00f3re bez aparatu oddechowego schodz\u0105 na dno morskie.<\/p><br><p><span data-nosnippet>UNESCO wpisa\u0142o ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uregulowany ci\u0105g czynno\u015bci symbolicznych o znaczeniu religijnym lub kulturowym.\" tabindex=\"0\">rytua\u0142<\/span> w 2009 roku na \u201eReprezentatywn\u0105 list\u0119 niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego ludzko\u015bci&#8221;. Hyun Yong-jun obszernie udokumentowa\u0142 ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uregulowany ci\u0105g czynno\u015bci symbolicznych o znaczeniu religijnym lub kulturowym.\" tabindex=\"0\">rytua\u0142<\/span> w \u201eJeju-do musok charyo sajeon&#8221; (Seul 1980).<\/span><\/p><p>Laurel Kendall i Kim Kwang-Ok przeanalizowali kulturowe i spo\u0142eczno-ekonomiczne znaczenie obrz\u0119d\u00f3w Yeongdeung dla wsp\u00f3lnot Haenyeo. W centrum znajduje si\u0119 \u015bcis\u0142y zwi\u0105zek kobiecego nurkowego rybo\u0142\u00f3wstwa z pomy\u015blanym jako kobiece i macierzy\u0144skie b\u00f3stwem wody, kt\u00f3re obok Yong Wanga odgrywa g\u0142\u00f3wn\u0105 rol\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb664c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffb664c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78e0da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e78e0da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a i literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcf0367 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcf0367\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a pierwotne: Iryeon, \u201eSamguk Yusa&#8221; (1281), rozdzia\u0142y o kr\u00f3lu Munmu, o Tarhae, o Ganyangbu i o tradycji Smoczego Kr\u00f3la; \u201eSamguk Sagi&#8221; (1145); \u201eGoryeo Sa&#8221; (1451), rozdzia\u0142 o genealogii Wang Geona; \u201eSaddharmapundarika <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst doktrynalny w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>&#8221; (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst doktrynalny w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Lotosu, korea\u0144skie wydania Tripitaki Koreana); \u201eYongwang-gyeong&#8221; w p\u00f3\u017anych edycjach Joseon. Do tradycji Heo Hwang-ok: \u201eKarak-guk-gi&#8221; w \u201eSamguk Yusa&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Literatura wt\u00f3rna:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, \u201eKorea: A Religious History&#8221; (Oxford 1989, 2002) oraz \u201eMyths and Legends from Korea&#8221; (Richmond 2001).<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Maurizio Riotto, studia nad korea\u0144sk\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologi\u0105<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Robert E. Buswell, \u201eThe Zen Monastic Experience&#8221; (Princeton 1992) oraz \u201eThe Korean Approach to Zen&#8221; (Honolulu 1983).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, \u201eKorean Spirituality&#8221; (Honolulu 2008).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, \u201eSongs of the Shaman&#8221; (Londyn 1994).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Hyun Yong-jun, \u201eJeju-do musok charyo sajeon&#8221; (Seul 1980).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Laurel Kendall, \u201eShamans, Nostalgias and the IMF&#8221; (Honolulu 2009).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Antonetta Bruno, \u201eThe Gate of Words&#8221; (Leiden 2002).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>David A. Mason, \u201eSpirit of the Mountains&#8221; (Seul 1999), z uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105cymi rozdzia\u0142ami o b\u00f3stwach wody w klasztorach g\u00f3rskich.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yong-wang, korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l Yong-wang to korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l, kt\u00f3ry panuje nad morzem, deszczem i wszystkimi wodami. Yong Wang (korea\u0144ski \uc6a9\uc655, \u9f8d\u738b), dos\u0142ownie \u201eSmoczy Kr\u00f3l&#8221;, jest w korea\u0144skiej religii ludowej g\u0142\u00f3wnym b\u00f3stwem wody. Panuje nad morzami, rzekami, jeziorami i studniami oraz uchodzi za opiekuna wszystkich stworze\u0144 wodnych. Jego kult nale\u017cy, podobnie jak kult Sansin (b\u00f3stwa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9511,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yong-wang","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yong-wang: korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yong-wang to korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l, w\u0142adca m\u00f3rz i opiekun rybak\u00f3w. Czterej Yong-wang reprezentuj\u0105 cztery morza.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[27,58],"class_list":["post-9510","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goetter","category-korea"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yong-wang: korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yong-wang to korea\u0144ski Smoczy Kr\u00f3l, w\u0142adca m\u00f3rz i opiekun rybak\u00f3w. 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