{"id":8043,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:14","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mara\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:39:09","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:39:09","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8043\" class=\"elementor elementor-8043 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, b\u00f3g tradycji buddyjskiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kusiciel przy drzewie Bodhi, w\u0142adca \u015bwiata zmys\u0142\u00f3w.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">Kuszenie Buddy przez Mar\u0119<\/h2>\n<p>G\u0142\u00f3wna scena Mary to <strong>kuszenie Bodhisattwy Siddharthy<\/strong> pod <strong>drzewem Bodhi<\/strong> w Bodhgaja. Przekazywane s\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nale\u017c\u0105cy do kanonicznie uznanego zbioru pism danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonicznie<\/span> trzy fazy: po pierwsze pojawienie si\u0119 z <strong>hordami demon\u00f3w<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, po\u017c\u0105danie, rozkosz, niech\u0119\u0107); po drugie wys\u0142anie jego <strong>trzech c\u00f3rek<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) w uwodzicielskiej postaci; po trzecie \u2013 zakwestionowanie przez w\u0105tpliwo\u015bci i roszczenie (\u201eKto jest \u015bwiadkiem twoich zas\u0142ug?&#8221;).<\/p><p>Siddhartha dotyka ziemi gestem <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, a bogini ziemi za\u015bwiadcza o jego doskona\u0142o\u015bci. Mara ponosi pora\u017ck\u0119. Jego cztery hordy to <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (po\u017c\u0105danie), <em>arati<\/em> (niepok\u00f3j), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (g\u0142\u00f3d i pragnienie), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (\u017c\u0105dza). W buddyzmie mahajany Mara rozszerza si\u0119 do <strong>czterech Mar<\/strong>: Skandha-Mara (pi\u0119\u0107 agregat\u00f3w), Klesha-Mara (z\u0142udzenia), Mrityu-Mara (\u015bmier\u0107), Devaputra-Mara (niebia\u0144skie kuszenie).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ bogini: Uosobiona najwy\u017csza moc w panteonie danej kultury, z wyra\u017anie okre\u015blonymi obszarami odpowiedzialno\u015bci \u2013 si\u0142y natury, los, wojna, p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107. Czczona poprzez kulty, ofiary i instytucje \u015bwi\u0105tynne.\">B\u00f3g<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/buddyzm\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradycja buddyjska z bodhisattwami, b\u00f3stwami ochronnymi, duchami g\u0142odnych i stra\u017cnikami piekie\u0142.\">Buddyzm<\/a><a href=\"\/pl\/antybogowie\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Moce chaosu i kosmiczni antagoni\u015bci, oponenci w religijno-historycznym dualizmie.\">Anty-b\u00f3g<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8024\" alt=\"Mara - Bogowie z tradycji buddyjskiej, historyczno-ilustracyjnie\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara jest centraln\u0105 postaci\u0105 antagonistyczn\u0105 tradycji buddyjskiej. Jego najs\u0142ynniejsza scena to noc poprzedzaj\u0105ca przebudzenie Buddy: pod drzewem Bodhi w Bodhgaja Mara wysy\u0142a sw\u0105 armi\u0119 i trzy c\u00f3rki \u2013 po\u017c\u0105danie, niech\u0119\u0107, chciwo\u015b\u0107 \u2013 by odwie\u015b\u0107 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"W buddyzmie mahajany: o\u015bwiecona istota, kt\u00f3ra odracza w\u0142asne wyzwolenie na rzecz nauczania innych istot.\">Bodhisattw\u0119<\/span> od o\u015bwiecenia.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"W buddyzmie mahajany: o\u015bwiecona istota, kt\u00f3ra odracza swoje wyzwolenie na rzecz nauczania innych istot.\">Bodhisattwa<\/span> dotyka ziemi na \u015bwiadka, ziemia dr\u017cy, Mara si\u0119 wycofuje. Scena ta jest ikonograficznie rozpowszechniona na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie i teologicznie centralna.<\/p><p>Mara nie jest kosmicznym przeciw-bogiem w sensie monoteistycznym. Jest w\u0142adc\u0105 <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (\u015bwiata zmys\u0142\u00f3w) \u2013 postaci\u0105 dewy, kt\u00f3ra przez przywi\u0105zanie i pych\u0119 sta\u0142a si\u0119 przeszkod\u0105 na \u015bcie\u017cce.<\/p><p>W rozszerzonej wyk\u0142adni buddyjskiej istniej\u0105 cztery Mary: Skandha-Mara (agregaty), Kleshamara (zanieczyszczenia), Marana-Mara (\u015bmier\u0107), Devaputra-Mara (Deva-Mara, posta\u0107 personalna). Wszystkie oznaczaj\u0105 przeszkody na drodze do wyzwolenia. Czyni to nauk\u0119 o Marze wszechstronn\u0105 teori\u0105 tego, co stoi na drodze praktyce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00f3tki profil: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> kusiciel, w\u0142adca \u015bwiata zmys\u0142\u00f3w<br>Pochodzenie: dewa Kamadhatu; wed\u0142ug niekt\u00f3rych tekst\u00f3w \u2013 upad\u0142y z powodu pychy<br>Cztery Mary: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Teksty: Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uznany za wi\u0105\u017c\u0105cy zbi\u00f3r \u015bwi\u0119tych pism danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span> (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jataki<br>Okres: V w. p.n.e. \u2013 wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po\u015bwiadczony za czas\u00f3w Buddy (V w. p.n.e.). Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uznany za wi\u0105\u017c\u0105cy zbi\u00f3r \u015bwi\u0119tych pism danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span> (III w. p.n.e. \u2013 I w. n.e.) z licznymi epizodami dotycz\u0105cymi Mary. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eWielki W\u00f3z&quot;; jedna z trzech g\u0142\u00f3wnych tradycji buddyzmu, z idea\u0142em bodhisattwy i rozbudowan\u0105 refleksj\u0105 filozoficzn\u0105.\">Sutry mahajany<\/span> rozwijaj\u0105 temat (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eDiamentowy W\u00f3z&quot;; tantryczna forma buddyzmu mahajany, obecna przede wszystkim w Tybecie, z praktyk\u0105 yidam i technik\u0105 mantry w centrum.\">Wad\u017crajana<\/span> w\u0142\u0105cza Mar\u0119 w tantryczne praktyki ochronne. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna praktyka buddyjska na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar rozpowszechnienia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pochodzenie: Indie P\u00f3\u0142nocne; wraz z buddyzmem do Sri Lanki, Azji Po\u0142udniowo-Wschodniej, Azji Wschodniej, Tybetu i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych globalnych wsp\u00f3lnot buddyjskich. Lokalne wizerunki Mary w ca\u0142ej Azji, tajskie malarstwo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tynne<\/span>, tybeta\u0144skie thanki, japo\u0144skie drzeworyty.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), liczne opowie\u015bci Jataka, Lalitavistara (biografia Buddy w tradycji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Wielki W\u00f3z; jedna z trzech g\u0142\u00f3wnych tradycji buddyzmu, z idea\u0142em bodhisattwy.\">mahajany<\/span>), tybeta\u0144ska tradycja komentarzy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskryt i pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Przydomki: Papiyas (\u201eGorszy&#8221;), Kanha (\u201eCzarny&#8221;), Namuci (\u201eNie uwalniaj\u0105cy&#8221;), Antaka (\u201e\u015amier\u0107&#8221;).<br>Cztery Mary (nauka o czterech Marach): Skandha-Mara (agregaty jako przeszkoda), Kleshamara (duchowe zanieczyszczenia), Marana-Mara (\u015bmier\u0107), Devaputra-Mara (personalna Mara).<br>Wschodnioazjatyckie: chi\u0144ski \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), japo\u0144ski <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>Nauka o czterech Marach czyni z Mary co\u015b wi\u0119cej ni\u017c posta\u0107 personaln\u0105: staje si\u0119 ona systemem opisuj\u0105cym wszystko, co blokuje \u015bcie\u017ck\u0119. Jest to filozoficznie bardzo bogate i wyja\u015bnia, dlaczego Mary nie trzeba po prostu pokona\u0107 \u2013 przezwyci\u0119\u017ca si\u0119 j\u0105 przez wgl\u0105d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d<\/strong><\/p><p>Jako pi\u0119kna dewa Kamadhatu w pe\u0142nym majestacie, m\u0142odzie\u0144cza, promienna. W ataku na Budd\u0119: na s\u0142oniu, z wielk\u0105 armi\u0105, otoczona c\u00f3rkami. W gniewie: gro\u017ana, z broni\u0105, ziej\u0105ca ogniem. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bci obraz\u00f3w i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ikonografia<\/span> r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 w zale\u017cno\u015bci od tradycji i epizodu.<\/p><p><strong>Zachowanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Nie gwa\u0142towna, lecz uwodzicielska i psychologiczna. Mara posy\u0142a bod\u017ace zmys\u0142owe, strach, w\u0105tpliwo\u015bci w siebie, pych\u0119, u\u017calanie si\u0119 nad sob\u0105. Jego trzy c\u00f3rki \u2013 Tanha (po\u017c\u0105danie), Arati (niech\u0119\u0107), Raga (chciwo\u015b\u0107) \u2013 ilustruj\u0105 typowe sposoby ataku.<\/p><p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p><p>Ca\u0142y \u015bwiat zmys\u0142\u00f3w (Kamadhatu) jest jego kr\u00f3lestwem. Jego moc si\u0119ga tak daleko, jak daleko istoty przywi\u0105zane s\u0105 do zmys\u0142owo\u015bci. Szczeg\u00f3lnie aktywny okazuje si\u0119 na progach przebudzenia \u2013 przy momencie drzewa Bodhi lub podczas zaawansowanej medytacji.<\/p><p><strong>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/strong><\/p><p>Jest dew\u0105, a nie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie szkodliwe lub dwuznaczne.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> w zachodnim sensie. Jego posta\u0107 \u0142\u0105czy pozycj\u0119 kosmologiczn\u0105 (w\u0142adca Kamadhatu) z funkcj\u0105 psychologiczn\u0105 (reprezentant wszelkich przeszk\u00f3d). W niekt\u00f3rych tradycjach, po swojej kl\u0119sce, staje si\u0119 nawet uczniem Buddy i nawraca si\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Mary w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie Mary<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dewa Kamadhatu, w\u0142adca \u015bwiata zmys\u0142\u00f3w. W niekt\u00f3rych tekstach upad\u0142y z powodu pychy. W rozszerzonej nauce: Cztery Mary jako og\u00f3lna teoria przeszk\u00f3d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W odniesieniu do<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wszystkie istoty przywi\u0105zane do zmys\u0142owo\u015bci. Szczeg\u00f3lnie aktywny wobec zaawansowanych medytuj\u0105cych i na progach przebudzenia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pi\u0119kna dewa w majestacie; na s\u0142oniu z armi\u0105; z trzema c\u00f3rkami (po\u017c\u0105danie, niech\u0119\u0107, chciwo\u015b\u0107). W gniewie \u2013 jako gro\u017any wojownik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nie przez przemoc, lecz przez sugesti\u0119: strach, w\u0105tpliwo\u015bci, po\u017c\u0105danie, pycha. Psychologicznie wyrafinowany, zna ka\u017cdego cz\u0142owieka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gest dotkni\u0119cia ziemi (Bhumisparsha-Mudra), recytacja tekst\u00f3w paritta, Metta-Bhavana (medytacja \u017cyczliwo\u015bci), m\u0105dro\u015b\u0107 i uwa\u017cno\u015b\u0107 jako podstawowa ochrona. Nie unicestwienie, lecz przejrzenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpowiedniki<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pl\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, hinduistyczny Kama jako b\u00f3g mi\u0142o\u015bci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Post\u0119powanie w codzienno\u015bci<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Praktyka rytualna<\/strong><\/p><p>Recytacja paritta (Theravada) w krytycznych momentach. Ratana Sutta (\u201eSutta Klejnot\u00f3w&#8221;) i Karaniya Metta Sutta jako centralne teksty ochronne. W tradycji mahajany <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"B\u0142agalne lub przyzywaj\u0105ce zwracanie si\u0119 do b\u00f3stwa lub mocy.\" tabindex=\"0\">wzywanie<\/span> bodhisattw\u00f3w (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) przeciwko wp\u0142ywom Mary.<\/p><p><strong>Praktyka medytacyjna<\/strong><\/p><p>Najwa\u017cniejsza \u201eobrona&#8221; przed Mar\u0105 to \u017cadna obrona, lecz przejrzenie. Uwa\u017cno\u015b\u0107 (sati), wgl\u0105d (vipassana), \u017cyczliwo\u015b\u0107 (metta) \u2013 wszystkie trzy os\u0142abiaj\u0105 moc Mary, poniewa\u017c nie ulegaj\u0105 jej wabieniu. Gest dotkni\u0119cia ziemi przez Budd\u0119 jest pra-obrazem tej praktyki.<\/p><p><strong>Transformacja w Wad\u017crajanie<\/strong><\/p><p>W tradycjach tantrycznych energia Mary nie jest zwalczana, lecz transformowana przez gniewne b\u00f3stwa medytacyjne (Yamantaka, Heruka). Posta\u0107 gniewnego opiekuna jest strukturalnie powi\u0105zana z energi\u0105 Mary \u2013 tylko w zmienionej formie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele i recepcja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralele religijne:<\/strong> Satan i Iblis pe\u0142ni\u0105 podobn\u0105 funkcj\u0119 kusiciela. R\u00f3\u017cnica: Mara dzia\u0142a w obr\u0119bie systemu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie, buddyzmie i d\u017cinizmie: prawo przyczyny i skutku dzia\u0142a\u0144 \u2013 ka\u017cdy czyn oddzia\u0142uje na kolejne egzystencje.\">karmy<\/span>, a nie jako kosmiczny przeciw-b\u00f3g. Jego rola jest strukturalnie konieczna, a nie z\u0142a w sensie absolutnym.<\/p><p><strong>Interpretacja psychologiczna:<\/strong> Wsp\u00f3\u0142cze\u015bni nauczyciele buddyjscy (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) odczytuj\u0105 Mar\u0119 w du\u017cej mierze psychologicznie: jako sum\u0119 wewn\u0119trznych opor\u00f3w wobec \u015bcie\u017cki. Czyni to posta\u0107 bezpo\u015brednio aktualn\u0105 dla dzisiejszych medytuj\u0105cych.<\/p><p><strong>Sztuka i kultura popularna:<\/strong> Scena ataku Mary jest jednym z najwa\u017cniejszych motyw\u00f3w ikonograficznych buddyzmu na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. Obrazowo \u2013 od Gandahary (II\u2013V w.) przez Borobudur po wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne japo\u0144skie mangi. W grach wideo i powie\u015bciach fantasy Mara jest postaci\u0105 sta\u0142\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kuszenie pod drzewem Bodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centralnym epizodem mitu o Marze jest jej atak na jeszcze nieprzebudzonego Budd\u0119 \u2013 Bodhisattw\u0119 Siddharth\u0119 Gautam\u0119 \u2013 w nocy poprzedzaj\u0105cej jego przebudzenie pod figowcem w pobli\u017cu Bodhgaja.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span> jest jej atak na jeszcze nieprzebudzonego Budd\u0119 \u2013 Bodhisattw\u0119 Siddharth\u0119 Gautam\u0119 \u2013 w nocy poprzedzaj\u0105cej jego przebudzenie pod figowcem w pobli\u017cu Bodhgaja.<\/p><p>Opowie\u015b\u0107 ta przekazywana jest w licznych tekstach, mi\u0119dzy innymi w <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> Kanonu Palijskiego oraz szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo w p\u00f3\u017aniejszych biografiach, takich jak <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> A\u015bwaghoszy i <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara rozpoznaje, \u017ce Bodhisattwa jest bliski prze\u0142omu i wymknie si\u0119 jego w\u0142adaniu nad \u015bwiatem narodzin i \u015bmierci. Najpierw wysy\u0142a swoje hordy \u2013 przera\u017caj\u0105cy zast\u0119p demonicznych postaci atakuj\u0105cych z broni\u0105, burz\u0105, ogniem i ciemno\u015bci\u0105.<\/p><p>Lecz wszystkie pociski zamieniaj\u0105 si\u0119 w kwiaty, gdy dosi\u0119gaj\u0105 medytuj\u0105cego Bodhisattw\u0119. Nast\u0119pnie Mara wysy\u0142a swoje c\u00f3rki, zwane w niekt\u00f3rych tekstach Tanha, Arati i Raga (pragnienie, niech\u0119\u0107, rozkosz), by uwiod\u0142y ascet\u0119, jednak i to nie przynosi skutku.<\/p><p>Na koniec Mara podaje w w\u0105tpliwo\u015b\u0107 prawo Bodhisattwy do zaj\u0119cia miejsca przebudzenia. Bodhisattwa dotyka praw\u0105 r\u0119k\u0105 ziemi i wzywa j\u0105 na \u015bwiadka zas\u0142ug nagromadzonych przez niezliczone \u017cywoty. Ziemia za\u015bwiadcza, Mara zostaje pokonany i wycofuje si\u0119.<\/p><p>Ten gest \u2013 <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em>, gest dotkni\u0119cia ziemi \u2013 sta\u0142 si\u0119 najcz\u0119stszym sposobem przedstawiania Buddy w ca\u0142ej sztuce buddyjskiej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara jako zasada psychologiczna w nauce kanonicznej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W najstarszych tekstach Kanonu Palijskiego Mara nie jest tylko postaci\u0105 narracyjn\u0105, lecz r\u00f3wnie\u017c poj\u0119ciem doktrynalnym. S\u0142owo <em>mara<\/em> wywodzi si\u0119 z rdzenia oznaczaj\u0105cego \u015bmier\u0107 i dos\u0142ownie znaczy 'ten, kt\u00f3ry zabija&#8217; lub '\u015bmier\u0107&#8217;. Mara uosabia wszystko, co wi\u0105\u017ce istoty z ko\u0142em narodzin i \u015bmierci.<\/p><p>Tradycja komentatorska rozr\u00f3\u017cnia kilka aspekt\u00f3w lub rodzaj\u00f3w Mary. Wymienia si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy innymi Mar\u0119 jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwo<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mar\u0119 jako pi\u0119\u0107 grup istnienia (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mar\u0119 jako duchowe zanieczyszczenia (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>) i Mar\u0119 jako sam\u0105 \u015bmier\u0107 (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mara jest zatem zarazem konkretnym antagonist\u0105 i szyfrem wewn\u0119trznych si\u0142 uniemo\u017cliwiaj\u0105cych wyzwolenie.<\/p><p>W <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em> znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 liczne kr\u00f3tkie spotkania, w kt\u00f3rych Mara objawia si\u0119 Buddzie lub jego mnichom i mniszkom, by ich niepokoi\u0107, rozprasza\u0107 lub wzbudza\u0107 w\u0105tpliwo\u015bci. Godna uwagi jest postawa przebudzonych postaci: po prostu rozpoznaj\u0105 Mar\u0119, zwracaj\u0105 si\u0119 do niego po imieniu \u2013 i tym samym traci on sw\u0105 moc.<\/p><p>Tradycja Theravady cz\u0119sto odczytuje te sceny jako alegorie stan\u00f3w wewn\u0119trznych. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka badaj\u0105ca religie w spos\u00f3b por\u00f3wnawczy i bez zwi\u0105zku z wyznaniem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religioznawstwo<\/span> podkre\u015bla, \u017ce we wczesnym buddyzmie poziom mityczny i psychologiczny nie by\u0142y rozdzielone, lecz postrzegane jako dwie strony tego samego zagadnienia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pozycja Mary w buddyjskiej kosmologii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W buddyjskim obrazie \u015bwiata Mara nie jest antagonist\u0105 spoza \u015bwiata, lecz sam stanowi cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 kosmosu odradzania si\u0119. Uznawany jest za w\u0142adc\u0119 najwy\u017cszego nieba \u015bwiata zmys\u0142\u00f3w \u2013 w niekt\u00f3rych tekstach za mieszka\u0144ca nieba <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mara jest zatem pot\u0119\u017cn\u0105 istot\u0105 o d\u0142ugim \u017cyciu i wielkiej mocy, ale nie jest wieczna ani wyzwolona.<\/p><p>Jego zainteresowanie udaremnieniem przebudzenia wyja\u015bnia si\u0119 w\u0142a\u015bnie t\u0105 pozycj\u0105. Dop\u00f3ki istoty pozostaj\u0105 w kole odradzania si\u0119, pozostaj\u0105 w granicach w\u0142adzy Mary. Kto osi\u0105ga wyzwolenie, wymyka si\u0119 tej w\u0142adzy. Mara nie jest zatem absolutnym z\u0142em w sensie kosmicznego dualizmu, lecz moc\u0105 w obr\u0119bie uwarunkowanego \u015bwiata, broni\u0105c\u0105 w\u0142asnego obszaru.<\/p><p>Ta konstrukcja wyra\u017anie odr\u00f3\u017cnia buddyzm od religii dualistycznych, w kt\u00f3rych zasada z\u0142a stoi naprzeciw dobra jako r\u00f3wnorz\u0119dna. Mara jest pot\u0119\u017cna, ale zasadniczo mo\u017cliwa do przezwyci\u0119\u017cenia, a jej kl\u0119ska nie jest zniszczeniem wroga, lecz prostym wy\u015blizgni\u0119ciem si\u0119 spod jej wp\u0142ywu.<\/p><p>Badania wskaza\u0142y, \u017ce p\u00f3\u017aniejsze tradycje \u2013 zw\u0142aszcza mahajana \u2013 r\u00f3\u017cnicowa\u0142y rol\u0119 Mary, a niekiedy nawet naucza\u0142y, \u017ce przebudzona istota mo\u017ce spotyka\u0107 Mar\u0119 z wsp\u00f3\u0142czuciem, poniewa\u017c i ona jest cierpi\u0105c\u0105 istot\u0105 w kole egzystencji.<\/p><p>Daleka paralela postaci kusiciela pojawia si\u0119 w innych religiach, na przyk\u0142ad w postaci, kt\u00f3r\u0105 <a href=\"\/pl\/archaniol-michal\/\">teksty chrze\u015bcija\u0144skie<\/a> znaj\u0105 jako antagonist\u0119 \u2013 jednak kosmologiczna klasyfikacja jest zasadniczo odmienna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze powi\u0105zania<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/buddyzm\/\">Buddyzm<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/pl\/straznicy-naraki\/\">Stra\u017cnicy Naraki<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a> (paralele kusiciela)<\/li><li>Przebudzenie Buddy pod drzewem Bodhi<\/li><li>Nauka o czterech Marach (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura naukowa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych opracowa\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych Mary:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (t\u0142um. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cz\u0119sto zadawane pytania dotycz\u0105ce Mary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Kim jest Mara w tradycji buddyjskiej?<\/h3><p>Mara (sanskryt: \u015bmier\u0107, kusiciel) jest w buddyzmie personifikacj\u0105 pokusy, \u015bwiatowego przywi\u0105zania i \u015bmierci.<\/p><p>Mara stan\u0105\u0142 naprzeciw Buddy pod drzewem Bodhi i pr\u00f3bowa\u0142 powstrzyma\u0107 go od o\u015bwiecenia \u2013 hordami demon\u00f3w, trzema c\u00f3rkami (po\u017c\u0105danie, niech\u0119\u0107, rozkosz) oraz zarzutem, \u017ce Budda nie ma prawa do o\u015bwiecenia. Budda dotkn\u0105\u0142 ziemi, kt\u00f3ra wezwana zosta\u0142a jako \u015bwiadek, i pokona\u0142 Mar\u0119 przez niez\u0142omno\u015b\u0107.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Czym s\u0105 cztery Mary w buddyzmie?<\/h3><p>Nauka buddyjska rozr\u00f3\u017cnia cztery aspekty Mary: (1) Skandha-Mara \u2013 pokusa przez pi\u0119\u0107 grup istnienia (cia\u0142o, uczucie, percepcja, formacje umys\u0142owe, \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107); (2) Klesha-Mara \u2013 pokusa przez zanieczyszczenia (chciwo\u015b\u0107, nienawi\u015b\u0107, z\u0142udzenie); (3) Mrtyu-Mara \u2013 sama \u015bmier\u0107; (4) Devaputra-Mara \u2013 niebia\u0144ski kusiciel (posta\u0107 spersonalizowana). Wszystkie cztery nale\u017cy przekroczy\u0107 na drodze do wyzwolenia.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Kim jest Mara w tradycji buddyjskiej?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mara (sanskryt: \u015bmier\u0107, kusiciel) jest w buddyzmie personifikacj\u0105 pokusy, \u015bwiatowego przywi\u0105zania i \u015bmierci. Mara stan\u0105\u0142 naprzeciw Buddy pod drzewem Bodhi i pr\u00f3bowa\u0142 powstrzyma\u0107 go od o\u015bwiecenia \u2013 hordami demon\u00f3w, trzema c\u00f3rkami (po\u017c\u0105danie, niech\u0119\u0107, rozkosz) oraz zarzutem, \u017ce Budda nie ma prawa do o\u015bwiecenia. Budda dotkn\u0105\u0142 ziemi \u2013 kt\u00f3ra wezwana zosta\u0142a jako \u015bwiadek \u2013 i pokona\u0142 Mar\u0119 przez niez\u0142omno\u015b\u0107.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Czym s\u0105 cztery Mary w buddyzmie?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Nauka buddyjska rozr\u00f3\u017cnia cztery aspekty Mary: (1) Skandha-Mara \u2013 pokusa przez pi\u0119\u0107 grup istnienia (cia\u0142o, uczucie, percepcja, formacje umys\u0142owe, \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107); (2) Klesha-Mara \u2013 pokusa przez zanieczyszczenia (chciwo\u015b\u0107, nienawi\u015b\u0107, z\u0142udzenie); (3) Mrtyu-Mara \u2013 sama \u015bmier\u0107; (4) Devaputra-Mara \u2013 niebia\u0144ski kusiciel (posta\u0107 spersonalizowana). Wszystkie cztery nale\u017cy przekroczy\u0107 na drodze do wyzwolenia.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mara, Gott der buddhistischen Tradition Der Versucher am Bodhibaum, Herr der Sinnenwelt. Maras Versuchung des Buddha Maras Hauptszene ist die Versuchung des Bodhisattva Siddhartha unter dem Bodhi-Baum in Bodhgaya. Drei Phasen werden kanonisch berichtet: erstens das Erscheinen mit Heeren der D\u00e4monen (Trishna, Raga, Arati, Begierde, Lust, Unlust); zweitens die Aussendung seiner drei T\u00f6chter (Tanha, Arati, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8024,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mara buddyjski kusiciel","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mara, b\u00f3g tradycji buddyjskiej","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mara to centralny przeciwnik w tradycji buddyjskiej. 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