{"id":8065,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:24","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/jiangshi\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:42:19","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:42:19","slug":"jiangshi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/jiangshi\/","title":{"rendered":"Jiangshi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8065\" class=\"elementor elementor-8065 elementor-1214\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiangshi, duch chi\u0144skiej tradycji<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Skacz\u0105ca zw\u0142oka \u2013 chi\u0144ska oryginalna figura wampira.<\/strong> Ten sztywny duch chi\u0144skiej tradycji przemieszcza si\u0119 skokami, \u015bcigaj\u0105c \u017cywych zgodnie z ludowymi wierzeniami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: Bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna istota, zmar\u0142y, istota przyrody, duch domowy lub stra\u017cnik prog\u00f3w. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zany z miejscem lub rodzin\u0105.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/chiny\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Chi\u0144ska religia bog\u00f3w, duch\u00f3w i ludowa, daoistyczna, buddyjska, konfucja\u0144ska.\">Chiny<\/a><a href=\"\/pl\/duchy-zmarlych\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zmarli, kt\u00f3rych duchy dzia\u0142aj\u0105 nadal w tym \u015bwiecie, duchy domowe, przodkowie, niespokojni umarli.\">Duch zmar\u0142ego<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_jiangshi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8066\" alt=\"Jiangshi - duchy z tradycji chi\u0144skiej, historyczno-ilustracyjny\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_jiangshi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_jiangshi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_jiangshi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_jiangshi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiangshi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jiangshi (\u50f5\u5c38, \u201esztywne zw\u0142oki&#8221;) jest jedn\u0105 z najbardziej ikonicznych postaci chi\u0144skiej demonologii, a zarazem rozpoznawalnym na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie motywem horroru \u2013<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motywem<\/span>. Fizycznie obecny powracaj\u0105cy umar\u0142y, typowo ubrany w str\u00f3j urz\u0119dniczy z epoki dynastii Qing, z wyci\u0105gni\u0119tymi ramionami, sztywnymi ko\u0144czynami i charakterystycznym poruszaniem si\u0119 w podskokach.<\/p><p>Jego oddech jest \u015bmierciono\u015bny: Jiangshi rozpoznaj\u0105 \u017cywych po oddechu; kto wstrzyma powietrze, jest bezpieczny. Nie wysysaj\u0105 krwi, lecz <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> (energii \u017cyciowej) lub <em>yang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em>, co czyni je strukturalnie odmiennymi od europejskiego wampira, lecz funkcjonalnie pokrewnymi.<\/p><p>Wyobra\u017cenie Jiangshi ma kilka korzeni. Jedno etymologiczne wyja\u015bnienie ludowe: \u201ew\u0119druj\u0105ce zw\u0142oki&#8221; \u2013 w czasach dynastii Qing cia\u0142a znajdowano cz\u0119sto daleko od rodzinnych stron; daoistyczni kap\u0142ani mieli prowadzi\u0107 je noc\u0105 w <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uroczysty religijny poch\u00f3d.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesji<\/span> z powrotem do ojczyzny (\u201eXiang Xi Gan Shi&#8221;, p\u0119dzenie zw\u0142ok z Xiang Xi&#8221;).<\/p><p>Inny korze\u0144: zmarli, kt\u00f3rych dusza nie mog\u0142a opu\u015bci\u0107 grobu, przemieniali si\u0119 w Jiangshi. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja, przede wszystkim za spraw\u0105 hongko\u0144skich film\u00f3w lat 80. (<em>Encounters of the Spooky Kind<\/em> Sammo Hunga, <em>Mr. Vampire<\/em> Lama Ching-Yinga), przynios\u0142a Jiangshi \u015bwiatow\u0105 s\u0142aw\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skr\u00f3cony profil: Jiangshi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Fizyczny powracaj\u0105cy umar\u0142y, poch\u0142aniacz <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">Qi<\/span><br>Pochodzenie: Wiara ludowa epoki Qing \u2013<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wyobra\u017cenia i zwyczaje religijne powszechne w \u017cyciu codziennym.\" tabindex=\"0\">wierzenia ludowe<\/span>, prawdopodobnie wywodz\u0105ca si\u0119 z daoistycznych praktyk transportu zw\u0142ok<br>Teksty: Zi Bu Yu Yuan Mei, notatniki z epoki Qing, film hongko\u0144ski<br>Okres: od dynastii Qing do wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci<br>S\u0142abo\u015bci: wstrzymanie oddechu, talizmany, krew koguta<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ludowe wierzenia epoki dynastii Qing (XVII\u2013XIX w.) jako punkt wyj\u015bcia. <em>Zi Bu Yu<\/em> (XVIII w.) Yuan Mei i inne zbiory notatnikowe opisuj\u0105 spotkania z Jiangshi. Filmy hongko\u0144skie lat 80. utrwalaj\u0105 wsp\u00f3\u0142czesny obraz. Od lat 2000. mi\u0119dzynarodowa recepcja w grach, anime i zachodniej fantastyce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar rozpowszechnienia<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chi\u0144ski obszar kulturowy, zw\u0142aszcza po\u0142udniowe Chiny i Tajwan. Dzi\u0119ki kinu hongko\u0144skiemu znany na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne chi\u0144skie wsp\u00f3lnoty diaspory piel\u0119gnuj\u0105 tradycj\u0119. Japo\u0144skie i korea\u0144skie filmy adaptuj\u0105 ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Zi Bu Yu<\/em> (XVIII w.) Yuan Mei, <em>Yuewei Caotang Biji<\/em> Ji Yuna, notatniki z epoki Qing, wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka badaj\u0105ca kultur\u0119 codzienn\u0105, zwyczaje i przekazywane wyobra\u017cenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorystyka<\/span>, filmografia (zw\u0142aszcza hongko\u0144skie filmy wampiryczne lat 80. i 90.).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i sposoby zapisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Po chi\u0144sku:<\/strong> \u50f5\u5c38 (<em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em>), \u201esztywne zw\u0142oki&#8221;; regionalnie tak\u017ce \u8df3\u5c4d (<em>ti\u00e0osh\u012b<\/em>, \u201eskacz\u0105ce zw\u0142oki&#8221;).<br>Po japo\u0144sku: <em>Kyonsh\u012b<\/em> (bezpo\u015brednie zapo\u017cyczenie).<br>Po angielsku: 'hopping vampire&#8217;, 'Chinese zombie&#8217; \u2013 oba terminy pomijaj\u0105 istotne aspekty.<br>Etymologia: \u50f5 (&#8217;sztywny, zesztywnia\u0142y&#8217;) + \u5c38 (&#8217;zw\u0142oki&#8217;) \u2013 nazwa opisuje najbardziej rzucaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 w oczy cech\u0119.<br>Stopniowanie: m\u0142ody Jiangshi (s\u0142aby), stary Jiangshi z zielonkawymi w\u0142osami i pazurami (pot\u0119\u017cny), 'kr\u00f3lewski&#8217; Jiangshi z bia\u0142ymi w\u0142osami (niebezpieczny).<\/p><p>Str\u00f3j urz\u0119dniczy z epoki dynastii Qing w klasycznym przedstawieniu ma znaczenie historyczne: wskazuje na Jiangshi jako 'istot\u0119 z innej epoki&#8217; i odpowiada postrzeganiu obco\u015bci przez lud pod mand\u017curskim panowaniem. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne filmy utrwali\u0142y t\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obraz\u00f3w i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi\u0119<\/span> na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d<\/strong><\/p><p>Sztywny, z wyci\u0105gni\u0119tymi ramionami (motyw t\u0119\u017cyzny po\u015bmiertnej \u2013<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>), blado-zielonkawy lub szarawy. Ubranie: str\u00f3j urz\u0119dnika dynastii Qing z okr\u0105g\u0142ym kapeluszem i talizmanami. Porusza si\u0119 w podskokach, nie kroczkiem. Oczy cz\u0119sto \u015bwiec\u0105ce czerwieni\u0105. U pot\u0119\u017cniejszych Jiangshi: d\u0142ugie bia\u0142e w\u0142osy, pazury, nadnaturalna si\u0142a.<\/p><p><strong>Zachowanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Aktywny noc\u0105. Rozpoznaje \u017cywych po oddechu \u2013 kto wstrzyma powietrze, jest bezpieczny. Wysysa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">Qi<\/span> \u2013 energi\u0119, zwykle przez oddychanie lub uk\u0105szenie w szyj\u0119. Mo\u017ce zdziesi\u0105tkowa\u0107 ca\u0142e wsie, je\u015bli nie zostanie w por\u0119 zwalczony.<\/p><p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p><p>Groby, kopce grobowe, opuszczone wsie, drogi noc\u0105. Przy deszczu i burzach bardziej aktywny (wzmocnienie yin). Szczeg\u00f3lnie obecny w przekazie ludowym wiejskich region\u00f3w po\u0142udniowych Chin.<\/p><p><strong>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/strong><\/p><p>Zmar\u0142y, kt\u00f3rego dusza nie opuszcza grobu z powodu niew\u0142a\u015bciwego poch\u00f3wku, gwa\u0142townej \u015bmierci, braku opieki po\u015bmiertnej lub zranienia przez z\u0142e duchy przy trumnie. Interpretacja daoistyczna: nadmiar <em>yin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> nad <em>yang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> w ciele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Jiangshi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Jiangshi w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie Jiangshi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zmar\u0142y, kt\u00f3rego dusza nie opu\u015bci\u0142a grobu; daoistycznie: brak r\u00f3wnowagi yin-yang w ciele. Mo\u017cliwe, \u017ce wywodzi si\u0119 z daoistycznych <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazywanych zwyczaj\u00f3w wsp\u00f3lnoty.\" tabindex=\"0\">zwyczaj\u00f3w<\/span> transportu zw\u0142ok, uj\u0119tych w form\u0119 literack\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przedmiot oddzia\u0142ywania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wiejskie spo\u0142eczno\u015bci, odwiedzaj\u0105cy cmentarze, podr\u00f3\u017cni w nocy, rodziny z niew\u0142a\u015bciwie pochowanymi bliskimi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przedstawienie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Str\u00f3j urz\u0119dniczy dynastii Qing, sztywno wyci\u0105gni\u0119te ramiona, blado-zielonkawy wygl\u0105d. Porusza si\u0119 w podskokach. U pot\u0119\u017cniejszych: bia\u0142e w\u0142osy, pazury, \u015bwiec\u0105ce oczy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wysysa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">Qi<\/span> (energi\u0119 \u017cyciow\u0105) \u017cywych, zwykle przez oddychanie. Mo\u017ce wyniszczy\u0107 ca\u0142e wsie. Zara\u017cenie przez uk\u0105szenie jest mo\u017cliwe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u015arodki ochronne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wstrzymanie oddechu (Jiangshi rozpoznaje \u017cywych wy\u0142\u0105cznie po oddechu), przyklejenie talizman\u00f3w Fu na czo\u0142o, miecz z drewna brzoskwiniowego, krew koguta, lepki ry\u017c (dzia\u0142a parali\u017cuj\u0105co), rytualne spalenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele do Jiangshi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pl\/upyr\/\">Upyr<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Vetala (hinduizm), wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna figura zombie, Drakula Brama Stokera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obrona i egzorcyzm daoistyczny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Pierwsze spotkanie<\/h3><p>Najwa\u017cniejsza zasada: wstrzyma\u0107 oddech. Jiangshi orientuj\u0105 si\u0119 wed\u0142ug wydechu. Nie ucieka\u0107 \u2013 ruch w podskokach jest zaskakuj\u0105co szybki. Zamiast tego sta\u0107 nieruchomo i czeka\u0107, a\u017c przeskocz\u0105.<\/p><h3>Egzorcyzm <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rytualne wyp\u0119dzenie ducha lub demona uznanego za szkodliwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoshi<\/span><\/h3><p>Daoistyczny kap\u0142an (<em>Daoshi<\/em>) przykleja \u017c\u00f3\u0142ty papier Fu z czerwonym pismem na czo\u0142o Jiangshi, co go unieruchamia. Nast\u0119pnie stosuje miecz z drewna brzoskwiniowego i krew koguta. Ostateczne unicestwienie przez spalenie, popi\u00f3\u0142 wrzuca si\u0119 do rzeki. Filmy hongko\u0144skie uczyni\u0142y t\u0119 sekwencj\u0119 ikoniczn\u0105.<\/p><h3>Profilaktyczny poch\u00f3wek<\/h3><p>Staranna opieka nad zmar\u0142ym, siedmiokrotna pie\u015b\u0144 pogrzebowa, przedmioty ochronne w trumnie, daoistyczne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Udzielanie uzdrowienia i ochrony, cz\u0119sto w ustalonej formie s\u0142ownej.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u0142ogos\u0142awie\u0144stwo<\/span> przed zamkni\u0119ciem. Drewno brzoskwiniowe przy grobie, czerwone p\u0142\u00f3tna. Tablice przodk\u00f3w w rodzinie z regularnymi ofiarami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcja i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Hongko\u0144ski film wampiryczny<\/h3><p>Lata 80. by\u0142y z\u0142otym wiekiem filmu o Jiangshi. <em>Encounters of the Spooky Kind<\/em> (1980) Sammo Hunga zapocz\u0105tkowuje trend. <em>Mr. Vampire<\/em> (1985) Ricky&#8217;ego Lau z Lamem Ching-Yingiem w roli Daoshi staje si\u0119 ikoniczny. Seria trwa do lat 90. i ugruntowuje gatunek.<\/p><h3>S\u0105siedzi wschodnioazjatyccy<\/h3><p>Japo\u0144ski Kyonsh\u012b zostaje w\u0142\u0105czony do anime i mangi, niekiedy z humorem (Jiangshi \u015bpiewaj\u0105cy karaoke w programach komediowych). Korea\u0144skie filmy zombie z lat 2010. (<em>Train to Busan<\/em>) nawi\u0105zuj\u0105 do tych motyw\u00f3w.<\/p><h3>Gry i fantastyka<\/h3><p>Gry wideo, takie jak <em>Phantom Fighter<\/em> (1988), i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne gry mobilne rozpowszechni\u0142y Jiangshi na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. Fantasy-RPG (Dungeons &#038; Dragons) w\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105 go jako specyficznego potwora. W hongko\u0144skiej kulturze popularnej pozostaje ikoniczn\u0105 postaci\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp131a655 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp131a655\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfaeff08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfaeff08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dwie dusze i logika niespokojnych zw\u0142ok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f72591 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f72591\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp47fc4fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp47fc4fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aby zrozumie\u0107 <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> \u2013 \u201esztywne zw\u0142oki&#8221; \u2013 trzeba zna\u0107 chi\u0144skie wyobra\u017cenie o wielocz\u0119\u015bciowej duszy.<\/p><p>Powszechna nauka rozr\u00f3\u017cnia dwa zespo\u0142y dusz: dusze <em>h\u00fan<\/em> przyporz\u0105dkowane Yang, l\u017cejsze, o naturze duchowej, kt\u00f3re po \u015bmierci wznosz\u0105 si\u0119 ku g\u00f3rze lub wchodz\u0105 w tablic\u0119 przodk\u00f3w, oraz dusze <em>p\u00f2<\/em> przyporz\u0105dkowane Yin, ci\u0119\u017csze, zwi\u0105zane z cia\u0142em, pozostaj\u0105ce z nim w ziemi.<\/p><p>W normalnym przebiegu zdarze\u0144 cz\u0105stki duszy rozdzielaj\u0105 si\u0119 przy \u015bmierci w spos\u00f3b uporz\u0105dkowany, cia\u0142o zostaje pochowane, <em>h\u00fan<\/em> jest otoczona opiek\u0105 przez <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kult zmar\u0142ych cz\u0142onk\u00f3w rodziny jako trwale dzia\u0142aj\u0105cych si\u0142 ochronnych.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult przodk\u00f3w<\/span>, a <em>p\u00f2<\/em> spoczywa wraz ze zw\u0142okami. <em>Ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> powstaje, gdy ten porz\u0105dek zostaje zaburzony.<\/p><p>Je\u015bli dusze <em>p\u00f2<\/em> pozostaj\u0105 aktywne, a <em>h\u00fan<\/em> nie zosta\u0142a w\u0142a\u015bciwie odprowadzona \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad dlatego, \u017ce zmar\u0142y nie by\u0142 nale\u017cycie pochowany, umar\u0142 z dala od ojczyzny, poni\u00f3s\u0142 gwa\u0142town\u0105 lub niepomstowan\u0105 \u015bmier\u0107 \u2013 w\u00f3wczas zw\u0142oki mog\u0105 si\u0119 porusza\u0107, cho\u0107 nie przebywa w nich \u017caden pe\u0142ny, \u015bwiadomy cz\u0142owiek.<\/p><p>Dlatego <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> nie jest przywr\u00f3conym do \u017cycia zmar\u0142ym z w\u0142asn\u0105 \u015bwiadomo\u015bci\u0105, lecz cia\u0142em wprawianym w ruch przez ni\u017csze cz\u0105stki duszy \u2013 pop\u0119dzanym i pozbawionym osobowo\u015bci.<\/p><p>Ta koncepcja wyja\u015bnia jego charakterystyczne cechy: sztywno\u015b\u0107, kt\u00f3ra zmusza go do poruszania si\u0119 jedynie w podskokach, bo cia\u0142o nie jest ju\u017c gi\u0119cie o\u017cywione, oraz pop\u0119d do odbierania innym si\u0142y \u017cyciowej <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W chi\u0144skim wyobra\u017ceniu czynna si\u0142a \u017cyciowa, kt\u00f3ra przenika wszystko.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em>, poniewa\u017c brakuje mu tego, co stanowi o istocie \u017cyj\u0105cego. <em>Ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> jest uciele\u015bnieniem nieudanego rozdzielenia cia\u0142a i duszy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp54b79cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp54b79cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpece7b3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpece7b3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Powr\u00f3t umar\u0142ych i geneza w realnej praktyce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6181bdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6181bdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8575ab8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8575ab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Szeroko dyskutowany kierunek wyja\u015bnie\u0144 \u0142\u0105czy wiar\u0119 w <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> z konkretn\u0105 praktyk\u0105 spo\u0142eczn\u0105: transportem zw\u0142ok na dalekie odleg\u0142o\u015bci w celu pochowania w rodzinnych stronach. Uwa\u017cano za wa\u017cne, aby cz\u0142owiek spocz\u0105\u0142 w ziemi swoich przodk\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Kto umar\u0142 z dala od ojczyzny \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad jako robotnik w\u0119drowny \u2013 mia\u0142 zosta\u0107 sprowadzony z powrotem. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Przekaz<\/span>, zw\u0142aszcza z po\u0142udniowych Chin, zna w tym kontek\u015bcie wyobra\u017cenie 'p\u0119dzenia zw\u0142ok&#8217;, przy kt\u00f3rym wyspecjalizowani m\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani przemieszczali umar\u0142ych noc\u0105 przez kraj.<\/p><p>W ludowej wersji tej opowie\u015bci zw\u0142oki transportowano w pozycji wyprostowanej, prowadzone w szeregu \u2013 opisywano to cz\u0119sto jako poch\u00f3d prowadzony przez daoist\u0119 z dzwonkiem, za kt\u00f3rym umarli pod\u0105\u017cali rodzajem skoku.<\/p><p>To, ile w tym opisie jest rzeczywist\u0105 praktyk\u0105, a ile ju\u017c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Buduj\u0105ca opowie\u015b\u0107, zazwyczaj o \u017cyciu \u015bwi\u0119tych.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0105<\/span>, jest przedmiotem sporu w badaniach; wiele wskazuje na to, \u017ce praktyczne trudno\u015bci transportu zw\u0142ok i ludowa sk\u0142onno\u015b\u0107 do opowiadania po\u0142\u0105czy\u0142y si\u0119 w ten obraz.<\/p><p>Niezale\u017cnie od dok\u0142adnego historycznego j\u0105dra, ten kompleks wyobra\u017ce\u0144 plausybilnie wyja\u015bnia dwie kluczowe cechy <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em>: wyprostowan\u0105, sztywn\u0105 postaw\u0119 oraz skacz\u0105cy spos\u00f3b poruszania si\u0119. Z religioznawczego punktu widzenia przypadek ten jest przyk\u0142adem tego, jak nadnaturalna posta\u0107 przyczepia si\u0119 do realnej troski spo\u0142ecznej.<\/p><p>L\u0119k przed \u015bmierci\u0105 na obczy\u017anie, przed niemo\u017cliwym powrotem do domu i wynikaj\u0105cym z tego zak\u0142\u00f3ceniem spokoju umar\u0142ych by\u0142 realny. <em>Ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> nada\u0142 temu l\u0119kowi wyrazist\u0105 posta\u0107: umar\u0142ego, kt\u00f3ry nie mo\u017ce odnale\u017a\u0107 drogi do domu i dlatego sam \u2013 niedoko\u0144czony i niebezpieczny \u2013 b\u0142\u0105ka si\u0119 w drodze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp481166a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp481166a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33e0864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp33e0864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u015arodki obronne i ich symboliczna logika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf4896d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf4896d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab891b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpab891b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u015arodki ochronne przed <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> s\u0105 w <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> bogato rozwini\u0119te i pod\u0105\u017caj\u0105 za sp\u00f3jn\u0105 symboliczn\u0105 logik\u0105. Najs\u0142ynniejszy z nich to ban-zettel \u2013 pasek \u017c\u00f3\u0142tego papieru z czerwonym pismem, kt\u00f3ry daoistyczny specjalista zapisuje i przykleja umar\u0142emu na czo\u0142o.<\/p><p>Nie dzia\u0142a przez fizyczn\u0105 si\u0142\u0119, lecz przez zapisane s\u0142owo tradycji rytualnej, kt\u00f3re wi\u0105\u017ce i unieruchamia niespokojne cia\u0142o.<\/p><p>Inne \u015brodki wymierzone s\u0105 w natur\u0119 yin <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em>. Poniewa\u017c jest on czyst\u0105 istot\u0105 yin, dzia\u0142aj\u0105 przeciwko niemu rzeczy uciele\u015bniaj\u0105ce silne yang: drewno brzoskwini, od dawna w chi\u0144skiej tradycji uwa\u017cane za odp\u0119dzaj\u0105ce demony, krew okre\u015blonych zwierz\u0105t, ogie\u0144, wsch\u00f3d s\u0142o\u0144ca, \u015bwiat\u0142o.<\/p><p>W <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> rol\u0119 odgrywa r\u00f3wnie\u017c lepki ry\u017c jako substancja oczyszczaj\u0105ca. Lustro mo\u017ce odstraszy\u0107 <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em>, a d\u017awi\u0119ki takie jak pianie koguta \u2013 zwiastuj\u0105ce \u015bwit \u2013 wyp\u0119dzaj\u0105 go z powrotem.<\/p><p>Osobnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motywem<\/span> jest wstrzymanie oddechu. Poniewa\u017c w wielu opowie\u015bciach <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> jest \u015blepy i namierza swoje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span> po oddechu, mo\u017cna mu umkn\u0105\u0107, wstrzymuj\u0105c oddech i nie poruszaj\u0105c si\u0119. To wyobra\u017cenie \u0142\u0105czy go z obrazem istoty kierowanej instynktem, nierozumuj\u0105cej, reaguj\u0105cej jedynie na proste bod\u017ace.<\/p><p>\u015arodki ochronne jako ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 pokazuj\u0105, \u017ce wiara w <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> by\u0142a mocno zakorzeniona w daoistycznej kulturze rytualnej i w <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wyobra\u017cenie o budowie i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata w obr\u0119bie danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span> yin-yang. \u015arodki te nie s\u0105 dowolnymi trikami, lecz wynikaj\u0105 z natury istoty: przeciwko niedoko\u0144czonym zw\u0142okom yin pomaga to, co uciele\u015bnia yang, pismo i porz\u0105dek.<\/p><p>We wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej kulturze popularnej, zw\u0142aszcza w hongko\u0144skim kinie lat 80. XX wieku, ten repertuar sta\u0142 si\u0119 podstaw\u0105 odr\u0119bnego gatunku filmowego, kt\u00f3ry sprawi\u0142, \u017ce <em>ji\u0101ngsh\u012b<\/em> sta\u0142 si\u0119 znany daleko poza Chinami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linki do dalszych tre\u015bci<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/chiny\/\">Chiny (daoizm i wierzenia ludowe)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/yaoguai\/\">Yaoguai<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/e-gui\/\">E Gui<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/huli-jing\/\">Huli Jing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/upyr\/\">Upyr<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/vetala\/\">Vetala<\/a> (hinduizm), paralele<\/li><li>Daoistyczny talizman Fu \u2013<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przedmiot, kt\u00f3remu przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie przynosz\u0105ce szcz\u0119\u015bcie lub powodzenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">talizman<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki d\u0105\u017c\u0105ce do wp\u0142ywania na bieg zdarze\u0144 przez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span><\/li><li>Gatunek hongko\u0144skiego filmu wampirycznego<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych prac po\u015bwi\u0119conych Jiangshi:<\/p><ul><li>Yuan Mei: <em>Zi Bu Yu. Was der Meister nicht erz\u00e4hlte<\/em>. Przek\u0142ady wyboru w r\u00f3\u017cnych j\u0119zykach.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pu, Shiyong: 'From Corpse to Vampire. The Jiangshi in Qing Dynasty Tales.&#8217; W: <em>Chinese Literature. Essays, Articles, Reviews<\/em> 25 (2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jin, Sang: <em>Chinese Vampire Movies 1980, 1990<\/em>. Hong Kong 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em>. New Haven 1988 (uj\u0119cie komparatystyczne).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Brunello, Annalisa: <em>The Monstrous in Modern China<\/em>. Diss. 2018.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-jiangshi-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-jiangshi-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-jiangshi\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-jiangshi-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-jiangshi-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi religioznawcz\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii przeno\u015bnych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i stanowi jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0119.<a href=\"\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jiangshi, Geist der chinesischen Tradition Die h\u00fcpfende Leiche, Chinas eigenst\u00e4ndige Vampir-Figur. GeistChinaTotengeist Inhaltsverzeichnis Jiangshi Der Jiangshi (\u50f5\u5c38, \u201estarre Leiche&#8221;) ist eine der ikonischsten Figuren der chinesischen D\u00e4monologie und zugleich ein weltweit bekanntes Horror-Motiv. Ein k\u00f6rperlich pr\u00e4senter Wiederg\u00e4nger, typisch in Qing-Dynastie-Amtstracht, mit ausgestreckten Armen, steifen Gliedern und der charakteristischen Fortbewegung in Spr\u00fcngen. Sein Atem ist t\u00f6dlich: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8066,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Jiangshi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Jiangshi, duch z chi\u0144skiej tradycji","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Jiangshi (\u50f5\u5c38, \u201esztywne zw\u0142oki\") to jedna z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych postaci chi\u0144skiej demonologii, a zarazem znany na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie motyw horroru.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[177,162,157],"class_list":["post-8065","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chiny","category-duchy","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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