{"id":8332,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/huli-jing\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:43:09","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:43:09","slug":"huli-jing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/huli-jing\/","title":{"rendered":"Huli Jing"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8332\" class=\"elementor elementor-8332 elementor-1216\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Huli Jing, duch chi\u0144skiej tradycji<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huli Jing jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 oddzia\u0142ywanie na \u015bwiat.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> chi\u0144skiej tradycji.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Duch lisa, uwodzicielka i poszukiwaczka o\u015bwiecenia zarazem.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Istota bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna, zmarli, duchy natury, duchy domowe lub stra\u017cnicy prog\u00f3w. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zana z miejscami lub rodzinami.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/chiny\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Chi\u0144ska religia bog\u00f3w, duch\u00f3w i ludowa, taoistyczna, buddyjska, konfucja\u0144ska.\">Chiny<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/zmiennoksztaltni\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Istoty zwierz\u0119co-ludzkie ze zdolno\u015bci\u0105 przemiany, wilko\u0142acze, o postaci lisa, ptaka lub w\u0119\u017ca.\">Kszta\u0142tokszta\u0142tnik<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8333\" alt=\"Huli Jing, Duchy z tradycji chi\u0144skiej, historyczno-ilustracyjne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Huli Jing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huli Jing (\u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe, \u201eesencja lisa&#8221;) jest jedn\u0105 z najbardziej uobecnionych w literaturze postaci chi\u0144skiej demonologii. To lis, kt\u00f3ry przez d\u0142ugie \u017cycie i duchow\u0105 kultywacj\u0119 przybiera ludzk\u0105 posta\u0107, niemal zawsze kobiec\u0105, niemal zawsze pi\u0119kn\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Jego ambiwalencja jest programowa: mo\u017ce by\u0107 niebezpieczn\u0105 uwodzicielk\u0105, kt\u00f3ra odbiera m\u0119\u017cczyznom <em>jing<\/em> (esencj\u0119 \u017cyciow\u0105); mo\u017ce by\u0107 wiern\u0105 towarzyszk\u0105 i kochaj\u0105c\u0105 \u017con\u0105; mo\u017ce nawet d\u0105\u017cy\u0107 do o\u015bwiecenia i zosta\u0107 taoistk\u0105 lub buddystk\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Literatura klasyczna, przede wszystkim <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em> Pu Songlinga (XVII w.) z licznymi opowiadaniami o lisach, rysuje zr\u00f3\u017cnicowany obraz: duchy lis\u00f3w nie s\u0105 po prostu z\u0142e, lecz to z\u0142o\u017cone osobowo\u015bci z w\u0142asn\u0105 histori\u0105.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motyw<\/span> dziewi\u0119cioogoniastej lisicy (<em>Jiuweihu<\/em>) jest szczeg\u00f3lnie znany i przyw\u0119drowa\u0142 z Chin do Japonii (Kitsune) oraz Korei (Kumiho). Relacja mi\u0119dzy cz\u0142owiekiem a duchem lisa jest centralnym tematem chi\u0144skiej literatury, wykraczaj\u0105cym daleko poza horror i demonologi\u0119.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W skr\u00f3cie: Huli Jing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Duch lisa, Yaoguai metamorfozy<br \/>Pochodzenie: lis przez d\u0142ugie \u017cycie i kultywacj\u0119<br \/>Etapy rozwoju: 50 lat (przemiana), 100 lat (pi\u0119kno), 1000 lat (bosko\u015b\u0107, dziewi\u0119\u0107 ogon\u00f3w)<br \/>Teksty: Hanfeizi, Sou Shen Ji, Tang-Chuanqi, Liaozhai Zhiyi<br \/>Okres: od czas\u00f3w przedimperialnych do wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pierwsze \u015bwiadectwa ju\u017c w epoce przedimperialnej (Hanfeizi, Zuozhuan z motywami lisa). Epoka Han rozwija teori\u0119 kultywacji. Epoka Tang (opowiadania Chuanqi) z rozbudowanymi postaciami lis\u00f3w. Liaozhai Pu Songlinga (XVII w.) jako szczyt literacki. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna tradycja filmowa i telewizyjna trwa nieprzerwanie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chi\u0144ski kr\u0105g kulturowy. Japo\u0144skie Kitsune i korea\u0144skie Kumiho s\u0105 bezpo\u015brednimi zapo\u017cyczeniami i samodzielnymi kontynuacjami. Dziewi\u0119cioogoniasta lisica jest obecna we wszystkich trzech tradycjach wschodnioazjatyckich. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja mi\u0119dzynarodowa za po\u015brednictwem gier i mangi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shanhaijing (wczesny), Sou Shen Ji, Tang-Chuanqi (<em>Xu Xuanguai Lu<\/em> Li Fuyana), Liaozhai Zhiyi Pu Songlinga, Yuewei Caotang Biji Ji Yuna, wsp\u00f3\u0142czesny corpus filmowy i popkultura.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Chi\u0144ski:<\/strong> \u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe (<em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em>), \u201eesencja lisa&#8221;; skr\u00f3towo \u72d0 (<em>h\u00fa<\/em>) lub \u72d0\u4ed9 (<em>h\u00faxi\u0101n<\/em>, \u201eNie\u015bmiertelny Lis&#8221;, pozytywnie).<br \/>Dziewi\u0119cioogoniasty: \u4e5d\u5c3e\u72d0 (<em>Ji\u01d4w\u011bih\u00fa<\/em>).<br \/>Japo\u0144ski: <em>Kitsune<\/em> (\u72d0), dziewi\u0119cioogoniasty jako <em>Ky\u016bbi no Kitsune<\/em>.<br \/>Korea\u0144ski: <em>Kumiho<\/em> (\uad6c\ubbf8\ud638, \u201edziewi\u0119cioogoniasty lis&#8221;).<br \/>Etymologia: <em>huli<\/em> to standardowe s\u0142owo oznaczaj\u0105ce \u201elis&#8221;, <em>jing<\/em> oznacza gromadzenie esencji.<\/p>\n<p>Etapy rozwoju s\u0105 usystematyzowane w literaturze klasycznej: 50 lat, przemiana w atrakcyjn\u0105 kobiet\u0119. 100 lat, doskona\u0142a ludzka posta\u0107. 1000 lat, boska moc, dziewi\u0119\u0107 ogon\u00f3w, taoistyczna nie\u015bmiertelno\u015b\u0107. Ta nauka o stopniach wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 z og\u00f3ln\u0105 taoistyczn\u0105 teori\u0105 kultywacji.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Wygl\u0105d<\/h3>\n<p>Posta\u0107 ludzka: pi\u0119kna m\u0142oda kobieta, cz\u0119sto szczeg\u00f3lnie czaruj\u0105ca, wykszta\u0142cona, muzykalna. Po zdemaskowaniu: ogon lisa widoczny spod sp\u00f3dnicy lub za drzwiami. W pe\u0142ni rozwini\u0119ta posta\u0107: dziewi\u0119cioogoniasty lis o l\u015bni\u0105cej sier\u015bci (bia\u0142ej lub z\u0142otej). W postaci zwierz\u0119cej: zwyk\u0142y lis.<\/p>\n<h3>Zachowanie<\/h3>\n<p>Ambiwalentne. Starsze tradycje (epoka Tang) przedstawiaj\u0105 Huli Jing cz\u0119sto jako niebezpieczn\u0105 uwodzicielk\u0119, kt\u00f3ra odbiera energi\u0119 <em>jing<\/em>. Epoka Liaozhai r\u00f3\u017cnicuje obraz: wiele duch\u00f3w lis\u00f3w to wierne towarzyszki, lojalne \u017cony, pomocne przyjaci\u00f3\u0142ki. Niekt\u00f3re d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do taoistycznej kultywacji i ludzkiej godno\u015bci.<\/p>\n<h3>Zakres oddzia\u0142ywania<\/h3>\n<p>Zamieszkuje groby, stare ruiny, lise jamy w odleg\u0142ych g\u00f3rach. W ludzkiej postaci tak\u017ce w miastach i wioskach, cz\u0119sto jako \u017cona kupca, w\u0119drowniczka, honorowy cz\u0142onek rodziny. Pewne regiony (Shanxi, p\u00f3\u0142nocne Chiny) uchodz\u0105 za siedliska duch\u00f3w lis\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<h3>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/h3>\n<p>Nie stworzenie, lecz rezultat kultywacji. W uj\u0119ciu taoistycznym: lis jest zwierz\u0119ciem szczeg\u00f3lnie dobrze gromadz\u0105cym <em>yin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu aktywna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa przenikaj\u0105ca wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em>, dzi\u0119ki czemu szybko osi\u0105ga poziom kultywacji. Tradycja ludowo\u015bciowa czci Huxian (\u201eNie\u015bmiertelne Lisy&#8221;) w odr\u0119bnych \u015bwi\u0105tyniach, szczeg\u00f3lnie w p\u00f3\u0142nocnych Chinach.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Huli Jing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Huli Jing w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lis przez d\u0142ug\u0105 kultywacj\u0119. Nauka o etapach: 50 lat przemiana, 100 lat pi\u0119kno, 1000 lat bosko\u015b\u0107 z dziewi\u0119cioma ogonami. Taoistyczna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wyobra\u017cenie o budowie i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata w obr\u0119bie danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologia<\/span> jako ramy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przedmiot oddzia\u0142ywania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u0142odzi m\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani w kontek\u015bcie uwodzenia, uczeni i poeci (wzorzec Liaozhai), podr\u00f3\u017cni i kupcy. W tradycjach pozytywnych: m\u0119\u017cowie i rodziny.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przedstawienie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pi\u0119kna m\u0142oda kobieta w ludzkiej postaci, z lisim ogonem po zdemaskowaniu. W pe\u0142ni rozwini\u0119ta: dziewi\u0119cioogoniasty lis o l\u015bni\u0105cej sier\u015bci.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ambiwalentna. Uwodzenie i odbieranie jing (negatywnie) lub wierne partnerstwo i pomocna obecno\u015b\u0107 (pozytywnie). Cz\u0119sto d\u0105\u017cy do kultywacji i nie\u015bmiertelno\u015bci.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u015arodki ochronne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W przypadku negatywnych przejaw\u00f3w: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rytualne wygnanie ducha lub demona uznawanego za szkodliwego.\" tabindex=\"0\">egzorcyzm<\/span> dokonywany przez taoistycznego kap\u0142ana (daoshi), talizmany Fu, krew koguta, specjalne mantry. W przypadkach ambiwalentnych: m\u0105dra rozmowa, szacunek, zbadanie intencji (opowiadania Liaozhai pokazuj\u0105 to w spos\u00f3b literacki).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Postacie por\u00f3wnywalne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kitsune (Japonia), Kumiho (Korea), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/yakshini\/\">Yakshini<\/a> (ambiwalentno-uwodzicielska), europejskie wr\u00f3\u017cki z przemian\u0105 w zwierz\u0119ta.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradycja literacka i kult<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Cykl Liaozhai<\/h3>\n<p><em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em> Pu Songlinga zawiera wiele opowiada\u0144 o duchach lis\u00f3w, niekt\u00f3re przera\u017caj\u0105ce, wiele wzruszaj\u0105cych. Lisica jako z\u0142o\u017cona osobowo\u015b\u0107, kt\u00f3ra kocha bohatera-uczonego, chroni go i kszta\u0142ci. Ten obraz kszta\u0142tuje recepcj\u0119 po dzi\u015b dzie\u0144.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednej lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015awi\u0105tynie<\/span> Huxian<\/h3>\n<p>W p\u00f3\u0142nocnych Chinach, szczeg\u00f3lnie w Shanxi i Hebei, istniej\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednej lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tynie<\/span> Huxian. Duchy lis\u00f3w s\u0105 tam czczone jako \u201eXian&#8221; (Nie\u015bmiertelni), z w\u0142asnymi rytua\u0142ami, ofiarami i tradycj\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Miejsce lub instytucja, w kt\u00f3rej zasi\u0119ga si\u0119 boskiej wyroczni.\" tabindex=\"0\">wyroczni<\/span>. Praktyka ta jest \u017cywa do dzi\u015b i rozkwit\u0142a ponownie po zako\u0144czeniu rewolucji kulturalnej.<\/p>\n<h3>Tang-Chuanqi i klasyczne opowiadanie<\/h3>\n<p>Opowiadania z epoki Tang (VII-X w.) ustanawiaj\u0105 literacki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> Huli Jing. Opowiadania takie jak \u201eRen Shi Zhuan&#8221; (Biografia Ren) ukazuj\u0105 lisic\u0119 jako posta\u0107 tragicznie kochaj\u0105c\u0105. Te opowiadania trafiaj\u0105 do Pu Songlinga i kszta\u0142tuj\u0105 tradycj\u0119 po dzi\u015b dzie\u0144.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcja i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralele wschodnioazjatyckie:<\/strong> Japo\u0144skie Kitsune z w\u0142asn\u0105 bogat\u0105 tradycj\u0105, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rdzenna religia Japonii, oparta na kulcie kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span> Inari, ma\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwa z Kitsune, sztuka magiczna Kitsune. Korea\u0144skie Kumiho w K-dramach i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych filmach. Dziewi\u0119cioogoniasta lisica jest panwschodnioazjatyck\u0105 ikon\u0105.<\/p>\n<h3>Popkultura mi\u0119dzynarodowa<\/h3>\n<p>Anime (Naruto z dziewi\u0119cioogoniastym), Pokemon (Vulpix\/Ninetales), gry wideo (League of Legends, Ahri), chi\u0144skie seriale (<em>The Untamed<\/em> z postaciami drugoplanowymi duch\u00f3w lis\u00f3w). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motyw<\/span> Huli Jing jest globalnie obecny, cz\u0119sto z siln\u0105 estetyk\u0105 anime.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Odczytanie feministyczne:<\/strong> Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne chi\u0144skie literaturoznawstwo odczytuje Huli Jing jako posta\u0107 kobiecej autonomii w patriarchalnych spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwach: lisica nie podporz\u0105dkowuje si\u0119 rodzinnym regu\u0142om, lecz pozostaje niezale\u017cn\u0105 osobowo\u015bci\u0105. To odczytanie kszta\u0142tuje recepcj\u0119 akademick\u0105 od lat 90. XX wieku.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a031aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9a031aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9193514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9193514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Duch lisa w zapisach: od Gan Bao do Pu Songlinga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02ca0ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02ca0ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp444e0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp444e0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Duch lisa, po chi\u0144sku <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em>, jest jedn\u0105 z najlepiej udokumentowanych postaci nadprzyrodzonych w Chinach, poniewa\u017c przez niemal dwa tysi\u0105clecia utrwalano go w literackich zbiorach.<\/p>\n<p>Wczesny etap reprezentuje <em>Soushen ji<\/em> (\u201eZapiski o poszukiwaniu duch\u00f3w&#8221;) Gan Bao z IV wieku, zawieraj\u0105ce kilka opowiada\u0144 o lisach i ukazuj\u0105ce lisa jako istot\u0119 kszta\u0142tokszta\u0142tn\u0105, d\u0142ugowieczn\u0105, zdoln\u0105 do przyjmowania ludzkiej postaci i wyg\u0142aszania uczonych s\u0105d\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Epoka Tang przynios\u0142a rozkwit opowiada\u0144 o lisach w tzw. <em>chuanqi<\/em>, \u201erelacjach o cudownym&#8221;. Jednak najwa\u017cniejszym zbiorem jest <em>Liaozhai zhiyi<\/em> (\u201eDziwne opowie\u015bci z pracowni pr\u00f3\u017cnowania&#8221;) Pu Songlinga, powsta\u0142y w XVII wieku.<\/p>\n<p>Pu Songling po\u015bwi\u0119ci\u0142 lisom dziesi\u0105tki opowiada\u0144 i nakre\u015bli\u0142 w nich zadziwiaj\u0105co zr\u00f3\u017cnicowany obraz: istniej\u0105 z\u0142o\u015bliwe lisice kradn\u0105ce si\u0142\u0119 \u017cyciow\u0105, ale te\u017c wierne, m\u0105dre, moralnie wznios\u0142e lisice wspieraj\u0105ce ludzkich partner\u00f3w w potrzebie.<\/p>\n<p>Ten stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 jest istotny z perspektywy religioznawczej. <em>H\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em> nie jest jednoznaczn\u0105 postaci\u0105 straszliw\u0105, lecz literacko wyrafinowan\u0105 figur\u0105, za pomoc\u0105 kt\u00f3rej chi\u0144scy autorzy przez wieki negocjowali kwestie po\u017c\u0105dania, moralno\u015bci, awansu spo\u0142ecznego i granicy mi\u0119dzy cz\u0142owiekiem a zwierz\u0119ciem.<\/p>\n<p>Kto sprowadza ducha lisa do roli \u201efemme fatale&#8221;, pomija najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowiada\u0144 przez pokolenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradycji<\/span>. Zbiory Gan Bao i Pu Songlinga s\u0105 dost\u0119pne w rzetelnych przek\u0142adach i pozostaj\u0105 podstaw\u0105 ka\u017cdego powa\u017cnego zainteresowania tym tematem.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11de5b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp11de5b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d35271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8d35271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultywacja i droga do Niebia\u0144skiego Lisa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02f26b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02f26b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp58c4390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp58c4390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centralnym, cz\u0119sto pomijanym aspektem wyobra\u017cenia o duchu lisa jest idea samokultywacji. <em>H\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em> jest wed\u0142ug powszechnego przekonania nie istot\u0105 nadprzyrodzon\u0105 od pocz\u0105tku, lecz zwyk\u0142ym lisem, kt\u00f3ry przez wiek i celowe \u0107wiczenie stopniowo zdobywa wy\u017csze zdolno\u015bci.<\/p>\n<p>Po pi\u0119\u0107dziesi\u0119ciu lub stu latach, jak podaj\u0105 teksty, lis mo\u017ce przyj\u0105\u0107 ludzk\u0105 posta\u0107; wraz z wiekiem ro\u015bnie jego moc.<\/p>\n<p>Ten awans jest osadzony w taoistycznym wyobra\u017ceniu o piel\u0119gnacji si\u0142y \u017cyciowej <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu aktywna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa przenikaj\u0105ca wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> oraz d\u0105\u017ceniu do d\u0142ugowieczno\u015bci i transcendencji. Lis gromadzi <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu aktywna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa przenikaj\u0105ca wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em>; niekt\u00f3re opowiadania m\u00f3wi\u0105, \u017ce czerpie je z ksi\u0119\u017cyca, starych grob\u00f3w lub ludzkich partner\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Na ko\u0144cu bardzo d\u0142ugiej drogi lis mo\u017ce sta\u0107 si\u0119 <em>ti\u0101nh\u00fa<\/em>, \u201eNiebia\u0144skim Lisem&#8221;, istot\u0105 o dziewi\u0119ciu ogonach, kt\u00f3ra osi\u0105gn\u0119\u0142a status Nie\u015bmiertelnego i nie jest ju\u017c szkodliwa, lecz wznios\u0142a.<\/p>\n<p>Ta koncepcja czyni z ducha lisa odzwierciedlenie ludzkiego d\u0105\u017cenia do kultywacji. Lis czyni to, co taoistyczny adept: \u0107wiczy, gromadzi, wykracza poza swoj\u0105 natur\u0119. To wyja\u015bnia moraln\u0105 ambiwalencj\u0119 postaci.<\/p>\n<p>Lis, kt\u00f3ry odbiera cz\u0142owiekowi si\u0142\u0119 \u017cyciow\u0105, by szybciej awansowa\u0107, dzia\u0142a w spos\u00f3b drapie\u017cny; lis, kt\u00f3ry post\u0119puje naprz\u00f3d przez cnotliwe zachowanie i gromadzenie dobrych uczynk\u00f3w, jest postaci\u0105 niemal wzorow\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Duch lisa jest zatem mniej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub niejednoznaczne oddzia\u0142ywanie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> ni\u017c istot\u0105 w drodze, o kt\u00f3rej warto\u015bci moralnej decyduj\u0105 stosowane metody. T\u0119 logik\u0119 dzieli z innymi zdolnymi do kultywacji istotami chi\u0144skiej tradycji.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp406577c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp406577c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd9c543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdd9c543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult lisa: cze\u015b\u0107 zamiast samej tylko obrony<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e731bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9e731bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7c898c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7c898c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od wielu postaci budz\u0105cych groz\u0119, duch lisa by\u0142 w cz\u0119\u015bci Chin przedmiotem prawdziwego kultu. Szczeg\u00f3lnie w p\u00f3\u0142nocnych Chinach, w okolicach Pekinu i w Mand\u017curii, cze\u015b\u0107 oddawana lisom by\u0142a rozpowszechniona jeszcze w niedawnej przesz\u0142o\u015bci.<\/p>\n<p>Lis uchodzy\u0142 tam za jedn\u0105 z \u201eczterech&#8221; lub \u201epi\u0119ciu&#8221; pot\u0119\u017cnych b\u00f3stw zwierz\u0119cych, obok \u0142asicy, je\u017ca, w\u0119\u017ca i szczura, kt\u00f3re razem by\u0142y cz\u0119sto wzywane jako <em>h\u00faxi\u0101n<\/em>, \u201eNie\u015bmiertelne Lisy&#8221;, lub pod podobnymi zaszczytymi okre\u015bleniami.<\/p>\n<p>Ta cze\u015b\u0107 by\u0142a ambiwalentna i w\u0142a\u015bnie dlatego intensywna. Lis m\u00f3g\u0142 przynosi\u0107 gospodarstwu domowemu dobrobyt, powodowa\u0107 lub leczy\u0107 choroby, by\u0107 uwik\u0142any w zjawiska op\u0119tania i przemawia\u0107 przez medium. Rodziny urz\u0105dza\u0142y ma\u0142e kapliczki, sk\u0142ada\u0142y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar dla b\u00f3stwa wyra\u017caj\u0105cy wdzi\u0119czno\u015b\u0107, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span> i stara\u0142y si\u0119 u\u0142agodzi\u0107 pot\u0119\u017cn\u0105 i kapry\u015bn\u0105 istot\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>Kult lisa nale\u017ca\u0142 tym samym do sfery lokalnej religii ludowej, nie wielkich religii instytucjonalnych, i by\u0142 cz\u0119sto zwalczany przez konfucja\u0144sk\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uznana za prawowiern\u0105 nauka.\" tabindex=\"0\">ortodoksj\u0119<\/span>, a p\u00f3\u017aniej przez nowoczesne ruchy reformatorskie jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pejoratywne okre\u015blenie przekona\u0144 uznawanych za bezpodstawnie religijne.\" tabindex=\"0\">zabobon<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Folklorystyczne i etnograficzne prace z XX wieku udokumentowa\u0142y ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142okszta\u0142t religijnych czynno\u015bci czci wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> i wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce literacki duch lisa ze zbior\u00f3w i kultycznie czczony lis ze wsi to dwie strony tego samego wyobra\u017cenia. Z religioznawczego punktu widzenia ustalenie to jest wa\u017cne, poniewa\u017c koryguje powszechne nieporozumienie: istoty nadprzyrodzone uznawane za niebezpieczne niekoniecznie s\u0105 zwalczane.<\/p>\n<p>W\u0142a\u015bnie dlatego, \u017ce lis by\u0142 pot\u0119\u017cny i nieprzewidywalny, starano si\u0119 wej\u015b\u0107 z nim w relacj\u0119, zwi\u0105za\u0107 go czci\u0105 i przeci\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 jego moc na w\u0142asn\u0105 stron\u0119. Granica mi\u0119dzy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub niejednoznaczne oddzia\u0142ywanie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwem<\/span> nie przebiega tu wed\u0142ug kryterium niebezpieczno\u015bci, lecz wed\u0142ug kwestii, czy mo\u017cna nawi\u0105za\u0107 relacj\u0119.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Powi\u0105zane artyku\u0142y<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/chiny\/\">Chiny (taoizm i wierzenia ludowe)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/yaoguai\/\">Yaoguai<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/jiangshi\/\">Jiangshi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/e-gui\/\">E Gui<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kitsune (Japonia), Kumiho (Korea), paralele<\/li>\n<li>Liaozhai Zhiyi i klasyczna literatura o lisach<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednej lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015awi\u0105tynie<\/span> Huxian i religia ludowa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">\n<p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych prac po\u015bwi\u0119conych Huli Jing:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pu Songling: <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em>. Liczne przek\u0142ady na j\u0119zyk niemiecki i angielski.<\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Kang, Xiaofei: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/cup.columbia.edu\/book\/the-cult-of-the-fox\/9780231133388\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Cult of the Fox. Power, Gender, and Popular Religion in Late Imperial and Modern China<\/a><\/em>. New York 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Huntington, Rania: <em>Alien Kind. Foxes and Late Imperial Chinese Narrative<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Karen Lucic: \u201eFox Wives and Foxes.&#8221; In: <em>Late Imperial China<\/em> 19 (1998).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Yokai<\/a><\/em>. Berkeley 2015 (dla japo\u0144skich paraleli).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W chi\u0144skiej <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142okszta\u0142t przekazanych opowiada\u0144 o bogach w obr\u0119bie danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span><\/em> Huli Jing uchodzi za ducha lisa, kt\u00f3ry przez wieki opanowa\u0142 sztuk\u0119 przemiany i w zbiorach <strong>Soushen ji<\/strong> oraz <strong>Liaozhai zhiyi<\/strong> pojawia si\u0119 raz jako niebezpieczna uwodzicielka, raz jako pomocna opiekunka.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Huli Jing, duch chi\u0144skiej tradycji Huli Jing jest duchem chi\u0144skiej tradycji. Duch lisa, uwodzicielka i poszukiwaczka o\u015bwiecenia zarazem. DuchChinyKszta\u0142tokszta\u0142tnik Spis tre\u015bci Huli Jing Huli Jing (\u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe, \u201eesencja lisa&#8221;) jest jedn\u0105 z najbardziej uobecnionych w literaturze postaci chi\u0144skiej demonologii. To lis, kt\u00f3ry przez d\u0142ugie \u017cycie i duchow\u0105 kultywacj\u0119 przybiera ludzk\u0105 posta\u0107, niemal zawsze kobiec\u0105, niemal zawsze [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8333,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Huli Jing","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Huli Jing, duch chi\u0144skiej tradycji","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Huli Jing, chi\u0144ski duch lisa: uwodzicielka i poszukiwaczka o\u015bwiecenia zarazem. Por\u00f3wnanie z Kitsune i Kumiho","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[177,161,162,157],"class_list":["post-8332","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chiny","category-demony-uwodzenia","category-duchy","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Huli Jing, duch chi\u0144skiej tradycji<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Huli Jing, chi\u0144ski duch lisa: uwodzicielka i poszukiwaczka o\u015bwiecenia zarazem. 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