{"id":8402,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/jeoseung-saja\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:48:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:48:49","slug":"jeoseung-saja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/jeoseung-saja\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeoseung Saja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8402\" class=\"elementor elementor-8402 elementor-1334\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja, duch tradycji korea\u0144skiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeoseung Saja to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezcielesna istota, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 oddzia\u0142ywanie w \u015bwiecie.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch<\/span> tradycji korea\u0144skiej.<\/p>\n<p>Pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci tradycji korea\u0144skiej, czarny kapelusz, nieub\u0142agane prowadzenie dusz.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: byt bezcielesny lub na po\u0142y cielesny, zmarli, istoty natury, duchy domowe lub stra\u017cnicy prog\u00f3w. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zany z miejscami lub rodzinami.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korea\u0144ski \u015bwiat bog\u00f3w, szaman\u00f3w i ludowych duch\u00f3w.\">Korea<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/poslancy-smierci\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duchy, kt\u00f3re zwiastuj\u0105 \u015bmier\u0107 lub odprowadzaj\u0105 umieraj\u0105cych, banshee, sobowt\u00f3ry, cienie.\">Pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8403\" alt=\"Jeoseung Saja, duchy z tradycji korea\u0144skiej, uj\u0119cie historyczno-ilustracyjne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeoseung Saja (\uc800\uc2b9\uc0ac\uc790, \u201ePos\u0142aniec za\u015bwiat\u00f3w\u201d) jest w wyobra\u017ceniach korea\u0144skich pos\u0142a\u0144cem \u015bmierci, kt\u00f3ry zabiera dusze zmar\u0142ych ze \u015bwiata \u017cywych i prowadzi je przed s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych.<\/p>\n<p>Nie jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub dwuznaczne oddzia\u0142ywanie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> w \u015bcis\u0142ym sensie, lecz urz\u0119dnikiem administracji za\u015bwiat\u00f3w; mimo to w wierzeniach ludowych postrzegany jest w szeregu budz\u0105cych groz\u0119 postaci i nale\u017cy do sta\u0142ego inwentarza literatury gwishin.<\/p>\n<p>Klasyczne przedstawienie: wysoki m\u0119\u017cczyzna w d\u0142ugiej czarnej szacie (<em>durumagi<\/em>), z szerokim czarnym kapeluszem (<em>gat<\/em>), blad\u0105 twarz\u0105 i surow\u0105 postaw\u0105. W r\u0119ce niesie rejestr zmar\u0142ych (<em>cheonsu-bok<\/em>), a przy sobie ma akt zgonu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szybki przegl\u0105d: Jeoseung Saja<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci, urz\u0119dnik za\u015bwiat\u00f3w<br \/>Pochodzenie: szama\u0144skie wyobra\u017cenie za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, z wp\u0142ywami buddyjsko-chi\u0144skimi<br \/>Teksty: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> Barideggi, pie\u015bni szama\u0144skie, zbiory yadam z czas\u00f3w Joseon<br \/>Funkcja: zabiera dusze, prowadzi je do s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych (<em>Yeomra<\/em>)<br \/>Atrybut: czarny kapelusz, czarna szata, akt zgonu<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci jest szeroko po\u015bwiadczony w korea\u0144skich szama\u0144skich pie\u015bniach rytualnych (<em>muga<\/em>). Tekstem centralnym jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> Barideggi, opowie\u015b\u0107 o wygnanej ksi\u0119\u017cniczce Bari, kt\u00f3ra udaje si\u0119 do za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, aby przynie\u015b\u0107 wod\u0119 uzdrowienia dla swoich rodzic\u00f3w. W tych ramach pos\u0142a\u0144cy \u015bmierci wyst\u0119puj\u0105 jako postacie dzia\u0142aj\u0105ce w obszarze granicznym mi\u0119dzy \u015bwiatami.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Posta\u0107 ta skupia wp\u0142ywy z trzech warstw: rodzimego szama\u0144skiego wyobra\u017cenia za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, buddyjskiej kosmologii piekie\u0142 (z Yam\u0105 jako s\u0119dzi\u0105 zmar\u0142ych, kor. Yeomra) oraz chi\u0144skiej biurokracji \u015bwiata podziemnego. W ostatnim czasie posta\u0107 zyska\u0142a popularno\u015b\u0107 dzi\u0119ki filmowi kinowemu \u201eAlong with the Gods\u201d (2017\/2018).<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar wyst\u0119powania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Posta\u0107 Jeoseung Saja jest powszechnie znana w korea\u0144skich pie\u015bniach rytualnych i opowie\u015bciach ludowych. Akcenty regionalne pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 zw\u0142aszcza w tradycji szama\u0144skiej wyspy Jeju, gdzie pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci wyst\u0119puje w szczeg\u00f3lnych cyklach rytualnych.<\/p>\n<p>Typowe miejsca spotkania to umieraj\u0105cy przy \u0142o\u017cu \u015bmierci, pr\u00f3g mi\u0119dzy pomieszczeniem mieszkalnym a \u015bwiatem zewn\u0119trznym, okolice cmentarza. We wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych opowie\u015bciach pojawia si\u0119 w miejscach wypadk\u00f3w, szpitalnych pokojach umieraj\u0105cych oraz we \u015bnie tu\u017c przed \u015bmierci\u0105.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a podstawowe: pie\u015bni szama\u0144skie (<em>muga<\/em>) z r\u00f3\u017cnych region\u00f3w, zw\u0142aszcza cykl Barideggi oraz Chesuk; zbiory yadam z czas\u00f3w Joseon; wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne badania terenowe.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Centralne prace wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne: Walraven, Songs of the Shaman (1994); Kim Tae-gon (1981); Seo, Dae-seok \u201eHan&#8217;guk sinhwa-ui y\u014fn&#8217;gu\u201d (1988). Dla kultury popularnej: publikacje o filmie \u201eAlong with the Gods\u201d i jego odniesieniach mitologicznych.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i pisownia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dos\u0142ownie \u201ePos\u0142aniec za\u015bwiat\u00f3w\u201d od \uc800\uc2b9 (\u201eza\u015bwiaty\u201d) i \uc0ac\uc790 (\u201epos\u0142aniec, wys\u0142annik\u201d).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jeoseung chasa<\/strong> (\uc800\uc2b9\ucc28\uc0ac), wyra\u017cenie r\u00f3wnoznaczne, cz\u0119ste w kontek\u015bcie szama\u0144skim.<\/li>\n<li>Cheosaeng saja, alternatywna wymowa.<\/li>\n<li>Ilchik \/ Weoljik \/ Haejik chasa, trzej pos\u0142a\u0144cy \u015bmierci tradycji szama\u0144skiej (dla dni, miesi\u0119cy, lat).<\/li>\n<li>Yeomra \/ Yeomra-daewang, korea\u0144skie imi\u0119 s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych Yamy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cechy charakterystyczne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d.<\/strong> Wysoki m\u0119\u017cczyzna w d\u0142ugiej czarnej szacie i szerokim czarnym kapeluszu, blada twarz, powa\u017cne spojrzenie. Cz\u0119sto we trzech w szeregu, niekiedy jako trio chasa dnia, miesi\u0105ca i roku. S\u0105 nieub\u0142agani, lecz nie z\u0142o\u015bliwi; wykonuj\u0105 to, co nakazuje porz\u0105dek za\u015bwiat\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Zachowanie. Przybywaj\u0105 w chwili przeznaczonej \u015bmierci, trzykrotnie wywo\u0142uj\u0105 imi\u0119 zmar\u0142ego, okazuj\u0105 akt zgonu i odprowadzaj\u0105 dusz\u0119. W opowie\u015bciach ludowych mo\u017cna ich z\u0142agodzi\u0107 dobrym pocz\u0119stunkiem; ry\u017c, zupa i wino ry\u017cowe przy \u0142o\u017cu \u015bmierci mog\u0105 sprawi\u0107 odroczenie.<\/p>\n<p>Granice. W opowie\u015bciach m\u0105drym lub prawym ludziom udaje si\u0119 niekiedy przechytrzy\u0107 chasa za pomoc\u0105 toast\u00f3w, zagadek lub rytualnej go\u015bcinno\u015bci.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Jeoseung Saja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Jeoseung Saja w jednym spojrzeniu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Szama\u0144skie wyobra\u017cenie za\u015bwiat\u00f3w z wp\u0142ywami buddyjsko-chi\u0144skimi; urz\u0119dnik administracji za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, nie za\u015b pojedynczy cz\u0142owiek.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przedmiot oddzia\u0142ywania<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wszyscy ludzie w chwili swojej \u015bmierci; w opowie\u015bciach szczeg\u00f3lnie prawi, kt\u00f3rych czas nadszed\u0142.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d Jeoseung Saja<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wysoki m\u0119\u017cczyzna w czarnej szacie, z szerokim czarnym kapeluszem, blad\u0105 twarz\u0105, nieub\u0142aganym spojrzeniem; cz\u0119sto we trzech.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar oddzia\u0142ywania<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po\u017cegnanie duszy z cia\u0142em; przera\u017cenie pozosta\u0142ych przy \u017cyciu; \u015bciganie w razie pomy\u0142ki co do duszy lub jej zamiany.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy obrony<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rytua\u0142y pocz\u0119stunku (<em>sajabap<\/em>) z ry\u017cem, butami i monetami przy \u0142o\u017cu \u015bmierci; sutry buddyjskie; w opowie\u015bciach ludowych podst\u0119p poprzez go\u015bcinno\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpowiedniki<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddyjscy <strong>Yamad\u016bta<\/strong>; chi\u0144scy <em>Heibai Wuchang<\/em> (\u201eCzarno-Bia\u0142a Przemijalno\u015b\u0107\u201d); europejski Kostucha.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyczna obrona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sajabap.<\/strong> Przy \u0142o\u017cu \u015bmierci przygotowuje si\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Konkretny przedmiot lub potrawa sk\u0142adana b\u00f3stwu w darze.\" tabindex=\"0\">dar ofiarny<\/span> dla pos\u0142a\u0144c\u00f3w \u015bmierci: trzy miski ry\u017cu, trzy pary but\u00f3w, monety. Ma to nastawi\u0107 chasa \u0142askawie i sprawi\u0107, by \u0142agodnie poprowadzili dusz\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Buddyjskie obrz\u0119dy pogrzebowe. Trwaj\u0105cy 49 dni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uporz\u0105dkowany ci\u0105g symbolicznych czynno\u015bci o znaczeniu religijnym lub kulturowym.\" tabindex=\"0\">rytua\u0142<\/span> Sasiban towarzyszy duszy w drodze przed s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych; recytacja sutr ma korzystnie wp\u0142yn\u0105\u0107 na wyrok.<\/p>\n<p>Szama\u0144ski gut. <em>Ssitgim-gut<\/em> w Jeolla i Jindo dba o to, by dusza nie pozosta\u0142a jako gwishin, lecz pod\u0105\u017cy\u0142a wyznaczon\u0105 drog\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Opowie\u015bci o pos\u0142a\u0144cach duch\u00f3w. Historie ludowe opowiadaj\u0105 o m\u0105drych ludziach, kt\u00f3rzy go\u015bcinno\u015bci\u0105 i zagadkami przechytrzaj\u0105 chasa, zwykle uzyskuj\u0105c niewielkie odroczenie, nie za\u015b ostateczny zwrot.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja, paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Buddyzm.<\/strong> Yamad\u016bta, pos\u0142a\u0144cy s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych Yamy, s\u0105 najbli\u017csz\u0105 paralel\u0105; korea\u0144ski Jeoseung Saja cz\u0119\u015bciowo przejmuje ich funkcj\u0119 i uk\u0142ad ikonograficzny.<\/p>\n<p>Chiny. <em>Heibai Wuchang<\/em> (\u201eCzarno-Bia\u0142a Przemijalno\u015b\u0107\u201d) to sta\u0142a para pos\u0142a\u0144c\u00f3w \u015bmierci w chi\u0144skiej biurokracji \u015bwiata podziemnego; bezpo\u015brednio kszta\u0142tuj\u0105 posta\u0107 korea\u0144sk\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Japonia. Odpowiednikiem s\u0105 stra\u017cnicy piekie\u0142 podlegli Enma-\u014d; tradycja japo\u0144ska bardziej podkre\u015bla kar\u0119 w piekle ni\u017c transport.<\/p>\n<p>Europa. Kostucha i postacie analogiczne dziel\u0105 podstawow\u0105 metafor\u0119 pos\u0142a\u0144ca, kt\u00f3ry przybywa o wyznaczonej porze.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpba6d618 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpba6d618\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa416b5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa416b5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja w korea\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu za\u015bwiat\u00f3w<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7003026 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7003026\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp494894b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp494894b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Jeoseung-Saja<\/em>, dos\u0142ownie \u201epos\u0142aniec \u015bwiata za\u015bwiat\u00f3w\u201d, mo\u017cna zrozumie\u0107 jedynie w kontek\u015bcie tradycyjnego korea\u0144skiego wyobra\u017cenia za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z kilku warstw.<\/p>\n<p>Podstawowe jest wyobra\u017cenie w\u0119dr\u00f3wki duszy z tego \u015bwiata (<em>iseung<\/em>) do za\u015bwiat\u00f3w (<em>jeoseung<\/em>). W\u0119dr\u00f3wka ta nie jest natychmiastowym przej\u015bciem, lecz drog\u0105, na kt\u00f3rej zmarli s\u0105 prowadzeni, badani i wreszcie stawiani przed s\u0105dem.<\/p>\n<p>W obraz ten splataj\u0105 si\u0119 elementy szama\u0144skie, buddyjskie i konfucja\u0144skie. Z buddyzmu pochodzi wyobra\u017cenie dziesi\u0119ciu kr\u00f3l\u00f3w \u015bwiata podziemnego, przed kt\u00f3rymi dusza musi stan\u0105\u0107 w szeregu post\u0119powa\u0144 s\u0105dowych; na ich czele stoi posta\u0107 odpowiadaj\u0105ca chi\u0144skiemu Yamie, w Korei cz\u0119sto okre\u015blana jako <em>Yeomra<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Jeoseung-Saja jest urz\u0119dnikiem, kt\u00f3ry zabiera dusz\u0119 z domu zmar\u0142ego i doprowadza j\u0105 do tego aparatu s\u0105dowego. Jego funkcja to funkcja organu wykonawczego, por\u00f3wnywalna z pos\u0142a\u0144cem s\u0105dowym lub pacho\u0142kiem w administracji ziemskiej.<\/p>\n<p>Ta analogia do \u015bwiata urz\u0119dniczego nie jest przypadkowa. Korea\u0144skie za\u015bwiaty s\u0105 w wyobra\u017ceniu ludowym w znacznej mierze skonstruowane na wz\u00f3r ziemskiej biurokracji, z rejestrami, wezwaniami, terminami i instancjami. Jeoseung-Saja jawi si\u0119 wi\u0119c nie jako dziki potw\u00f3r, lecz jako urz\u0119dnik: surowy, nieprzekupny, zwi\u0105zany przepisami.<\/p>\n<p>Jego pojawienie si\u0119 oznacza chwil\u0119, w kt\u00f3rej cz\u0142owiek zostaje przepisany z kompetencji tego \u015bwiata do kompetencji za\u015bwiat\u00f3w. Pokrewne wyobra\u017cenia odnajdujemy u chi\u0144skiego <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/heibai-wuchang\/\">Heibai Wuchang<\/a> oraz w japo\u0144skim s\u0105dzie zmar\u0142ych.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa63d489 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa63d489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ae28d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ae28d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografia: czarny kapelusz i szata pos\u0142a\u0144ca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp182bb7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp182bb7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp452ec34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp452ec34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wizerunek Jeoseung-Saja jest w wyobra\u017ceniu korea\u0144skim zdumiewaj\u0105co trwale ukszta\u0142towany, przede wszystkim za spraw\u0105 wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej tradycji medialnej, lecz z korzeniami w starszej kulturze ludowej.<\/p>\n<p>Przedstawiany jest typowo jako wysoki m\u0119\u017cczyzna w ciemnej tradycyjnej szacie, z uderzaj\u0105co blad\u0105 twarz\u0105 i szerokorondym czarnym kapeluszem, zwanym <em>gat<\/em>, kt\u00f3ry w czasach Joseon nale\u017ca\u0142 do stroju wykszta\u0142conego m\u0119\u017cczyzny i urz\u0119dnika.<\/p>\n<p>Ten ubi\u00f3r niesie znaczenie. Przez to, \u017ce Jeoseung-Saja jest ubrany jako urz\u0119dnik czas\u00f3w Joseon, jego rola jako osoby urz\u0119dowej zostaje wizualnie podkre\u015blona. Nie jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezcielesna istota, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 oddzia\u0142ywanie w \u015bwiecie.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> spoza porz\u0105dku, lecz cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 uporz\u0105dkowanego aparatu administracji za\u015bwiat\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Ciemna barwa kapelusza i szaty wi\u0105\u017ce go zarazem ze sfer\u0105 \u015bmierci i \u017ca\u0142oby. Blado\u015b\u0107 twarzy sygnalizuje, \u017ce sam nie nale\u017cy ju\u017c do \u015bwiata \u017cywych.<\/p>\n<p>W starszej sztuce ludowej oraz na szama\u0144skich tablicach obrazowych (<em>musindo<\/em>), u\u017cywanych podczas rytua\u0142\u00f3w, pos\u0142a\u0144cy \u015bmierci pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 niekiedy tak\u017ce w innych wariantach, na przyk\u0142ad w wi\u0119kszej liczbie lub z atrybutami takimi jak zw\u00f3j pisma i przybory do pisania, kt\u00f3rymi notuj\u0105 imiona os\u00f3b przeznaczonych do zabrania.<\/p>\n<p>Dominuj\u0105ca dzi\u015b, bardzo jednolita posta\u0107 z czarnym gat w znacznej cz\u0119\u015bci wywodzi si\u0119 z filmu i telewizji XX i XXI wieku, kt\u00f3re ten obraz spopularyzowa\u0142y i ustandaryzowa\u0142y.<\/p>\n<p>Dlatego badania rozr\u00f3\u017cniaj\u0105 mi\u0119dzy wielokszta\u0142tnym starszym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazem<\/span> a ujednoliconym wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnym obrazem medialnym. Oba nale\u017c\u0105 do historii oddzia\u0142ywania postaci, lecz nie wolno ich uto\u017csamia\u0107.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c06673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c06673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9afe216 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9afe216\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pos\u0142aniec w micie i opowie\u015bci ludowej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1679495 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1679495\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe90f531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe90f531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeoseung-Saja jest nie tylko teologiczn\u0105 postaci\u0105 funkcyjn\u0105, lecz tak\u017ce lubianym bohaterem korea\u0144skich opowie\u015bci ludowych, w kt\u00f3rych cz\u0119sto bywa wyposa\u017cony w zaskakuj\u0105c\u0105 cech\u0119: jest przekupny, podatny na pomy\u0142ki lub wsp\u00f3\u0142czuj\u0105cy.<\/p>\n<p>Szeroko rozpowszechniona grupa opowie\u015bci m\u00f3wi o tym, \u017ce pos\u0142aniec zabiera niew\u0142a\u015bciwego cz\u0142owieka, poniewa\u017c dwie osoby nosz\u0105 to samo imi\u0119 lub poniewa\u017c zw\u00f3j pisma wprowadza go w b\u0142\u0105d. Omy\u0142kowo zabrany zostaje nast\u0119pnie, po wyja\u015bnieniu, odes\u0142any z powrotem do \u017cycia.<\/p>\n<p>Inny rozpowszechniony typ opowie\u015bci donosi, \u017ce rodzina podejmuje Jeoseung-Saja pocz\u0119stunkiem. Gdy pos\u0142a\u0144cy podczas zabierania umieraj\u0105cego zostaj\u0105 przyj\u0119ci potrawami, ry\u017cem i pieni\u0119dzmi, czuj\u0105 si\u0119 zobowi\u0105zani i pr\u00f3buj\u0105 wyjedna\u0107 danej osobie odroczenie, na przyk\u0142ad wstawiaj\u0105c si\u0119 za ni\u0105 przed s\u0105dem \u015bwiata podziemnego lub manipuluj\u0105c wpisem w rejestrze \u017cycia.<\/p>\n<p>Opowie\u015bci te t\u0142umacz\u0105 w logice religii ludowej, dlaczego w razie \u015bmierci stawiano pos\u0142a\u0144com \u015bmierci dary ofiarne: ma\u0142y st\u00f3\u0142 z ry\u017cem, butami na drog\u0119 i niewielk\u0105 sum\u0105 pieni\u0119dzy, tak zwany <em>saja-bap<\/em>, \u201eposi\u0142ek dla pos\u0142a\u0144c\u00f3w\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>W opowie\u015bciach tych ujawnia si\u0119 wa\u017cna w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015b\u0107 korea\u0144skiego wyobra\u017cenia za\u015bwiat\u00f3w. \u015amier\u0107 nie jest ca\u0142kowicie niepodlegaj\u0105ca negocjacji. Poniewa\u017c za\u015bwiaty pomy\u015blane s\u0105 jako biurokracja, maj\u0105 te\u017c s\u0142abo\u015bci biurokracji: b\u0142\u0119dy, przekupno\u015b\u0107, swobod\u0119 uznania.<\/p>\n<p>Jeoseung-Saja stoi tym samym mi\u0119dzy nieub\u0142aganym wype\u0142nianiem obowi\u0105zku a ludzk\u0105 dost\u0119pno\u015bci\u0105. Dla pozosta\u0142ych przy \u017cyciu wyobra\u017cenie to otwiera\u0142o pole dzia\u0142ania: poprzez poprawne zachowanie rytualne mo\u017cna by\u0142o mie\u0107 nadziej\u0119 na u\u0142atwienie przej\u015bcia zmar\u0142ego. Opowie\u015bci nie s\u0105 zatem jedynie rozrywk\u0105, lecz uzasadniaj\u0105 konkretn\u0105 praktyk\u0119 \u017ca\u0142obn\u0105 i pogrzebow\u0105.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7200bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7200bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdfd4849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdfd4849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szama\u0144skie rytua\u0142y pogrzebowe i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6ec74f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6ec74f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp12eb69f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp12eb69f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W korea\u0144skim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System religijny, w kt\u00f3rym specjali\u015bci obcuj\u0105 ze \u015bwiatem duch\u00f3w.\" tabindex=\"0\">szamanizmie<\/span>, zwanym <em>Musok<\/em>, przej\u015bcie duszy odgrywa rol\u0119 centraln\u0105, a Jeoseung-Saja nale\u017cy do obsady odpowiednich rytua\u0142\u00f3w. Najwa\u017cniejszym jest <em>Ssitgim-gut<\/em> w regionie po\u0142udniowo-zachodnim oraz pokrewne obrz\u0119dy pogrzebowe w innych cz\u0119\u015bciach kraju.<\/p>\n<p>W tych ceremoniach chodzi o oczyszczenie duszy zmar\u0142ego, rozwi\u0105zanie jej urazy i bezpieczne odprowadzenie do za\u015bwiat\u00f3w. Szamanka (<em>mudang<\/em>) inscenizuje przy tym drog\u0119 duszy i przywo\u0142uje w\u0142a\u015bciwe moce za\u015bwiat\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Szczeg\u00f3lne znaczenie maj\u0105 takie rytua\u0142y dla ludzi, kt\u00f3rzy umarli \u201ez\u0142\u0105 \u015bmierci\u0105\u201d, na przyk\u0142ad wskutek wypadku, przemocy lub m\u0142odo i niezam\u0119\u017cni. Takie dusze uchodz\u0105 za zagro\u017cone pozostaniem na tym \u015bwiecie i przemian\u0105 w niespokojne duchy.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uporz\u0105dkowany ci\u0105g symbolicznych czynno\u015bci o znaczeniu religijnym lub kulturowym.\" tabindex=\"0\">Rytua\u0142<\/span> ma zapewni\u0107, \u017ce Jeoseung-Saja prawid\u0142owo je przejmie, a dusza pod\u0105\u017cy sw\u0105 przewidzian\u0105 drog\u0105. Tu posta\u0107 pos\u0142a\u0144ca staje si\u0119 praktycznie skuteczna: jego interwencja jest warunkiem tego, by zmar\u0142y nie utkn\u0105\u0142 mi\u0119dzy \u015bwiatami.<\/p>\n<p>We wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci Jeoseung-Saja zrobi\u0142 drug\u0105, medialn\u0105 karier\u0119. Korea\u0144skie filmy, seriale telewizyjne i webtoony regularnie si\u0119gaj\u0105 po t\u0119 posta\u0107, najbardziej znany jest film <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> oraz r\u00f3\u017cne seriale, w kt\u00f3rych pos\u0142a\u0144cy \u015bmierci wyst\u0119puj\u0105 jako postacie g\u0142\u00f3wne. Przedstawienia te cz\u0119sto psychologizuj\u0105 pos\u0142a\u0144ca, nadaj\u0105 mu przesz\u0142o\u015b\u0107, sumienie i w\u0142asn\u0105 tragiczn\u0105 biografi\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Tym samym oddalaj\u0105 si\u0119 od trze\u017awego, funkcyjnego charakteru postaci tradycyjnej, lecz utrzymuj\u0105 przy \u017cyciu jej podstawowe wyobra\u017cenie. Dla rozwa\u017ca\u0144 religioznawczych Jeoseung-Saja jest dlatego dobrym przyk\u0142adem tego, jak tradycyjna posta\u0107 za\u015bwiat\u00f3w trwa we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnym spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwie, przechodz\u0105c ze sfery rytualnej do narracyjnej.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odno\u015bniki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Polecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strona kulturowa <strong>Korea<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Dalsze profile pojedynczych istot Korei: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/dokkaebi\/\">Dokkaebi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/gwishin\/\">Gwishin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/gumiho\/\">Gumiho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/cheonyeo-gwishin\/\">Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Paralele: Yamad\u016bta (buddyzm), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (Chiny).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a i literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Zwi\u0119z\u0142y wyb\u00f3r centralnych prac o Jeoseung Saja i korea\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu zmar\u0142ych:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Walraven, Boudewijn: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/songsofshamanrit0000walr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Songs of the Shaman: The Ritual Chants of the Korean Mudang.<\/a><\/em> Kegan Paul International, London 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Seo, Dae-seok: <em>Han&#8217;guk sinhwa-ui y\u014fn&#8217;gu.<\/em> Jimmundang, Seoul 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kendall, Laurel: <em>Shamans, Housewives, and Other Restless Spirits.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Yi, Pyong-do: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_shamanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A New Interpretation of Korean Shamanism.<\/a><\/em> Korea Journal 13\/10 (1973), S. 4, 16.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer><p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze dzie\u0142a standardowe w <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/literatura\/\">spisie literatury<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeoseung Saja nale\u017cy do tych <em>istot<\/em>, kt\u00f3re w tradycji korea\u0144skiej opisywane s\u0105 jako przewodnicy zmar\u0142ych. W opowie\u015bciach szama\u0144skich i w wierzeniach ludowych o zabarwieniu buddyjskim wyst\u0119puje jako pos\u0142aniec \u015bwiata podziemnego, kt\u00f3ry zabiera dusz\u0119 z tego \u015bwiata. Jego obraz \u0142\u0105czy konfucja\u0144sk\u0105 ikonografi\u0119 urz\u0119dnicz\u0105 ze starszymi wyobra\u017ceniami za\u015bwiat\u00f3w p\u00f3\u0142wyspu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W korea\u0144skiej <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span><\/strong> Jeoseung Saja jawi si\u0119 jako nieprzekupny pos\u0142aniec za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, kt\u00f3ry prowadzi zmar\u0142ych ze \u015bwiata \u017cywych do kr\u00f3lestwa s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych Yeomry.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jeoseung Saja, duch tradycji korea\u0144skiej Jeoseung Saja to duch tradycji korea\u0144skiej. Pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci tradycji korea\u0144skiej, czarny kapelusz, nieub\u0142agane prowadzenie dusz. DuchKoreaPos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci Spis tre\u015bci Jeoseung Saja Jeoseung Saja (\uc800\uc2b9\uc0ac\uc790, \u201ePos\u0142aniec za\u015bwiat\u00f3w\u201d) jest w wyobra\u017ceniach korea\u0144skich pos\u0142a\u0144cem \u015bmierci, kt\u00f3ry zabiera dusze zmar\u0142ych ze \u015bwiata \u017cywych i prowadzi je przed s\u0119dziego zmar\u0142ych. Nie jest demonem w \u015bcis\u0142ym [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8403,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Jeoseung Saja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Jeoseung Saja, pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci tradycji korea\u0144skiej","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Jeoseung Saja, pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci tradycji korea\u0144skiej. Czarny kapelusz, nieub\u0142agane prowadzenie dusz: folklor, dramat i por\u00f3wnanie ze s\u0142ugami Yamy.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[162,182,157],"class_list":["post-8402","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duchy","category-korea","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeoseung Saja, pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci tradycji korea\u0144skiej<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jeoseung Saja, pos\u0142aniec \u015bmierci tradycji korea\u0144skiej. 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