{"id":8040,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:12","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yakshini\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:38:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:38:41","slug":"yakshini","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/yakshini\/","title":{"rendered":"Yakshini"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8040\" class=\"elementor elementor-8040 elementor-1206\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yakshini, duch tradycji hinduistycznej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Duch natury mi\u0119dzy p\u0142odno\u015bci\u0105 a zagro\u017ceniem.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: istota bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna, zmar\u0142y, istota natury, duch domowy lub stra\u017cnik prog\u00f3w. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zana z miejscem lub rodzin\u0105.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/hinduizm\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduistyczne \u015bwiaty bog\u00f3w, asur\u00f3w i ochrony, od wedyjskich po tantryczne.\">Hinduizm<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_hinduismus_yakshini-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8041\" alt=\"Yakshini - duchy z tradycji hinduistycznej, historyczno-ilustracyjne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_hinduismus_yakshini-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_hinduismus_yakshini-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_hinduismus_yakshini-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_hinduismus_yakshini.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yakshini<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yakshini jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 wp\u0142yw na \u015bwiat.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> tradycji hinduistycznej.<\/p><p>Yakshini (\u017ce\u0144ska forma Yakshy) jest jedn\u0105 z najbardziej ambiwalentnych postaci indyjskiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142okszta\u0142t przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span>. Jako duch natury zwi\u0105zany z drzewami, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ami i skarbami, jest zazwyczaj dobroczynna: posta\u0107 ochronna, symbol p\u0142odno\u015bci, klasyczny motyw ikonograficzny na kolumnach \u015bwi\u0105tynnych (Salabhanjika, kobieta przy drzewie). W ludowym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> i tradycji tantrycznej jawi si\u0119 jednak tak\u017ce jako gro\u017ana: porywaczka dzieci, uwodzicielka, sprawczyni \u015bmierci drzew.<\/p><p>Klasa Yakshy (zar\u00f3wno m\u0119ska, jak i \u017ce\u0144ska) stoi na granicy mi\u0119dzy tym, co boskie, a tym, co demoniczne; jej panem jest Kubera, b\u00f3g skarb\u00f3w i stra\u017cnik P\u00f3\u0142nocy, zwi\u0105zany z Himalajami jako kr\u00f3lestwem Yaksh\u00f3w \u2013 Alaka.<\/p><p>W tradycji buddyjskiej Yakshini s\u0105 cz\u0119sto nawr\u00f3cone i staj\u0105 si\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i w\u0142a\u015bciwy porz\u0105dek post\u0119powania.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmy<\/span>\u00adstra\u017cniczkami. W d\u017cinizmie tworz\u0105 sta\u0142y system 24 bogi\u0144 ochronnych (Shasana-Devatas) 24 Tirthankr\u00f3w. S\u0142awne literacko: Meghaduta Kalidasy, w kt\u00f3rej wygnany Yaksha posy\u0142a swojej Yakshini wiadomo\u015b\u0107 przez chmur\u0119.<\/p><div><p><strong>Korzenie wedyjskie i rozw\u00f3j epicki<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Yakshini<\/em> pojawia si\u0119 po raz pierwszy w Wedach jako istota natury bez wyra\u017anej kategorii p\u0142ci. W Rygwedzie <em>Yaksha<\/em> s\u0105 wzmiankowane jako moce bezcielesne lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesne, cz\u0119sto w zwi\u0105zku z dostatkiem i ro\u015blinno\u015bci\u0105. Wraz z wielkimi eposami \u2013 Mahabharat\u0105 i Ramajan\u0105 \u2013 Yakshini staj\u0105 si\u0119 samodzielnymi postaciami. Pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 jako towarzyszki, uwodzicielki i stra\u017cniczki \u015bwi\u0119tych miejsc.<\/p><p>Centralnym tekstem jest <em>Yaksha Prashna<\/em>, filozoficzny dialog w Mahabharacie, w kt\u00f3rym Yaksha zadaje mistyczne pytania. Posta\u0107 Yakshy jest tu rodzaju m\u0119skiego, jednak Yakshini przejmuje podobne funkcje: jest stra\u017cniczk\u0105 granic i nosicielk\u0105 ukrytej wiedzy.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szybki przegl\u0105d: Yakshini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> duch natury, ambiwalentna si\u0142a ochronna<br>Pochodzenie: \u015bwita Kubery, przedindoaryjskie kulty drzew i wody<br>Teksty: Mahabharata, Purany, Meghaduta Kalidasy, teksty d\u017cinijskie, Tantry<br>Okres: od wedyjskiego do wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci<br>Powi\u0105zania: Kubera (b\u00f3g skarb\u00f3w), 24 d\u017cinijskie boginie ochronne Tirthankr\u00f3w<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Archeologicznie uchwytna od okresu Maurj\u00f3w (ok. III w. p.n.e.) dzi\u0119ki licznym pos\u0105gom Yakshini. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a literackie w Mahabharacie, Puranach, u Kalidasy (IV\/V w. n.e.). Tradycja d\u017cinijska usystematyzowana. Tantryczna Yakshini-Sadhana od I tysi\u0105clecia n.e. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka badaj\u0105ca kultur\u0119 codzienn\u0105, obyczaje i przekazywane wyobra\u017cenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorystyka<\/span> ukazuje nieprzerwan\u0105 tradycj\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar wyst\u0119powania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Subkontynent indyjski; tradycja d\u017cinijska szczeg\u00f3lnie w Gujaracie, Rad\u017castanie, Karnatace. Recepcja w Azji Po\u0142udniowo-Wschodniej g\u0142\u00f3wnie za po\u015brednictwem misji buddyjskiej; Yakshini w Borobudur, Angkorze, \u015bwi\u0105tyniach tajskich.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahabharata, Purany, Kalidasy <em>Meghaduta<\/em>, teksty d\u017cinijskie (Kalpasutra, Tiloyapannatti), tantryczne podr\u0119czniki Yakshini-Sadhany, bogactwo ikonograficzne na reliefach <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tynnych<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwy i pisownia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>yak\u1e63i\u1e47\u012b<\/em> (\u017ce\u0144ski), <em>yak\u1e63a<\/em> (m\u0119ski).<br>Etymologia: prawdopodobnie od <em>yak\u1e63<\/em> \u201eby\u0107 szybkim&#8221; lub \u201esk\u0142ada\u0107 ofiary&#8221;; niepewny rdze\u0144.<br>D\u017cinijska lista 24: sta\u0142y spis Shasana-Devatas, w tym Ambika, Padmavati, Chakreshvari.<br>Znane hinduistyczne Yakshini: Hidimba (Mahabharata, tak\u017ce Rakshasi), Punyajani, r\u00f3\u017cne postacie tantryczne.<\/p><p>Tradycja d\u017cinijska usystematyzowa\u0142a wyobra\u017cenie Yakshini i przyporz\u0105dkowa\u0142a ka\u017cdemu z 24 Tirthankr\u00f3w jedn\u0105 \u017ce\u0144sk\u0105 b\u00f3stwo ochronne. Tworzy to zamkni\u0119ty system \u017ce\u0144skich si\u0142 ochronnych, wyra\u017anie widoczny w \u015bwi\u0105tyniach d\u017cinijskich.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d<\/strong><\/p><p>Pi\u0119kna, pe\u0142nobiusta, szerokie biodra, wyra\u017ana symbolika p\u0142odno\u015bci. Standardowy motyw <em>Salabhanjika<\/em>: Yakshini opieraj\u0105ca si\u0119 o drzewo Shala, z d\u0142oni\u0105 na ga\u0142\u0119zi. Cz\u0119sto z drzewem, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em, dzbanem skarb\u00f3w. W negatywnym uj\u0119ciu: b\u0142yszcz\u0105ce oczy, ostre paznokcie, rozpuszczone w\u0142osy.<\/p><p><strong>Zachowanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Zasadniczo dobroczynna jako stra\u017cniczka. Mo\u017ce obdarza\u0107 p\u0142odno\u015bci\u0105, wskazywa\u0107 skarby, chroni\u0107 ascet\u00f3w. W negatywnym wariancie: uwodzi m\u0142odych m\u0119\u017cczyzn, odbiera \u017cyciodajn\u0105 si\u0142\u0119, sprowadza zag\u0142ad\u0119 drzew. W praktyce tantrycznej zmuszona do s\u0142u\u017cby przez rytua\u0142 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ustalona sekwencja symbolicznych dzia\u0142a\u0144 o znaczeniu religijnym lub kulturowym.\" tabindex=\"0\">wi\u0105\u017c\u0105cy<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p><p>Drzewa (zw\u0142aszcza Shala, Ashoka, Peepal), \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a, skarby, skrzy\u017cowania dr\u00f3g. W <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyniach<\/span> d\u017cinijskich jako boginie ochronne Tirthankr\u00f3w. W praktyce tantrycznej przy okre\u015blonych miejscach <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duchowa praktyka w hinduizmie i buddyzmie; obejmuje mantr\u0119, wizualizacj\u0119 i rytua\u0142, cz\u0119sto z przyporz\u0105dkowanym Yidam.\">Sadhany<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/strong><\/p><p>Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 \u015bwity Kubery, boga skarb\u00f3w i stra\u017cnika P\u00f3\u0142nocy, z kr\u00f3lestwem Alaka w Himalajach. Dynastycznie powi\u0105zana z Rakshasami (przyrodni brat Kubery, Rawana, jest Rakshas\u0105). W tradycji d\u017cinijskiej towarzysz\u0105ca wiedzy Bodhi Tirthankr\u00f3w.<\/p><div><p><strong>Buddyjska adaptacja i tantryczna specjalizacja<\/strong><\/p><p>W buddyzmie Yakshini staj\u0105 si\u0119 stra\u017cniczkami <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i w\u0142a\u015bciwy porz\u0105dek post\u0119powania.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmy<\/span> i s\u0105 \u0142\u0105czone z Dakinami. W systemach tantrycznych istnieje skoncentrowana praktyka 32 Yakshini, z kt\u00f3rych ka\u017cda posiada okre\u015blone moce magiczne i funkcje rytualne.<\/p><p>Te 32 s\u0105 cz\u0119sto \u017ce\u0144skimi odpowiednikami Mahasiddh\u00f3w i uciele\u015bniaj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne aspekty o\u015bwiecenia: odwag\u0119, wsp\u00f3\u0142czucie, gniew, pragnienie wiedzy. W tekstach tantrycznych Yakshini jest przedstawiana jako potencjalna praktykuj\u0105ca, nie tylko jako istota nadprzyrodzona. Mo\u017ce by\u0107 o\u015bwiecona i o\u015bwieca\u0107 innych.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yakshini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Yakshini w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradycja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u015awita Kubery, przedindoaryjskie kulty drzew i wody. W tradycji d\u017cinijskiej usystematyzowana jako 24 boginie ochronne Tirthankr\u00f3w.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adresaci<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stra\u017cniczka drzew, \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142, skarb\u00f3w, ascet\u00f3w i wiernych. W negatywnym uj\u0119ciu: dzieci, m\u0142odzi m\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani, drwale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d Yakshini<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pi\u0119kna, pe\u0142na, o symbolice p\u0142odno\u015bci; motyw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">Salabhanjika<\/span> z drzewem. W uj\u0119ciu negatywnym: b\u0142yszcz\u0105ce oczy, ostre paznokcie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pozytywne dzia\u0142anie: p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107, ochrona, obdarzanie skarbami. Negatywne: uwodzenie, porwania dzieci, \u015bmier\u0107 drzew. Tantryczne wi\u0105zanie dla Siddhis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u015arodki ochronne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pe\u0142en szacunku stosunek do drzew i \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142, ofiary przy drzewach Peepal\/Ashoka, d\u017cinijskie mantry do 24 Shasana-Devatas, tantryczna Yakshini-Sadhana pod nadzorem guru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pokrewne istoty<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nimfy (greckie), Driady, Apsary, <a href=\"\/pl\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a> \u2013 \u017ce\u0144skie, celtyckie wr\u00f3\u017cki przy drzewach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i praktyka tantryczna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obraz\u00f3w i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ikonografia<\/span> w \u015bwi\u0105tyniach<\/strong><\/p><p>Motyw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">Salabhanjika<\/span> jest jednym z najpopularniejszych motyw\u00f3w ikonograficznych sztuki indyjskiej, od Sanchi (okres Maurj\u00f3w) przez Bharhut a\u017c po Khajuraho i Belur. Yakshini przy drzewie symbolizuje p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107, dostatek, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Udzielenie b\u0142ogos\u0142awie\u0144stwa i ochrony, cz\u0119sto w ustalonej formie s\u0142ownej.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u0142ogos\u0142awie\u0144stwo<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Boginie ochronne d\u017cinijskie<\/strong><\/p><p>24 Shasana-Devatas stanowi\u0105 sta\u0142y element kultu \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144 d\u017cinijskich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span>. Ambika (dla Tirthankar\u00f3w Neminathy), Padmavati (dla Parshvanathy), Chakreshvari (dla Rishabhanathy) s\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lnie znane. Ich kult jest \u017cywy do dzi\u015b.<\/p><p><strong>Tantryczna Yakshini-Sadhana<\/strong><\/p><p>Teksty tantryczne opisuj\u0105 36 lub wi\u0119cej Yakshini, kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna zwi\u0105za\u0107 za pomoc\u0105 mantr. Praktyka ta uchodzi za mocn\u0105, lecz niebezpieczn\u0105 \u2013 b\u0142\u0119dne wykonanie prowadzi do szale\u0144stwa i \u015bmierci. W nauce klasycznych guru tantrycznych Yakshini-Sadhana jest dozwolona wy\u0142\u0105cznie pod \u015bcis\u0142ym nadzorem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, ok. 800 p.n.e. \u2013 600 n.e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antyczne<\/span> i indoeuropejskie paralele<\/strong><\/p><p>Greckie nimfy i Driady dziel\u0105 motyw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">zwi\u0105zania z drzewem i wod\u0105<\/span>. Rzymskie <em>nymphae<\/em> nast\u0119puj\u0105 wed\u0142ug tego samego wzorca. Apsary jako hinduistyczne postaci niebia\u0144skie s\u0105 daleko spokrewnione.<\/p><p><strong>Buddyjska recepcja:<\/strong> W tradycji buddyjskiej Yakshini s\u0105 cz\u0119sto nawr\u00f3cone i staj\u0105 si\u0119 postaciami ochronnymi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i w\u0142a\u015bciwy porz\u0105dek post\u0119powania.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmy<\/span>. Hariti, kt\u00f3ra pierwotnie po\u017cera\u0142a dzieci, nawraca si\u0119 przez ingerencj\u0119 Buddy i staje si\u0119 ochronn\u0105 opiekunk\u0105 dzieci.<\/p><p><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja:<\/strong> Folklor <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana kultura ludowa z obyczajami, opowie\u015bciami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">z Kerali<\/span> i kino w j\u0119zyku malajalam znaj\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lnie bogat\u0105 tradycj\u0119 Yakshi, zazwyczaj jako pi\u0119knej, samotnej i niebezpiecznej nocnej postaci. Literatura i film nieustannie si\u0119gaj\u0105 po ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powracaj\u0105cy element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>. W neopoga\u0144stwie i duchowo\u015bci ekologicznej Yakshini s\u0105 przywo\u0142ywane jako stra\u017cniczki drzew.<\/p><div><p><strong>Cechy ikonograficzne i tradycje artystyczne<\/strong><\/p><p>W indyjskiej i po\u0142udniowoazjatyckiej tradycji artystycznej Yakshini rozpoznawane s\u0105 cz\u0119sto po specyficznych atrybutach: ozdoby z ro\u015blin, znaki p\u0142odno\u015bci jak owoce lub niemowl\u0119ta w ramionach, cz\u0119sto jedna d\u0142o\u0144 w Abhaya-Mudrze (gest ochrony). Stoi zazwyczaj obok \u015bwi\u0119tych drzew, zw\u0142aszcza drzewa Ashoka.<\/p><p>W sztuce khmersko-kambod\u017ca\u0144skiej Yakshini pojawia si\u0119 jako tancerka lub stra\u017cniczka wej\u015b\u0107 do \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144. S\u0142ynnym przyk\u0142adem jest pos\u0105g Yakshini z Patny, stworzony w okresie Maurj\u00f3w. Ta klasyczna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obraz\u00f3w i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> odr\u00f3\u017cnia Yakshini od demonicznych istot \u017ce\u0144skich, takich jak Rakshasi: Yakshini emanuje pozytywn\u0105 si\u0142\u0105, nie strachem.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab8b13d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab8b13d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp450b993 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp450b993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yakshini we wczesnej sztuce indyjskiej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9ece59e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9ece59e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp912bee4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp912bee4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yakshini nale\u017c\u0105 do najwcze\u015bniej i najobficiej po\u015bwiadczonych istot nadprzyrodzonych w historii sztuki indyjskiej. Ju\u017c w okresie mi\u0119dzy III a I wiekiem przed nasz\u0105 er\u0105 pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 jako prominentne postacie w rze\u017abie architektonicznej, na d\u0142ugo przed ukszta\u0142towaniem wielkich wizerunk\u00f3w bog\u00f3w klasycznego hinduizmu.<\/p><p>S\u0142ynne przyk\u0142ady to postacie Yakshini na toranach, bramach ozdobnych, buddyjskiej stupy w Sanchi i stupy w Bharhut.<\/p><p>Charakterystyczne jest powi\u0105zanie Yakshini z drzewem. Powszechnie znany wzorzec ikonograficzny przedstawia j\u0105 jako <em>Shalabhanjik\u0105<\/em>, kobiet\u0119 chwytaj\u0105c\u0105 ga\u0142\u0105\u017a kwitn\u0105cego drzewa, cz\u0119sto w pozie, w kt\u00f3rej jej stopa dotyka pnia.<\/p><p>Ten gest wi\u0105zano ze starym wyobra\u017ceniem, wed\u0142ug kt\u00f3rego dotkni\u0119cie drzewa przez kobiet\u0119 sprawia, \u017ce drzewo zakwita. Yakshini jest tu uwidocznion\u0105 p\u0142odno\u015bci\u0105 i si\u0142\u0105 wegetacji. Postacie te s\u0105 pe\u0142ne i zmys\u0142owe, o szerokich biodrach i ci\u0119\u017ckich ozdobach, co podkre\u015bla ich rol\u0119 jako uciele\u015bnienia wzrostu i obfito\u015bci.<\/p><p>Godne uwagi jest to, \u017ce owe postaci Yakshini pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 w budowlach buddyjskich, a p\u00f3\u017aniej tak\u017ce d\u017cinijskich. Yakshy i Yakshini by\u0142y najwyra\u017aniej tak mocno zakorzenione w kulturze ludowej, \u017ce wielkie religie nie wypar\u0142y ich, lecz w\u0142\u0105czy\u0142y do swoich program\u00f3w ikonograficznych \u2013 zazwyczaj w funkcji s\u0142u\u017cebnej lub ochronnej na obrze\u017cach \u015bwi\u0119tej przestrzeni.<\/p><p>Badacze dostrzegaj\u0105 we wczesnych przedstawieniach Yakshini wa\u017cne \u015bwiadectwo warstwy religijno\u015bci ludowej, kt\u00f3ra poprzedza\u0142a klasyczn\u0105 indyjsk\u0105 religi\u0119 wysok\u0105 i towarzyszy\u0142a jej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp86a09ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp86a09ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe867a16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe867a16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yakshini w buddyzmie i d\u017cinizmie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49413e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp49413e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc83a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc83a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zar\u00f3wno buddyzm, jak i d\u017cinizm zintegrowa\u0142y Yakshini ze swoj\u0105 wizj\u0105 \u015bwiata, czyni\u0105c to w wyra\u017anie odmienny spos\u00f3b. W buddyzmie Yakshini pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 cz\u0119sto jako istoty ochronne, kt\u00f3re staj\u0105 si\u0119 wyznawczyniami nauki buddyjskiej.<\/p><p>W tekstach narracyjnych spotykamy Yakshini, kt\u00f3re pocz\u0105tkowo s\u0105 niebezpieczne, lecz potem zostaj\u0105 nawr\u00f3cone przez Budd\u0119 lub mnich\u00f3w i odt\u0105d udzielaj\u0105 ochrony. Najbardziej znany przyk\u0142ad to <em>Hariti<\/em>, Yakshini porywaj\u0105ca dzieci, kt\u00f3ra po nawr\u00f3ceniu staje si\u0119 ich opiekunk\u0105 oraz ochron\u0105 rodz\u0105cych.<\/p><p>W d\u017cinizmie Yakshini otrzyma\u0142a szczeg\u00f3lnie rozbudowan\u0105 i uporz\u0105dkowan\u0105 pozycj\u0119. Ka\u017cdemu z dwudziestu czterech <em>Tirthankr\u00f3w<\/em>, d\u017cinijskich zbawicieli, przyporz\u0105dkowano par\u0119: m\u0119skiego Yaksh\u0119 i \u017ce\u0144sk\u0105 Yakshini, kt\u00f3re uwa\u017cane s\u0105 za s\u0142u\u017cebne b\u00f3stwa ochronne.<\/p><p>Owe Yakshini nosz\u0105 w\u0142asne imiona, posiadaj\u0105 w\u0142asne atrybuty i s\u0105 regularnie przedstawiane w d\u017cinijskiej sztuce \u015bwi\u0105tynnej. Szczeg\u00f3lnie prominentne s\u0105 <em>Ambika<\/em>, Yakshini Tirthankar\u00f3w Neminathy, oraz <em>Chakreshvari<\/em>, przyporz\u0105dkowana pierwszemu Tirthankrze Rishabhy. Postacie te sta\u0142y si\u0119 samodzielnymi obiektami kultu, kt\u00f3rym \u015bwieccy sk\u0142adali cze\u015b\u0107 i kierowali pro\u015bby o doczesne powodzenie.<\/p><p>Ten rozw\u00f3j ukazuje powracaj\u0105cy wzorzec indyjskiej historii religii. Etyczno-ascetyczne religie wysokie chroni\u0142y swoje najwy\u017csze postacie zbawcze od spraw doczesnych, pozostawiaj\u0105c jednak obok nich uporz\u0105dkowan\u0105 przestrze\u0144 dla bliskich ludowi istot ochronnych, takich jak Yakshini, do kt\u00f3rych mo\u017cna by\u0142o kierowa\u0107 konkretne \u017cyczenia dotycz\u0105ce dzieci, zdrowia i dostatku.<\/p><p>Yakshini sta\u0142a si\u0119 w ten spos\u00f3b postaci\u0105 po\u015brednicz\u0105c\u0105 mi\u0119dzy wznios\u0142\u0105 nauk\u0105 a codziennymi potrzebami wiernych. Pokrewne funkcje ochronne spotykamy u innych istot ze \u015brodowiska <a href=\"\/pl\/hinduizm\/\">hinduistycznego<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp055cc24 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp055cc24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd85803b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd85803b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ambiwalentna Yakshini: pi\u0119kno, uwodzenie i niebezpiecze\u0144stwo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp03ba14a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp03ba14a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5cb2403 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5cb2403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obok dobroczynnej postaci p\u0142odno\u015bci i ochrony w indyjskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> istnieje wyra\u017anie gro\u017aniejsza Yakshini \u2013 i oba aspekty s\u0105 nieroz\u0142\u0105cznie ze sob\u0105 zwi\u0105zane.<\/p><p>W licznych opowie\u015bciach, zar\u00f3wno w literaturze sanskryckiej, jak i w p\u00f3\u017aniejszych tradycjach ludowych, Yakshini pojawia si\u0119 jako niezwykle pi\u0119kna kobieta uwodz\u0105ca samotnych podr\u00f3\u017cnych, bramin\u00f3w lub ascet\u00f3w. W niekt\u00f3rych historiach spotkanie to ko\u0144czy si\u0119 \u015bmierci\u0105, w innych prowadzi do ambiwalentnego zwi\u0105zku.<\/p><p>Ta dwoisto\u015b\u0107 nie jest sprzeczno\u015bci\u0105, lecz odpowiada zasadniczej charakterystyce Yakshy i Yakshini. Nale\u017c\u0105 one do sfery bujnego, bogatego \u017cycia, kt\u00f3re jest zarazem poci\u0105gaj\u0105ce i nieprzewidywalne.<\/p><p>Yakshini uciele\u015bnia si\u0142\u0119 wegetacji i seksualno\u015bci, a obie wymykaj\u0105 si\u0119 pe\u0142nemu opanowaniu przez porz\u0105dek spo\u0142eczny i religijny. W ascetycznej perspektywie wielu tekst\u00f3w indyjskich pi\u0119kna, uwodz\u0105ca Yakshini jest pr\u00f3b\u0105 i niebezpiecze\u0144stwem, gdy\u017c mo\u017ce odwie\u015b\u0107 ascet\u0119 od jego drogi.<\/p><p>Odr\u0119bn\u0105 warstw\u0119 stanowi tradycja magiczna i tantryczna. W okre\u015blonych tekstach p\u00f3\u017aniejszej \u015bredniowiecznej literatury magicznej Yakshini jawi\u0105 si\u0119 jako istoty, kt\u00f3re praktykuj\u0105cy mo\u017ce pozyska\u0107 poprzez rytua\u0142y i zwi\u0105za\u0107 ze sob\u0105.<\/p><p>Przywo\u0142ana Yakshini ma w\u00f3wczas zapewnia\u0107 bogactwo, ochron\u0119, wiedz\u0119 lub spe\u0142nienie \u017cycze\u0144, niekiedy w roli sytuuj\u0105cej si\u0119 pomi\u0119dzy s\u0142u\u017cebnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 wp\u0142yw na \u015bwiat.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> a nadprzyrodzon\u0105 towarzyszk\u0105.<\/p><p>Takie teksty wyliczaj\u0105 cz\u0119sto sta\u0142\u0105 liczb\u0119 nazwanych Yakshini, ka\u017cda z w\u0142asnymi zdolno\u015bciami. Ta rytualniomagiczna Yakshini nale\u017cy do dziedziny uczonej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbiorcze okre\u015blenie nauk pretenduj\u0105cych do posiadania ukrytej wiedzy dost\u0119pnej wy\u0142\u0105cznie dla wtajemniczonych.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoteryki<\/span> i nale\u017cy odr\u00f3\u017cnia\u0107 j\u0105 od starszej postaci artystyczno-ludowej, cho\u0107 obie nosz\u0105 to samo imi\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp022c343 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp022c343\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02acd0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp02acd0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kubera i \u015bwiat Yakshy: panteon Yakshini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4d5c62f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4d5c62f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc65f9a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc65f9a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yakshini nie s\u0105 odizolowanymi pojedynczymi istotami, lecz cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 ca\u0142ego rodu p\u00f3\u0142boskich istot \u2013 Yakshy. Na jego czele stoi w klasycznej indyjskiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142okszta\u0142t przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span> <em>Kubera<\/em>, zwany te\u017c Vaishravana, pan Yakshy i zarazem b\u00f3g bogactwa oraz ukrytych skarb\u00f3w ziemi.<\/p><p>Kubera nale\u017cy do <em>Lokapal\u00f3w<\/em>, stra\u017cnik\u00f3w stron \u015bwiata, i jest przyporz\u0105dkowany P\u00f3\u0142nocy. Jego kr\u00f3lestwo wed\u0142ug mitycznych wyobra\u017ce\u0144 le\u017cy w Himalajach, ze stolic\u0105 Alaka.<\/p><p>W tym porz\u0105dku Yakshini zajmuj\u0105 sta\u0142e miejsce jako \u017ce\u0144skie cz\u0142onkinie rodu Yakshy. Stanowi\u0105 \u015bwit\u0119 Kubery, jego s\u0142u\u017cebnice i towarzyszki, i dziel\u0105 z nim zwi\u0105zek z bogactwem i skarbami ziemi.<\/p><p>\u015acis\u0142e powi\u0105zanie Yakshy z bogactwami gleby, drzewami, wod\u0105 i urodzajn\u0105 ziemi\u0105 wyja\u015bnia, dlaczego Yakshini wi\u0105\u017c\u0105 si\u0119 zar\u00f3wno z ro\u015blinno\u015bci\u0105, jak i z dostatkiem. Zar\u00f3wno kwitn\u0105ce drzewo, jak i ukryty skarb nale\u017c\u0105 do sfery ziemi.<\/p><p>Yakshy i Yakshini zajmuj\u0105 tym samym \u015brodkowy szczebel indyjskiego kosmosu. S\u0105 podrz\u0119dne wobec wielkich bog\u00f3w, lecz znacznie przewy\u017cszaj\u0105 ludzi; s\u0105 nie\u015bmiertelne lub d\u0142ugowieczne, wyposa\u017cone w nadprzyrodzone moce, lecz zwi\u0105zane z okre\u015blonymi miejscami i zadaniami.<\/p><p>Badacze dostrzegaj\u0105 w nich klas\u0119 lokalnych b\u00f3stw i duch\u00f3w natury, w\u0142\u0105czon\u0105 do og\u00f3lnoindyjskiego systemu, bez ca\u0142kowitej utraty ich zwi\u0105zanego z miejscem, ludowego charakteru.<\/p><p>Dla zrozumienia poszczeg\u00f3lnej Yakshini to osadzenie jest wa\u017cne: nigdy nie jest ona wy\u0142\u0105cznie uwodzicielk\u0105 ani wy\u0142\u0105cznie bogini\u0105 ochronn\u0105, lecz zawsze ogniwem w rozleg\u0142ej sieci ziemskich mocy pod w\u0142adz\u0105 Kubery.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze powi\u0105zania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Polecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/hinduizm\/\">Hinduizm<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/rakshasa\/\">Rakshasa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/asura\/\">Asura<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/vetala\/\">Vetala<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/pishacha\/\">Pishacha<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a> (paralele)<\/li><li>Kubera i kr\u00f3lestwo Yakshy \u2013 Alaka<\/li><li>D\u017cinijskie Shasana-Devatas<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a i literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych opracowa\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych Yakshini:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.: <em>Yak\u1e63as<\/em>. 2 Bde. Washington 1928, 31.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Misra, Ram Nath: <em>Yaksha Cult and Iconography<\/em>. Delhi 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Shah, Umakant Premanand: <em>Jaina-R\u016bpa-Ma\u1e47\u1e0dana<\/em>. New Delhi 1987.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Hindus:_An_Alternative_History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Hindus. An Alternative History<\/a><\/em>. New York 2009.<\/span><\/li><li>Kalidasa: <em>Meghaduta<\/em>. Wydanie komentowane i przek\u0142ady w r\u00f3\u017cnych j\u0119zykach.<\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yakshini-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yakshini-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yakshini\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yakshini-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yakshini-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi religioznawcz\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturalno-historycznej linii przeno\u015bnych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i stanowi jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0119.<a href=\"\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yakshini, Geist der hinduistischen Tradition Die Naturgeistin zwischen Fruchtbarkeit und Bedrohung. GeistHinduismus Inhaltsverzeichnis Yakshini Yakshini ist Geist der hinduistischen Tradition. Die Yakshini (weibliche Yaksha) ist eine der ambivalentesten Figuren der indischen Mythologie. Als Naturgeistin, an B\u00e4ume, Quellen, Sch\u00e4tze gebunden, ist sie meist wohlwollend: Schutzgestalt, Fruchtbarkeitssymbol, klassisches Bildmotiv auf Tempels\u00e4ulen (Salabhanjika, die Frau am Baum). In [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8041,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yakshini","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yakshini, duch tradycji hinduistycznej","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yakshini (\u017ce\u0144ska forma Yaksha) jest jedn\u0105 z najbardziej ambiwalentnych postaci indyjskiej mitologii.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[162,175,157],"class_list":["post-8040","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-duchy","category-hinduizm","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yakshini, duch tradycji hinduistycznej<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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