{"id":8357,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:17","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yuki-onna\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:46:36","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:46:36","slug":"yuki-onna","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/yuki-onna\/","title":{"rendered":"Yuki-onna"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8357\" class=\"elementor elementor-8357 elementor-1329\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuki-onna, duch japo\u0144skiej tradycji<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuki-onna jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie w \u015bwiecie.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> japo\u0144skiej tradycji.<\/p><p>Kobieta-duch \u015bniegu z japo\u0144skich region\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich, bia\u0142y oddech, mro\u017ane spojrzenie.<\/p><h2 id=\"dif-yukionna\">Ikonografia prze\u0142\u0119czy g\u00f3rskich Yuki-onny<\/h2><p>Yuki-onna (\u201e\u015bnie\u017cna kobieta&#8221;) jest <strong>postaci\u0105 yokai z japo\u0144skich region\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich<\/strong>, g\u0142\u00f3wnie z p\u00f3\u0142nocnojapo\u0144skich prefektur Aomori, Akita i Niigata. Pojawia si\u0119 podczas <strong>zamieci \u015bnie\u017cnych<\/strong> nad samotnymi <strong>prze\u0142\u0119czami g\u00f3rskimi<\/strong> noc\u0105, w bia\u0142ym kimonie z d\u0142ugimi czarnymi w\u0142osami, cz\u0119sto boso nad \u015bniegiem. Jej <strong>mro\u017any oddech<\/strong> zabija u\u015bpionych w\u0119drowc\u00f3w.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>G\u0142\u00f3wnym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em literackim jest opowiadanie w zbiorze Lafcadio Hearna <em>Kwaidan<\/em> (1904), opartym na ludowej bajce z krainy Musashi: drwal Minokichi prze\u017cywa spotkanie z Yuki-onn\u0105, gdy\u017c ta nakazuje mu milczenie; po latach \u0142amie je i rozpoznaje, \u017ce jego \u017cona Oyuki by\u0142a \u015bnie\u017cn\u0105 kobiet\u0105.<\/span><\/p><p>Pokrewne postacie japo\u0144skiej tradycji yokai: <em>Yuki-warashi<\/em> (\u015bnie\u017cne dziecko), <em>Yuki-jor\u014d<\/em> (\u015bnie\u017cna nierz\u0105dnica), <em>Tsurara-onna<\/em> (kobieta-sopel).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Istota bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna, zmarli, duchy natury, duchy domowe lub stra\u017cnicy prog\u00f3w. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zana z miejscem lub rodzin\u0105.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/japonia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japo\u0144skie b\u00f3stwa Shinto-Kami i buddyjsko-yokaiowe \u015bwiaty.\">Japonia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuki-onna-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8358\" alt=\"Yuki Onna, Duchy z tradycji japo\u0144skiej, historyczno-ilustracyjne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuki-onna-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuki-onna-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuki-onna-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuki-onna.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuki-onna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuki-onna (\u96ea\u5973, \u201e\u015bnie\u017cna kobieta&#8221;) jest czo\u0142ow\u0105 postaci\u0105 ducha \u015bniegu w japo\u0144skiej tradycji g\u00f3rskiej. Pojawia si\u0119 podczas silnych zamieci \u015bnie\u017cnych jako m\u0142oda, pi\u0119kna kobieta w bia\u0142ym kimonie, z d\u0142ugimi czarnymi w\u0142osami, blad\u0105 sk\u00f3r\u0105, cz\u0119sto unosz\u0105c si\u0119 nad \u015bniegiem. Jej dotyk lub oddech sprawiaj\u0105, \u017ce napotykana osoba zastyga i zamarza.<\/p>\n<p>Yuki-onna \u0142\u0105czy cechy y\u014dkai z motywami ducha zmar\u0142ych, jest zarazem duchem natury i postaci\u0105 m\u015bciw\u0105. Centraln\u0105 tradycj\u0105 narracyjn\u0105 jest mi\u0142o\u015b\u0107 Yuki-onny do cz\u0142owieka, kt\u00f3ry musi dochowa\u0107 pewnego milcz\u0105cego \u015blubu.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Kanonizacja przez Lafcadio Hearna w Kwaidan<\/h3>\n<p>Europejsko-zachodnia percepcja <em>Yuki-onny<\/em> zosta\u0142a decyduj\u0105co ukszta\u0142towana przez zbi\u00f3r Lafcadio Hearna <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things<\/em> (1904).<\/p>\n<p>Hearn, irlandzko-grecki dziennikarz i folklorysta, kt\u00f3ry osiedli\u0142 si\u0119 w Japonii, transkrybowa\u0142 i literacko opracowywa\u0142 japo\u0144skie podania ludowe, w tym centralne narracje o \u015bnie\u017cnej kobiecie. Jego wersja w <em>Kwaidan<\/em> utrwali\u0142a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> bia\u0142ej, nadprzyrodzonej kobiety, kt\u00f3ra zwodzi i zabija podr\u00f3\u017cnych podczas zamieci.<\/p>\n<p>Akademickie podej\u015bcie Hearna po\u0142\u0105czone z g\u0119sto\u015bci\u0105 narracji uczyni\u0142o Yuki-onn\u0119 dost\u0119pn\u0105 dla zachodnich czytelnik\u00f3w i znacz\u0105co wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142o na p\u00f3\u017aniejsze recepcje japonistyczne i okultystyczne. Jego wierno\u015b\u0107 wobec tradycji ustnej by\u0142a niepe\u0142na, lecz jego estetyzacja ustanowi\u0142a ikonograficzn\u0105 podstaw\u0119, na kt\u00f3rej budowa\u0142y p\u00f3\u017aniejsze interpretacje.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00f3tki przegl\u0105d: Yuki<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Istota g\u00f3rska, duch \u015bniegu<br \/>Pochodzenie: Wierzenia ludowe region\u00f3w \u015bnie\u017cnych p\u00f3\u0142nocnej i \u015brodkowej Japonii<br \/>Teksty: S\u014dgi Shokoku Monogatari (XV w.), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pisarz irlandzko-ameryka\u0144ski (1850-1904); zbieracz japo\u0144skich opowie\u015bci o duchach w Kwaidan (1904).\">Lafcadio Hearn<\/span> \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zbi\u00f3r japo\u0144skich opowie\u015bci o duchach Lafcadio Hearna z 1904 roku; ukszta\u0142towa\u0142 zachodnie postrzeganie Yuki-Onny i Yuurei.\">Kwaidan<\/span>&#8221; (1904)<br \/>Region: T\u014dhoku, Hokuriku, Echigo, Hokkaid\u014d<br \/>Niebezpiecze\u0144stwo: zamarzni\u0119cie, ob\u0142\u0119d, nieuleczalna t\u0119sknota<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529069 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>Odr\u00f3\u017cnienie od Oni:<\/strong> W przeciwie\u0144stwie do <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/oni\/\">Oni<\/a>, buddyjskiego piekielnego stwora z rogami i maczug\u0105, Yuki-Onna jest czystym <strong>duchem natury<\/strong> p\u00f3\u0142nocnojapo\u0144skich g\u00f3r wysokich, nie jest postaci\u0105 piekieln\u0105, lecz personifikacj\u0105 \u015bmierciono\u015bnych zamieci \u015bnie\u017cnych.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuki-onna nie nale\u017cy do najstarszych pisemnie po\u015bwiadczonych y\u014dkai. Pierwsze wyra\u017anie identyfikowalne epizody znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w <em>S\u014dgi Shokoku Monogatari<\/em> poety S\u014dgiego z ko\u0144ca XV wieku, kt\u00f3ry opisuje spotkanie w \u015bnie\u017cnych g\u00f3rach Echigo. Szersze zapisywanie i systematyzacja nast\u0119puj\u0105 w epoce Edo.<\/p>\n<p>Posta\u0107 ta sta\u0142a si\u0119 znana na arenie mi\u0119dzynarodowej dzi\u0119ki wersji Lafcadio Hearna w tomie \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zbi\u00f3r japo\u0144skich opowie\u015bci o duchach Lafcadio Hearna z 1904 roku; ukszta\u0142towa\u0142 zachodnie postrzeganie Yuki-Onny i Yuurei.\">Kwaidan<\/span>&#8221; (1904), w kt\u00f3rej opowiadany jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> przyrzeczenia milczenia mi\u0119dzy m\u0142odym drwalem a Yuki-onn\u0105.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar wyst\u0119powania<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuki-onna jest zwi\u0105zana z regionami \u015bnie\u017cnymi: regionem T\u014dhoku (zw\u0142aszcza Aomori, Iwate, Akita), wybrze\u017cem Hokuriku (Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa) i Hokkaid\u014d. W cieplejszych regionach jest prawie nieobecna, natomiast w g\u00f3rach \u015bnie\u017cnych jest g\u0142\u0119boko zakorzeniona.<\/p>\n<p>Lokalne warianty nosz\u0105 regionalne nazwy; w niekt\u00f3rych wsiach pojawia si\u0119 jako Tsurara-onna (kobieta-sopel), w innych jako Yuki-musume (\u201ec\u00f3rka \u015bniegu&#8221;) lub Yuki-jor\u014d (\u201e\u015bnie\u017cna kobieta&#8221;).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Wa\u017cne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a: S\u014dgi Shokoku Monogatari (koniec XV w.); <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japo\u0144ski folklorysta (1875-1962); tw\u00f3rca nowoczesnej japonistycznej folklorystyki.\">Yanagita Kunio<\/span>, T\u014dno Monogatari i p\u00f3\u017aniejsze zbiory poda\u0144 ludowych; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pisarz irlandzko-ameryka\u0144ski (1850-1904); zbieracz japo\u0144skich opowie\u015bci o duchach w Kwaidan (1904).\">Lafcadio Hearn<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zbi\u00f3r japo\u0144skich opowie\u015bci o duchach Lafcadio Hearna z 1904 roku; ukszta\u0142towa\u0142 zachodnie postrzeganie Yuki-Onny i Yuurei.\">Kwaidan<\/span> (1904). Nowsza nauka w pracach Komatsu Kazuhiko i Michaela Dylana Fostera.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Posta\u0107 \u017cyje dalej w filmie (Kobayashi Masaki, \u201eKwaidan&#8221;, 1964) oraz w niezliczonych adaptacjach anime i manga.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nazwa \u96ea\u5973 sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z \u96ea (\u201e\u015bnieg&#8221;) i \u5973 (\u201ekobieta&#8221;).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Yuki-musume<\/strong>, \u201ec\u00f3rka \u015bniegu&#8221;; w niekt\u00f3rych regionach okre\u015blenie dla m\u0142odszego wariantu.<\/li>\n<li>Yuki-jor\u014d, \u201e\u015bnie\u017cna kobieta&#8221; w szerszym znaczeniu.<\/li>\n<li>Tsurara-onna, \u201ekobieta-sopel&#8221;; posta\u0107 kobieca wy\u0142aniaj\u0105ca si\u0119 z sopla lodu.<\/li>\n<li>Yuki-hime, \u201e\u015bnie\u017cna ksi\u0119\u017cniczka&#8221;; forma literacka, miejscami dworsko upi\u0119kszona.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d.<\/strong> M\u0142oda, wysoka kobieta, zwykle wygl\u0105daj\u0105ca na 17-25 lat; blada, niemal przezroczysta sk\u00f3ra; d\u0142ugie czarne w\u0142osy; bia\u0142e kimono, cz\u0119sto we wz\u00f3r kryszta\u0142k\u00f3w \u015bniegu. W wielu przedstawieniach unosi si\u0119 nad ziemi\u0105, nie pozostawiaj\u0105c \u015blad\u00f3w, i nie ma st\u00f3p.<\/p>\n<p>Zachowanie. Pojawia si\u0119 podczas zamieci, cz\u0119sto wieczorami. Zbli\u017ca si\u0119 do zagubionych lub drwali w lesie, dmucha na nich lub domaga si\u0119, \u017ceby j\u0105 nie\u015bli. Jej dotyk zamarza krew; ten, na kogo dmucha, zastyga w l\u00f3d.<\/p>\n<p>Ambiwalencja. W niekt\u00f3rych opowiadaniach oszcz\u0119dza m\u0142odych m\u0119\u017cczyzn, \u017c\u0105daj\u0105c jednak milczenia o spotkaniu. Gdy m\u0119\u017cczyzna z\u0142amie milczenie, powraca.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Regionalne warianty z Hokkaido i Tohoku<\/h3>\n<p>Tradycja Yuki-onny regionalnie rozpada si\u0119 na odr\u0119bne podtypy. W regionie Hokkaido dokumentowane s\u0105 agresywne duchy \u015bniegu o tendencjach mi\u0119so\u017cernych, podczas gdy warianty z Tohoku preferuj\u0105 melancholijniejsze narracje, w kt\u00f3rych Yuki-onna szuka ludzkiej blisko\u015bci w zimne noce.<\/p>\n<p>Szko\u0142a japo\u0144skich bada\u0144 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana kultura ludowa z obyczajami, opowiadaniami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorystycznych<\/span> Yanagity Kunio wcze\u015bnie (lata 20. XX w.) zidentyfikowa\u0142a te regionalne skupiska jako wariacje starszego kompleksu Suijin, ducha wody, kt\u00f3ry przy ekstremalnych warunkach zimowych zr\u00f3\u017cnicowa\u0142 si\u0119 w postaci \u015bnie\u017cne. Warianty z Hokkaido wykazuj\u0105 ponadto silniejsze kontaminacje motywami <em>kitsune<\/em>, podczas gdy Tohoku sytuuje Yuki-onn\u0119 bli\u017cej sakralnych koncepcji kobieco\u015bci. Te regionalne gradienty s\u0105 udokumentowane we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych zbiorach etnograficznych.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yuki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Yuki-onny w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wierzenia ludowe japo\u0144skich region\u00f3w \u015bnie\u017cnych; motywy ducha natury i ducha m\u015bciwego z\u0142\u0105czone w jedn\u0105 posta\u0107.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dotyczy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drwale, my\u015bliwi, w\u0119drowcy, kupcy podr\u00f3\u017cuj\u0105cy podczas zamieci; m\u0142odzi m\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani z g\u00f3rskich wsi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u0142oda, blada kobieta w bia\u0142ym kimonie, d\u0142ugie czarne w\u0142osy, cz\u0119sto unosz\u0105ca si\u0119 w powietrzu; bia\u0142y oddech, zimne spojrzenie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zamarzni\u0119cie przez dotyk lub oddech, utrata orientacji podczas burzy, \u015bmier\u0107 w samotnych chatach; w opowiadaniach mi\u0142osnych: strata i po\u017cegnanie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W czasie burzy nale\u017cy natychmiast szuka\u0107 schronienia, nie podr\u00f3\u017cowa\u0107 samotnie przez za\u015bnie\u017cone prze\u0142\u0119cze, dotrzymywa\u0107 obietnic z\u0142o\u017conych istotom g\u00f3rskim; odwiedza\u0107 lokalne g\u00f3rskie \u015bwi\u0105tynie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpowiedniki<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u0142owia\u0144ska <em>Morana<\/em> \/ <em>Marzanna<\/em>, nordycka <em>Skadi<\/em>, tybeta\u0144skie postacie g\u00f3rskich kobiet, rosyjska <em>Snieguroczka<\/em>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyki ochronne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Przepisy podr\u00f3\u017cne.<\/strong> W regionach \u015bnie\u017cnych obowi\u0105zywa\u0142y jasne zasady: nie przechodzi\u0107 przez prze\u0142\u0119cze samotnie, nigdy nie wychodzi\u0107 w burz\u0119 po zmroku, w razie potrzeby szuka\u0107 chaty i czeka\u0107.<\/p>\n<p>Tabu milczenia. W opowiadaniach z motywem mi\u0142osnym centraln\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywa dotrzymanie \u015blubu milczenia. Yuki-onna pozostaje zwi\u0105zana z cz\u0142owiekiem, dop\u00f3ki milczy.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f3rskie \u015bwi\u0105tynie. Ma\u0142e sanktuaria wzd\u0142u\u017c g\u00f3rskich \u015bcie\u017cek odwiedza si\u0119 przed przej\u015bciem; ofiary z ry\u017cu, sake i owoc\u00f3w maj\u0105 zapewni\u0107 przychylno\u015b\u0107 istot g\u00f3rskich.<\/p>\n<p>Rytua\u0142y wsp\u00f3lnotowe. W niekt\u00f3rych wsiach regionu T\u014dhoku odbywa\u0142y si\u0119 dawniej coroczne zimowe obrz\u0119dy, podczas kt\u00f3rych rodzina czuwa\u0142a wsp\u00f3lnie przez ca\u0142\u0105 noc, by odp\u0119dzi\u0107 z\u0142owrogie odwiedziny.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuki, odpowiedniki w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u0142owia\u0144skie.<\/strong> Morana \/ Marzanna jako uosobienie zimy dzieli cechy pi\u0119knej i \u015bmierciono\u015bnej \u015bnie\u017cnej postaci.<\/p>\n<p>Nordyckie. Olbrzymka Skadi jest typologicznie pokrewna, posta\u0107 zimowa o ambiwalentnym stosunku do m\u0119\u017cczyzn i um\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Tybet i Himalaje. Poszczeg\u00f3lne g\u00f3rskie b\u00f3stwa \u017ce\u0144skie pe\u0142ni\u0105 podobn\u0105 funkcj\u0119, s\u0105 jednak mniej utrwalone narracyjnie.<\/p>\n<p>Rosja. Snieguroczka (\u201e\u015anie\u017cynka&#8221;) jest postaci\u0105 pokrewn\u0105, literack\u0105 i obecn\u0105 w kulturze dla dzieci; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> topniej\u0105cej \u015bnie\u017cnej kobiety \u0142\u0105czy j\u0105 z Yuki-onn\u0105.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h3>Ikonografia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obraz\u00f3w i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ukiyo-e<\/span> epoki Edo<\/h3>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Tradycja sztuk plastycznych epoki Edo (1603-1868) ustanowi\u0142a wizualne konwencje przedstawiania Yuki-onny, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 \u017cywe do dzi\u015b. Arty\u015bci tacy jak Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892) tworzyli w swojej serii <em>New Forms of Thirty-Six Ghosts<\/em> drzeworyty ukazuj\u0105ce \u015bnie\u017cn\u0105 kobiet\u0119 jako eleganck\u0105, blad\u0105 posta\u0107 z niebieskawo tonowanymi strefami barwnymi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ta estetyka zimnej kolorystyki sta\u0142a si\u0119 znakiem rozpoznawczym Yuki-onny w popularnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obraz\u00f3w i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span>. Wcze\u015bniejsi ilustratorzy epoki Edo oznaczali ju\u017c w zbiorach kaidan nadprzyrodzono\u015b\u0107 kobiec\u0105 poprzez asymetrie w postawie cia\u0142a i nienaturalne stosunki barwne. To wizualne kodowanie ukszta\u0142towa\u0142o p\u00f3\u017aniejsze produkcje teatralne i adaptacje kabuki, w kt\u00f3rych kostium i projekt barwny bezpo\u015brednio odwo\u0142ywa\u0142y si\u0119 do wzorc\u00f3w ukiyo-e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp13573d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp13573d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7348187 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7348187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lafcadio Hearn i kanoniczna opowie\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp86c34ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp86c34ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1c8fd4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1c8fd4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Najszerzej znana wersja historii o Yuki-onnie pochodzi z <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things<\/em>, zbioru opublikowanego przez Lafcadio Hearna w 1904 roku. Hearn, urodzony w Grecji autor, kt\u00f3ry osiedli\u0142 si\u0119 w Japonii i przyj\u0105\u0142 imi\u0119 Koizumi Yakumo, poda\u0142, \u017ce us\u0142ysza\u0142 opowiadanie od ch\u0142opa z okolic Musashi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>W wersji Hearna dw\u00f3ch drwali, stary Mosaku i m\u0142ody Minokichi, spotyka w zimow\u0105 noc w chacie bia\u0142\u0105 kobiet\u0119. Dmucha na starszego m\u0119\u017cczyzn\u0119, zabijaj\u0105c go, lecz oszcz\u0119dza Minokichiego pod warunkiem, \u017ce nigdy nie opowie o tym prze\u017cyciu.<\/p>\n<p>Lata p\u00f3\u017aniej Minokichi po\u015blubia kobiet\u0119 imieniem O-Yuki. Pewnego wieczoru opowiada jej o \u015bnie\u017cnej nocy; w\u00f3wczas kobieta ujawnia si\u0119 jako Yuki-onna i znika, lecz oszcz\u0119dza go ze wzgl\u0119du na wsp\u00f3lne dzieci.<\/p>\n<p>To opowiadanie sta\u0142o si\u0119 tak wp\u0142ywowe, \u017ce bywa dzi\u015b uto\u017csamiane z \u201et\u0105&#8221; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opowiadanie o charakterze pouczaj\u0105cym, zazwyczaj z \u017cycia \u015bwi\u0119tych.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0105<\/span> o Yuki-onnie. Nale\u017cy to jednak zrelatywizowa\u0107 z perspektywy krytyki \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142. Hearn pisa\u0142 dla zachodnich odbiorc\u00f3w i literacko opracowywa\u0142 swoje wzorce. Nauka dyskutuje, jak wiernie oddawa\u0142 przekazane narracje i w jakim miejscu zaznacza\u0142a si\u0119 jego w\u0142asna tw\u00f3rcza r\u0119ka.<\/p>\n<p>Pewne jest, \u017ce Yuki-onna jako posta\u0107 jest starsza ni\u017c Hearn i istnia\u0142a w r\u00f3\u017cnych regionalnych odmianach. Zas\u0142ug\u0105 Hearna, a zarazem jego zniekszta\u0142caj\u0105cym wp\u0142ywem, jest wyniesienie jednej, szczeg\u00f3lnie opracowanej wersji do rangi mi\u0119dzynarodowego standardu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22d4d51 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22d4d51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe519d7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe519d7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Warianty regionalne: wiele \u015bnie\u017cnych kobiet, nie jedna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp50bfe76 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp50bfe76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp80cdf2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp80cdf2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Japo\u0144ska tradycja ludowa zna \u015bnie\u017cn\u0105 kobiet\u0119 w licznych lokalnych odmianach, kt\u00f3re miejscami znacznie si\u0119 od siebie r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105. Zbiory japo\u0144skiej folklorystyki, zw\u0142aszcza prace z kr\u0119gu Yanagity Kunio, dokumentuj\u0105 szerokie spektrum.<\/p>\n<p>W niekt\u00f3rych regionach za\u015bnie\u017conej P\u00f3\u0142nocy i obszar\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich Yuki-onna jest \u015bmierciono\u015bn\u0105 postaci\u0105, kt\u00f3ra zamra\u017ca w\u0119drowc\u00f3w lub odbiera im \u017cyciowy oddech.<\/p>\n<p>W innych okolicach pojawia si\u0119 \u0142agodniej. S\u0105 opowiadania, w kt\u00f3rych puka do drzwi i prosi o wpuszczenie lub gor\u0105c\u0105 wod\u0119, a jej zachowanie zale\u017cy od reakcji ludzi.<\/p>\n<p>W jeszcze innych wersjach pojawia si\u0119 z dzieckiem na r\u0119ku i prosi przechodni\u00f3w, by je potrzymali, przy czym dziecko staje si\u0119 coraz ci\u0119\u017csze. Jest to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> \u0142\u0105cz\u0105cy Yuki-onn\u0119 z innymi japo\u0144skimi istotami duchowymi, takimi jak <em>ubume<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Nazwy r\u00f3wnie\u017c s\u0105 zr\u00f3\u017cnicowane: <em>yuki-onna<\/em>, <em>yuki-musume<\/em> (\u201e\u015bnie\u017cna dziewczynka&#8221;), <em>yuki-jor\u014d<\/em>, <em>yukinba<\/em> (\u201e\u015bnie\u017cna staruszka&#8221;) oraz inne regionalne okre\u015blenia. Ta r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 jest wymowna z perspektywy historii religii. Wskazuje, \u017ce \u015bnie\u017cna kobieta nie jest jednorodnym \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitem<\/span>&#8221; o sta\u0142ej tre\u015bci, lecz typem narracyjnym, kt\u00f3ry dostosowuje si\u0119 do danego krajobrazu i warunk\u00f3w \u017cycia.<\/p>\n<p>W regionach, w kt\u00f3rych zima rzeczywi\u015bcie mog\u0142a by\u0107 \u015bmiertelna, posta\u0107 przybiera\u0142a gro\u017aniejszy charakter. Yuki-onna jest tym samym fragmentem opowiadanego zmagania z realnym niebezpiecze\u0144stwem natury.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf6787ad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf6787ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cd9876 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4cd9876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuki-onna w teatrze, grafice i filmie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45968d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp45968d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf27457b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf27457b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u015anie\u017cna kobieta ma bogat\u0105 histori\u0119 recepcji w japo\u0144skich sztukach. W dziedzinie <em>ukiyo-e<\/em>, czyli drzeworytu, arty\u015bci XIX wieku podj\u0119li ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>. Szczeg\u00f3lnie znane s\u0105 mroczne przedstawienia nale\u017c\u0105ce do gatunku <em>y\u016brei-zu<\/em>, czyli obraz\u00f3w duch\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re ukazuj\u0105 Yuki-onn\u0119 jako blad\u0105, beznog\u0105 lub wtapiaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 w \u015bnieg posta\u0107.<\/p>\n<p>Teatr r\u00f3wnie\u017c j\u0105 przej\u0105\u0142. Istniej\u0105 sztuki dla <em>kabuki<\/em> i teatru lalek przetwarzaj\u0105ce w\u0105tki \u015bnie\u017cnej kobiety. Ch\u0142odna, pos\u0105gowa aparycja Yuki-onny nadawa\u0142a si\u0119 do stylizowanej estetyki scenicznej, w kt\u00f3rej powolne, unosz\u0105ce si\u0119 wej\u015bcie i bia\u0142e szaty oznaczaj\u0105 nadprzyrodzono\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>W XX wieku film przyda\u0142 jej now\u0105 s\u0142aw\u0119. Epizodyczny film Masakiego Kobayashiego <em>Kwaidan<\/em> z 1964 roku, oparty na zbiorze Hearna, zawiera szeroko komentowany epizod o Yuki-onnie ze silnie stylizowanym, malowanym krajobrazem studyjnym. Od tego czasu \u015bnie\u017cna kobieta pojawia si\u0119 regularnie w anime, manga, grach wideo i filmach grozy, cz\u0119sto z ustalonymi atrybutami: bia\u0142e kimono, czarne w\u0142osy, zimna uroda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ta nowoczesna kultura popularna rozpowszechni\u0142a wizerunek Yuki-onny na \u015bwiecie, ale przy tym tendencyjnie go ujednolici\u0142a. To, co w tradycji ludowej by\u0142o wielokszta\u0142tnym regionalnym typem narracyjnym, sta\u0142o si\u0119 w kulturze masowej rozpoznawaln\u0105 standardow\u0105 postaci\u0105. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka badaj\u0105ca religie por\u00f3wnawczo i bez zaanga\u017cowania wyznaniowego.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religioznawstwo<\/span> utrzymuje obie warstwy osobno: lokaln\u0105 tradycj\u0119 ustn\u0105 i jej nowoczesne medialne zag\u0119szczenie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Powi\u0105zane linki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strona kulturowa <strong>Japonia<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Kolejne profile z Japonii: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/oni\/\">Oni<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/tengu\/\">Tengu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/kappa\/\">Kappa<\/a>, Y\u016brei.<\/li>\n<li>Odpowiedniki: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/slowianskie\/\">S\u0142owia\u0144skie<\/a> (Morana), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/tybet\/\">Tybet<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a i literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">\n<p>Zwi\u0119z\u0142y wyb\u00f3r kluczowych prac dotycz\u0105cych Yuki-onny:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Hearn, Lafcadio: <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things.<\/em> Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1904.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em>M0<\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2015.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Komatsu Kazuhiko: <em>M1<\/em> Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, Tokyo 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japo\u0144ski folklorysta (1875-1962); tw\u00f3rca nowoczesnej japonistycznej folklorystyki.\">Yanagita Kunio<\/span>: <em>M2<\/em> \u00dcbers. Ronald A. Morse. Lexington Books, Lanham 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Toriyama Sekien: <em>Japandemonium Illustrated.<\/em> \u00dcbers. Hiroko Yoda &#038; Matt Alt. Dover, Mineola 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yukionn-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yukionn-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yuki-onna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yukionn-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yukionn-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\">\n<p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi religioznawcze uj\u0119cie historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii przeno\u015bnych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i stanowi jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0119. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yuki-onna, duch japo\u0144skiej tradycji Yuki-onna jest duchem japo\u0144skiej tradycji. Kobieta-duch \u015bniegu z japo\u0144skich region\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich, bia\u0142y oddech, mro\u017ane spojrzenie. Ikonografia prze\u0142\u0119czy g\u00f3rskich Yuki-onny Yuki-onna (\u201e\u015bnie\u017cna kobieta&#8221;) jest postaci\u0105 yokai z japo\u0144skich region\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich, g\u0142\u00f3wnie z p\u00f3\u0142nocnojapo\u0144skich prefektur Aomori, Akita i Niigata. Pojawia si\u0119 podczas zamieci \u015bnie\u017cnych nad samotnymi prze\u0142\u0119czami g\u00f3rskimi noc\u0105, w bia\u0142ym kimonie z [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8358,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yuki-onna \u015anie\u017cna Kobieta Yokai","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yuki-onna, Duch japo\u0144skiej tradycji | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yuki-onna, japo\u0144ska kobieta-duch \u015bniegu z region\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich. Bia\u0142y oddech, mro\u017ane spojrzenie, prefektury Aomori i Niigata oraz Kwaidan Lafcadia Hearna.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[162,168,181,157],"class_list":["post-8357","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duchy","category-istoty-nocne","category-japonia","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yuki-onna, Duch japo\u0144skiej tradycji | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yuki-onna, japo\u0144ska kobieta-duch \u015bniegu z region\u00f3w g\u00f3rskich. 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