{"id":8408,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:31","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tsen\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:49:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:49:42","slug":"tsen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/tsen\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8408\" class=\"elementor elementor-8408 elementor-1336\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, duch tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 oddzia\u0142ywanie na \u015bwiat.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej.<\/p>\n<p>Czerwone duchy wojownik\u00f3w tybeta\u0144skich g\u00f3r, w\u0142adcy ska\u0142 i prze\u0142\u0119czy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Istota bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna, zmarli, istoty natury, duchy domowe lub stra\u017cnicy progu. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zany z miejscami lub rodzinami.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/tybet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradycja tybeta\u0144sko-buddyjska i b\u00f6n, jidam, dharmapala, \u015bwiat nag\u00f3w.\">Tybet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8409\" alt=\"Tsen, duchy z tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej, historyczno-ilustracyjne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen (btsan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen (tyb. <em>btsan<\/em>) tworz\u0105 odr\u0119bn\u0105 klas\u0119 tybeta\u0144skich istot duchowych: duchy wojownik\u00f3w ska\u0142, prze\u0142\u0119czy i stromych zboczy g\u00f3rskich. Opisywane s\u0105 niezmiennie jako odziane na czerwono, m\u0119skie postaci wojownik\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re dosiadaj\u0105 czerwonych koni, nosz\u0105 \u0142uk i miecz oraz potrafi\u0105 nagle wy\u0142ania\u0107 si\u0119 ze szczelin skalnych.<\/p>\n<p>Tsen nie s\u0105 z gruntu z\u0142e, lecz niebezpiecznie nieobliczalne. Karz\u0105 brak szacunku natychmiast; ich terytoria otoczone s\u0105 surowymi regu\u0142ami zachowania.<\/p>\n<p>Wiele tsen\u00f3w zosta\u0142o w toku buddyjskiego przenikania Tybetu zwi\u0105zanych przysi\u0119g\u0105 i ustanowionych jako duchy opieku\u0144cze (dharmapale) okre\u015blonych klasztor\u00f3w. Wybitnym przedstawicielem jest Pehar, kt\u00f3ry w VIII wieku zosta\u0142 sprowadzony do Samje i zwi\u0105zany z wyroczni\u0105 pa\u0144stwow\u0105.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Przedhistoria b\u00f6n i hierarchia duch\u00f3w<\/h3>\n<p>Religia b\u00f6n, przedbuddyjska tradycja religijna Tybetu, dzieli\u0142a \u015bwiat nadprzyrodzony na z\u0142o\u017con\u0105 hierarchi\u0119 istot nieludzkich. <em>Tseny<\/em> nale\u017ca\u0142y do tej klasyfikacji jako wyspecjalizowane duchy g\u00f3r i wojny. Wed\u0142ug \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 b\u00f6n tseny powsta\u0142y we wcze\u015bniejszej fazie kosmicznej, zanim b\u00f3stwa lub natury buddy uporz\u0105dkowa\u0142y \u015bwiat.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0105 zatem starsze ni\u017c buddyzm i g\u0142\u0119biej zakorzenione w tybeta\u0144skiej ziemi. Kap\u0142a\u0144stwo b\u00f6n (<em>drangpo<\/em>) wyspecjalizowa\u0142o si\u0119 w \u0142agodzeniu tsen\u00f3w poprzez <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar dla b\u00f3stwa, wyra\u017caj\u0105cy podzi\u0119kowanie, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span> i umowy. W VII, XI wieku, w czasie buddyjskiego prze\u0142omu Tybetu, wielu z tych duch\u00f3w nie zniszczono, lecz przyj\u0119to do buddyzmu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00f3tki profil: Tsen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> duch wojownika, demon g\u00f3rski<br \/>Pochodzenie: przedbuddyjska tradycja b\u00f6n; cz\u0119sto polegli wojownicy lub wygnani ksi\u0105\u017c\u0119ta<br \/>Teksty: cykle Padmasambhawy, epos o Gesarze, lokalne ksi\u0119gi rytualne<br \/>Oddzia\u0142ywanie: nag\u0142e choroby, wypadki na prze\u0142\u0119czach, op\u0119tanie<br \/>Obrona: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar dla b\u00f3stwa, wyra\u017caj\u0105cy podzi\u0119kowanie, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiara<\/span> sang, torma tsen, unikanie miejsc w niew\u0142a\u015bciwym czasie<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasyfikacja historyczna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Posta\u0107 tsen wywodzi si\u0119 z przedbuddyjskiej religii b\u00f6n. Tworz\u0105 one jedn\u0105 z trzech pierwotnych klas istot (lha, klu, btsan). Wraz z buddyjskim prze\u0142omem w VII, VIII wieku liczne tseny zostaj\u0105 zintegrowane z nowym systemem religijnym; jedne ustanawia si\u0119 jako duchy opieku\u0144cze, inne pozostaj\u0105 obecne jako budz\u0105cy l\u0119k w\u0142adcy g\u00f3r.<\/p>\n<p>Epos o Gesarze, jeden z najwi\u0119kszych epos\u00f3w ustnych \u015bwiata, zna liczne postaci tsen\u00f3w jako przeciwnik\u00f3w i sprzymierze\u0144c\u00f3w. Do dzi\u015b na wielu prze\u0142\u0119czach utrzymywane s\u0105 sanktuaria tsen\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar wyst\u0119powania<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tseny zwi\u0105zane s\u0105 z okre\u015blonymi formacjami skalnymi, prze\u0142\u0119czami, stromymi zboczami g\u00f3rskimi i pojedynczymi, rzucaj\u0105cymi si\u0119 w oczy ska\u0142ami. Ka\u017cda wa\u017cna prze\u0142\u0119cz na wy\u017cynie ma swojego tsena, cz\u0119sto z w\u0142asnym imieniem i specyficznymi rytua\u0142ami.<\/p>\n<p>Typowe miejsca: szczyty prze\u0142\u0119czy z chor\u0105giewkami modlitewnymi (<em>lung ta<\/em>), samotnie stoj\u0105ce g\u0142azy, czerwone lub rzucaj\u0105ce si\u0119 w oczy \u015bciany skalne, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a u st\u00f3p takich formacji. Niekt\u00f3re tseny zamieszkuj\u0105 tak\u017ce stare ruiny i zamki, zw\u0142aszcza gdy wi\u0105\u017c\u0105 si\u0119 one z historycznymi bitwami.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a podstawowe: cykle Padmasambhawy, zw\u0142aszcza opowie\u015bci o ujarzmieniu; epos o Gesarze w wersjach ustnych i pisanych; lokalne ksi\u0119gi rytualne zachowane dla poszczeg\u00f3lnych sanktuari\u00f3w. Dzie\u0142a standardowe: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Samuel (1993); Blondeau (1998).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>O Peharze w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci: Gibson, Todd (1991) \u201eFrom btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich nauka i w\u0142a\u015bciwy porz\u0105dek dzia\u0142ania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la\u201c; ponadto literatura o wyroczni pa\u0144stwowej z Neczung.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Imi\u0119 i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tybeta\u0144skie <em>btsan<\/em>, wymawiane Tsen lub Ts\u00e4n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Btsan rgyal<\/strong>, \u201ekr\u00f3l tsen\u00f3w\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>Yul lha dang btsan, lokalne duchy opieku\u0144cze i tseny razem.<\/li>\n<li>Pehar, najwybitniejszy tsen, uczyniony patronem wyroczni Neczung.<\/li>\n<li>Dorje Legpa, pierwotnie istota typu tsen, zwi\u0105zany przez Padmasambhaw\u0119.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d.<\/strong> Jaskrawoczerwony, m\u0119ski wojownik w pe\u0142nej zbroi, w czerwonym p\u0142aszczu, czerwonym he\u0142mie, z \u0142ukiem i mieczem, na czerwonym koniu z czerwonymi kropierzami. W przedstawieniach thangka cz\u0119sto z atrybutami skorpiona lub ptaka drapie\u017cnego.<\/p>\n<p>Zachowanie. Pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 o zmierzchu i w nocy, nagle ze szczelin skalnych. \u015acigaj\u0105 tych, kt\u00f3rzy okazali brak szacunku, p\u0119dz\u0105 przez samotne prze\u0142\u0119cze, mog\u0105 wyst\u0119powa\u0107 w grupach. Spotkanie mo\u017ce by\u0107 odczute jako nag\u0142a s\u0142abo\u015b\u0107 fizyczna, zawroty g\u0142owy, gor\u0105czka lub duszno\u015bci.<\/p>\n<p>Funkcja ochronna. Zwi\u0105zane tseny s\u0105 lojalnymi stra\u017cnikami swoich klasztor\u00f3w i miejsc. W tej funkcji nale\u017c\u0105 do klasy <em>srung ma<\/em>, b\u00f3stw opieku\u0144czych.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Klasyfikacja tsen, nyen, lu, d\u00fc w obr\u0119bie b\u00f6n<\/h3>\n<p>W systemie b\u00f6n istnieje \u015bcis\u0142a klasyfikacja istot nadprzyrodzonych wed\u0142ug sfery i \u017cywio\u0142u: <em>tseny<\/em> s\u0105 istotami g\u00f3r i nieba; <em>nyeny<\/em> s\u0105 duchami g\u00f3r i mieszka\u0144cami las\u00f3w; <em>lu<\/em> s\u0105 mieszka\u0144cami w\u00f3d podobnymi do nag\u00f3w; <em>d\u00fc<\/em> s\u0105 duchami zwi\u0105zanymi z ziemi\u0105. W obr\u0119bie tej klasyfikacji tseny s\u0105 najwy\u017csze, a zarazem najdziksze.<\/p>\n<p>W odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od innych duch\u00f3w g\u00f3r tseny maj\u0105 silne nastawienie wojownicze: chroni\u0105 granice terytorialne i honor rodu. Mniej zajmuje je p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107 ni\u017c m\u0119stwo i s\u0142awa. R\u00f3\u017cnica ta wyja\u015bnia, dlaczego o tseny zwracali si\u0119 raczej wojownicy i kr\u00f3lowie, podczas gdy o duchy lu proszono rolnicy o b\u0142ogos\u0142awie\u0144stwo wody.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Tsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty tsen\u00f3w w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie tsen\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Przedbuddyjska tradycja b\u00f6n; cz\u0119sto polegli wojownicy lub odsuni\u0119ci od w\u0142adzy ksi\u0105\u017c\u0119ta, kt\u00f3rzy powr\u00f3cili jako duchy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adresaci<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podr\u00f3\u017cni na wysokich prze\u0142\u0119czach, my\u015bliwi, pasterze, kupcy z karawanami; robotnicy budowlani na nieob\u0142askawionym terenie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d tsen\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jaskrawoczerwona posta\u0107 wojownika w pe\u0142nej zbroi, na czerwonym koniu, z \u0142ukiem i mieczem; czasem z atrybutem skorpiona.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zakres oddzia\u0142ywania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nag\u0142a choroba wysoko\u015bciowa, gor\u0105czka, duszno\u015bci, wypadki na prze\u0142\u0119czach, op\u0119tanie gniewem; pozytywnie: zdecydowana ochrona jako stra\u017cnik.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ofiara dymna sang na prze\u0142\u0119czach, torma tsen, recytacja okre\u015blonych tekst\u00f3w rytualnych, zawieszanie czerwonych chor\u0105giewek modlitewnych; surowe regu\u0142y zachowania w miejscach tsen\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpowiedniki<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mongolskie duchy g\u00f3rskich wojownik\u00f3w; p\u00f3\u0142nocnoiberyjsko-germa\u0144skie istoty g\u00f3rskie; indyjskie <em>jakszy<\/em> jako stra\u017cnicy g\u00f3r.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyka ochronna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar dla b\u00f3stwa, wyra\u017caj\u0105cy podzi\u0119kowanie, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ofiara<\/span> sang na prze\u0142\u0119czach.<\/strong> Podr\u00f3\u017cni zatrzymuj\u0105 si\u0119 na wysokich prze\u0142\u0119czach, rozniecaj\u0105 niewielkie ogniska z ga\u0142\u0105zek ja\u0142owca i rozsypuj\u0105 m\u0105k\u0119; zawo\u0142anie <em>lha sol lo<\/em> (\u201eniech b\u0119dzie to ofiarowane b\u00f3stwom\u201c) i chor\u0105giewki modlitewne (<em>lung ta<\/em>) towarzysz\u0105 przej\u015bciu.<\/p>\n<p>Torma tsen. W ceremoniach klasztornych przygotowuje si\u0119 figury torma specjalnie dla klasy tsen, cz\u0119sto czerwone konfiguracje z tsampy, z czerwonymi barwnikami.<\/p>\n<p>Sanktuaria i kopce kamieni. U st\u00f3p ska\u0142 tsen\u00f3w i na szczytach prze\u0142\u0119czy stoj\u0105 niewielkie kopce kamieni (<em>la btsas<\/em>), na kt\u00f3re podr\u00f3\u017cni dok\u0142adaj\u0105 kolejny kamie\u0144.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miejsce lub instytucja, w kt\u00f3rej zasi\u0119ga si\u0119 boskiej odpowiedzi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Wyrocznia<\/span>. Niekt\u00f3re tseny s\u0105 zinstytucjonalizowane jako w\u0142adcy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miejsce lub instytucja, w kt\u00f3rej zasi\u0119ga si\u0119 boskiej odpowiedzi.\" tabindex=\"0\">wyroczni<\/span>; Pehar do dzi\u015b przemawia przez <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miejsce lub instytucja, w kt\u00f3rej zasi\u0119ga si\u0119 boskiej odpowiedzi.\" tabindex=\"0\">wyroczni\u0119<\/span> Neczung w tybeta\u0144skim rz\u0105dzie na uchod\u017astwie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mongolia.<\/strong> Po buddyjskim przenikni\u0119ciu Mongolii w XIII, XVI wieku postaci podobne do tsen\u00f3w zostaj\u0105 zintegrowane z mongolskim systemem duch\u00f3w opieku\u0144czych.<\/p>\n<p>Indie\/buddyzm. <em>Jakszy<\/em> jako postaci stra\u017cnicze dziel\u0105 podstawowy profil zmilitaryzowanego ducha miejsca.<\/p>\n<p>Europa. Czerwone duchy wojownik\u00f3w przy g\u00f3rach i prze\u0142\u0119czach wyst\u0119puj\u0105 w podaniach p\u00f3\u0142nocnoiberyjskich i alpejskich; zwi\u0105zek historyczny nie istnieje.<\/p>\n<p>Tradycje szama\u0144skie. Syberyjskie i \u015brodkowoazjatyckie wyobra\u017cenia o w\u0142adcach g\u00f3r dziel\u0105 liczne cechy podstawowe.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Praktyka lokalno-religijna i system um\u00f3w z tsenami<\/h3>\n<p>Na p\u0142aszczy\u017anie lokalno-duchowej tseny funkcjonuj\u0105 jako kosmiczni sprzymierze\u0144cy lokalnych spo\u0142eczno\u015bci. G\u00f3r\u0119 zamieszkuje i rz\u0105dzi ni\u0105 okre\u015blony tsen. W\u0119drowcy musz\u0105 si\u0119 przedstawi\u0107 i poprosi\u0107 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u017byczliwe udzielenie pomy\u015blno\u015bci i ochrony, cz\u0119sto w sta\u0142ej formie j\u0119zykowej.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u0142ogos\u0142awie\u0144stwo<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Wojownicy zawierali umowy z lokalnymi tsenami, aby uzyska\u0107 zwyci\u0119stwo. System um\u00f3w z tsenami (<em>damtsig<\/em>) ukazuje relacj\u0119 wzajemn\u0105: cz\u0142owiek obiecuje cze\u015b\u0107, a tsen udziela ochrony i powodzenia.<\/p>\n<p>Umowy te rozumiano jako powa\u017cne i wi\u0105\u017c\u0105ce; naruszenia porozumie\u0144 z tsenami karane by\u0142y pechem przez kilka pokole\u0144. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motyw<\/span> umowy z duchami g\u00f3r obecny jest w wielu kulturach przedbuddyjskich, lecz Tybet zachowa\u0142 go w wyj\u0105tkowej formie integracji z wielkim systemem religijnym.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43d8871 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43d8871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c4f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp71c4f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Umiejscowienie w tybeta\u0144skim systemie duch\u00f3w lokalnych<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9845f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa9845f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8de689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc8de689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Btsan<\/em> (wymawiane tsen) nale\u017c\u0105 do autochtonicznych klas duch\u00f3w Tybetu, kt\u00f3re strukturyzuj\u0105 tybeta\u0144ski obraz \u015bwiata jeszcze przed buddyzmem i obok niego.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Literatura religioznawcza, przede wszystkim podstawowe dzie\u0142o <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitza (1956), umiejscawia je w g\u0119stym systemie, do kt\u00f3rego nale\u017c\u0105 mi\u0119dzy innymi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/lu\/\">klu<\/a> w\u00f3d i podziemia, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/nyen\/\">gnyan<\/a> sfery \u015brodkowej oraz <em>lha<\/em> nieba.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>W obr\u0119bie tego schematu <em>btsan<\/em> s\u0105 duchami regionu \u015brodkowego i g\u00f3rnego, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zanymi ze ska\u0142ami, prze\u0142\u0119czami, czerwonymi zboczami g\u00f3rskimi i pojedynczymi, wyrazistymi drzewami.<\/p>\n<p>Charakterystyczna jest ich czerwona barwa. <em>Btsan<\/em> wyobra\u017cani s\u0105 jako czerwoni je\u017ad\u017acy na czerwonych koniach, w zbroi i uzbrojeni w \u0142uk lub w\u0142\u00f3czni\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Ta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obrazowych i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> \u0142\u0105czy ich z walk\u0105, \u0142owami i nag\u0142\u0105 \u015bmierci\u0105. Choroby pojawiaj\u0105ce si\u0119 bez ostrze\u017cenia, przede wszystkim gor\u0105czkowe lub przebiegaj\u0105ce z pora\u017ceniem, tradycyjnie interpretowano jako atak <em>btsan<\/em>. Termin <em>btsan<\/em> jest w j\u0119zyku tybeta\u0144skim zarazem przymiotnikiem oznaczaj\u0105cym pot\u0119\u017cny i gwa\u0142towny, co bezpo\u015brednio nazywa istot\u0119 tej klasy.<\/p>\n<p>Godna uwagi jest historyczna g\u0142\u0119bia tego s\u0142owa. <em>Btsan<\/em> jest sk\u0142adnikiem tytu\u0142u kr\u00f3lewskiego <em>btsan po<\/em>, kt\u00f3rym okre\u015blano w\u0142adc\u00f3w imperium tybeta\u0144skiego (VII do IX wieku).<\/p>\n<p>Badacze widz\u0105 w tym wskaz\u00f3wk\u0119 pierwotnie \u015bcis\u0142ego zwi\u0105zku mi\u0119dzy kr\u00f3lestwem, kultem g\u00f3r a wyobra\u017ceniem pot\u0119\u017cnej, wojowniczej klasy duch\u00f3w. Wraz z umocnieniem si\u0119 buddyzmu <em>btsan<\/em>, podobnie jak inne duchy przedbuddyjskie, nie zosta\u0142y zniesione, lecz w\u0142\u0105czone do systemu buddyjskiego i cz\u0119\u015bciowo zwi\u0105zane jako b\u00f3stwa opieku\u0144cze.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae6c1a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae6c1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69837bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp69837bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zwi\u0105zanie z buddyzmem i rola obro\u0144cy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9536992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9536992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc34bf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc34bf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradycja tybeta\u0144ska zna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>, w kt\u00f3rym pot\u0119\u017cni nauczyciele, jak Padmasambhawa w VIII wieku, ujarzmiali rodzime duchy i wi\u0105zali je przysi\u0119g\u0105 z ochron\u0105 nauki buddyjskiej. Dla <em>btsan<\/em> oznacza\u0142o to podw\u00f3jn\u0105 egzystencj\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Z jednej strony pozostawa\u0142y niezwi\u0105zanymi dzikimi duchami, kt\u00f3re czyha\u0142y przy swoich ska\u0142ach i prze\u0142\u0119czach. Z drugiej strony pojedyncze, szczeg\u00f3lnie pot\u0119\u017cne <em>btsan<\/em> mog\u0142y zosta\u0107 wyniesione do rangi <em>srung ma<\/em>, b\u00f3stw opieku\u0144czych klasztor\u00f3w i linii przekazu.<\/p>\n<p>Najbardziej znanym przyk\u0142adem jest b\u00f3stwo opieku\u0144cze <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/pehar\/\">Pehar<\/a>, wzgl\u0119dnie jego otoczenie, kt\u00f3rego orszak cz\u0119\u015bciowo przypisuje si\u0119 klasie <em>btsan<\/em>. Tak\u017ce s\u0142ynny opiekun klasztoru Tsiu Marpo, czczony w centralnym klasztorze Samje, uchodzi za <em>btsan<\/em>: czerwony, opancerzony je\u017adziec, kt\u00f3rego mo\u017cna by\u0142o pyta\u0107 jako b\u00f3stwo wyroczni.<\/p>\n<p>Ukazuje si\u0119 tu, \u017ce klasa ta bynajmniej nie by\u0142a nacechowana wy\u0142\u0105cznie negatywnie. Zwi\u0105zany <em>btsan<\/em> by\u0142 skutecznym obro\u0144c\u0105 w\u0142a\u015bnie dlatego, \u017ce jego pierwotna dziko\u015b\u0107 i si\u0142a bojowa pozostawa\u0142y zachowane, a teraz oddane w s\u0142u\u017cb\u0119 klasztoru.<\/p>\n<p>W rytualnym \u017cyciu codziennym klasztor\u00f3w zwi\u0105zanie to by\u0142o regularnie odnawiane. Dary ofiarne, przede wszystkim substancje czerwone, oraz recytacja formu\u0142 wi\u0105\u017c\u0105cych utrzymywa\u0142y t\u0119 relacj\u0119. Badacze podkre\u015blaj\u0105, \u017ce relacj\u0119 t\u0119 uznawano za niepewn\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Zaniedbany lub zniewa\u017cony <em>btsan<\/em> opieku\u0144czy m\u00f3g\u0142 zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 si\u0119 przeciwko spo\u0142eczno\u015bci, kt\u00f3rej w\u0142a\u015bciwie strzeg\u0142. Tym samym tybeta\u0144skie podej\u015bcie do <em>btsan<\/em> r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 zasadniczo od czystej obrony przed demonami. Nie chodzi\u0142o o unicestwienie, lecz o trwa\u0142e zarz\u0105dzanie niebezpieczn\u0105, lecz u\u017cyteczn\u0105 moc\u0105.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odno\u015bniki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strona kultury <strong>Tybet<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Dalsze pojedyncze profile Tybetu: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/lu\/\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/nyen\/\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/gyalpo\/\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/mamo\/\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Paralele: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/hinduizm\/\">Hinduizm<\/a> (Jakszy).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Zwi\u0119z\u0142y wyb\u00f3r najwa\u017cniejszych prac o tsenach:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gibson, Todd: <em>From btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich nauka i w\u0142a\u015bciwy porz\u0105dek dzia\u0142ania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la.<\/em> W: Tibet Journal 16\/4 (1991), s. 57, 98.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (red., 1998): <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities<\/em> (Wiede\u0144, \u00d6AW). Tom zbiorowy o badaniach nad b\u00f3stwami g\u00f3r.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Literatura standardowa (Tybet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (red.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer><p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze dzie\u0142a standardowe w <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/literatura\/\">wykazie literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tsen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\">\n<p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi religioznawcze uj\u0119cie historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii noszonych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i stanowi jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0119. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tsen, duch tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej Tsen to duch tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej. Czerwone duchy wojownik\u00f3w tybeta\u0144skich g\u00f3r, w\u0142adcy ska\u0142 i prze\u0142\u0119czy. DuchTybet Spis tre\u015bci Tsen (btsan) Tsen (tyb. btsan) tworz\u0105 odr\u0119bn\u0105 klas\u0119 tybeta\u0144skich istot duchowych: duchy wojownik\u00f3w ska\u0142, prze\u0142\u0119czy i stromych zboczy g\u00f3rskich. Opisywane s\u0105 niezmiennie jako odziane na czerwono, m\u0119skie postaci wojownik\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re dosiadaj\u0105 czerwonych koni, nosz\u0105 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8409,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsen, duch tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsen, czerwone duchy wojownik\u00f3w tybeta\u0144skich g\u00f3r. W\u0142adcy ska\u0142 i prze\u0142\u0119czy, budz\u0105cy l\u0119k przodkowie oraz ich rola w przedbuddyjskiej wierze b\u00f6n.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[162,157,183],"class_list":["post-8408","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duchy","category-kultury","category-tybet"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsen, duch tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsen, czerwone duchy wojownik\u00f3w tybeta\u0144skich g\u00f3r. 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