{"id":8017,"date":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/upyr\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:35:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:35:14","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8017\" class=\"elementor elementor-8017 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, demon s\u0142owia\u0144skiej tradycji<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> s\u0142owia\u0144skiej tradycji.<\/p><p><strong>S\u0142owia\u0144ski upi\u00f3r, praojciec nowoczesnej postaci wampira.<\/strong> Ten demon s\u0142owia\u0144skiej tradycji stoi u pocz\u0105tk\u00f3w p\u00f3\u017aniejszego, nowoczesnego wizerunku wampira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon\/demonica: Nadprzyrodzona istota o przewa\u017cnie szkodliwym lub ambiwalentnym dzia\u0142aniu. Sytuuje si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy bogami a lud\u017ami, wywo\u0142uje choroby, pokusy lub nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia i jest odp\u0119dzana przez zakl\u0119cia, apotropaika i rytua\u0142y.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/slowianskie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"S\u0142owia\u0144ska mitologia i religia ludowa, od X w. nak\u0142adana przez chrze\u015bcija\u0144stwo.\">S\u0142owia\u0144ska<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8018\" alt=\"Upyr - Demony z tradycji s\u0142owia\u0144skiej, historyczno-ilustracyjny\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr jest centraln\u0105 postaci\u0105 upiora w s\u0142owia\u0144skiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana ludowa kultura z obyczajami, opowie\u015bciami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorze<\/span>, a zarazem bezpo\u015brednim historycznym poprzednikiem nowoczesnej postaci wampira. Jest to zmar\u0142y, kt\u00f3ry wstaje z grobu, wysysa krew \u017cywych, dziesi\u0105tkuj\u0105c najpierw w\u0142asn\u0105 rodzin\u0119, a nast\u0119pnie ca\u0142\u0105 wie\u015b, i mo\u017ce zosta\u0107 ostatecznie pochowany jedynie przez specjalne obrz\u0119dy.<\/p><p>W odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od nordyckiego Draugra Upyr jest bardziej ruchliwy, atakuje noc\u0105 i mo\u017ce swobodnie porusza\u0107 si\u0119 poza terenem cmentarza.<\/p><p>S\u0142owia\u0144ska tradycja Upyra jest kluczowa dla europejskiej historii wampiryzmu. Za po\u015brednictwem relacji podr\u00f3\u017cniczych z Ba\u0142kan\u00f3w w XVIII wieku (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, austriacka sprawa Arnoda Paolego) zjawisko to staje si\u0119 znane w Europie Zachodniej.<\/p><p>Na tej podstawie \u2013 przez Polidoriego, Le Fanu i Brama Stokera \u2013 rozwija si\u0119 nowoczesna literatura wampiryczna. Regionalne warianty: wschodnios\u0142owia\u0144ski <em>Upyr<\/em>, polski <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, rumu\u0144ski <em>Strigoi<\/em>, po\u0142udniowos\u0142owia\u0144ski <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szybki przegl\u0105d: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> S\u0142owia\u0144ski upi\u00f3r, poprzednik wampira<br>Pochodzenie: Nieochrzczeni, samob\u00f3jcy, przekl\u0119ci, ekskomunikowani zmarli<br>Teksty: s\u0142owia\u0144skie akta ko\u015bcielne (od XI w.), ba\u0142ka\u0144skie relacje XVIII w., Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Okres: od \u015bredniowiecza do wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci<br>Ochrona: k\u00f3\u0142 osikowy, dekapitacja, spalenie<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Pierwsze pisemne po\u015bwiadczenia w s\u0142owia\u0144skich dokumentach ko\u015bcielnych z XI wieku. Bogate relacje w XVIII w. (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 o Arnodzie Paolim; dalsze habsburskie dochodzenia). Recepcja literacka: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Badania wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar rozpowszechnienia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u0142owia\u0144ski obszar kulturowy od Rosji po Ba\u0142kany, z szczeg\u00f3lnie bogatym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci przez pokolenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazem<\/span> w Serbii, Bu\u0142garii, Rumunii (Strigoi) i Polsce. Przez habsbursk\u0105 kolonizacj\u0119 i recepcj\u0119 literack\u0105 \u2013 do Europy Zachodniej i na ca\u0142y \u015bwiat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>S\u0142owia\u0144skie akta ko\u015bcielne, habsburskie protoko\u0142y ekshumacyjne (XVIII w.), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci 'The Vampire in Roumania&#8217; (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna ba\u0142ka\u0144ska i s\u0142owia\u0144ska folklorystyka.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rosyjski:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Polski: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Czeski\/S\u0142owacki: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Rumu\u0144ski: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (z \u0142ac. <em>strix<\/em>, nie s\u0142owia\u0144skie, lecz w tym samym polu znaczeniowym).<br>Po\u0142udniowos\u0142owia\u0144ski: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; serbski r\u00f3wnie\u017c <em>Vampir<\/em>, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142os\u0142\u00f3w mi\u0119dzynarodowo znane\u00adgo poj\u0119cia.<br>Ukrai\u0144ski: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>Serbska forma <em>Vampir<\/em> pojawia si\u0119 w habsburskich protoko\u0142ach z XVIII w. i za po\u015brednictwem austriackiej oraz niemieckiej prasy zostaje upowszechniona na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie. Artyku\u0142 'Vampyr&#8217; w francuskim s\u0142owniku Tr\u00e9voux (1721) stanowi wczesne po\u015bwiadczenie mi\u0119dzynarodowo przyj\u0119tego s\u0142owa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d<\/strong><\/p><p>Po ekshumacji uderzaj\u0105co \u015bwie\u017cy: czerwona twarz, niezakrzep\u0142a krew w sercu, wyro\u015bni\u0119te paznokcie i w\u0142osy, usta ubrudzone krwi\u0105. Z perspektywy folklorystycznej mo\u017cna to dobrze wyja\u015bni\u0107 naturalnymi procesami rozk\u0142adu; dla \u00f3wczesnych by\u0142 to dow\u00f3d dzia\u0142alno\u015bci wampira. W nocnej aktywno\u015bci: ciemna posta\u0107, niekiedy jako zwierz\u0119 (wilk, pies), niekiedy jako mg\u0142a.<\/p><p><strong>Zachowanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Noc\u0105 opuszcza gr\u00f3b, atakuje najpierw cz\u0142onk\u00f3w rodziny (st\u0105d 'najpierw w\u0142asna rodzina&#8217;), potem wie\u015b. Wysysa krew, wywo\u0142uje wyczerpanie, chorob\u0119, \u015bmier\u0107. Kto zginie od uk\u0105szenia Upyra, sam staje si\u0119 Upyrem. Wsie dotkni\u0119te Upyrem do\u015bwiadczaj\u0105 prawdziwych serii zgon\u00f3w.<\/p><p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p><p>W\u0142asna wie\u015b i okoliczne miejscowo\u015bci. Niekiedy mo\u017ce porusza\u0107 si\u0119 dalej, gdy okolic\u0119 opuszczaj\u0105 mieszka\u0144cy. W dni graniczne (Jurjevden, Bo\u017ce Narodzenie, Epifania) jest szczeg\u00f3lnie aktywny.<\/p><p><strong>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/strong><\/p><p>Wed\u0142ug tradycji ludowej cz\u0142owiek staje si\u0119 Upyrem, je\u015bli umiera nieochrzczony, jako samob\u00f3jca, po ekskomunice, pod kl\u0105tw\u0105 lub jako czarownik. Za zagro\u017conych uchodz\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c ludzie urodzeni z 'dwoma sercami&#8217; lub 'dwiema duszami&#8217;. Przemiana s\u0142owia\u0144skiego upiora w nowoczesnego wampira dokonuje si\u0119 na przestrzeni wiek\u00f3w.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Upyra w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nieochrzczeni, samob\u00f3jcy, przekl\u0119ci, ekskomunikowani lub zmarli jako czarownicy. Powstaje wskutek nieprawid\u0142owego poch\u00f3wku lub moralnych uchybie\u0144 za \u017cycia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi si\u0119 do<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpierw w\u0142asna rodzina, potem wie\u015b. Ka\u017cdy, kto zginie od uk\u0105szenia Upyra, sam staje si\u0119 Upyrem \u2013 szerzenie si\u0119 na wz\u00f3r epidemii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po ekshumacji: czerwony, opuchni\u0119ty, z niezakrzep\u0142\u0105 krwi\u0105 i wyro\u015bni\u0119tymi paznokciami. Noc\u0105: ciemna posta\u0107, jako zwierz\u0119 (wilk, pies) lub mg\u0142a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wysysa krew \u017cywych, wywo\u0142uje wyczerpanie, chorob\u0119, \u015bmier\u0107. Serie zgon\u00f3w w ca\u0142ych wsiach. Szerzenie si\u0119 przez przekazywanie poprzez uk\u0105szenie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona przed Upyrem<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ekshumacja i przebicie ko\u0142em osikowym, \u015bci\u0119cie g\u0142owy, spalenie, ponowny poch\u00f3wek twarz\u0105 w d\u00f3\u0142. Czosnek, kadzid\u0142o, krzy\u017ce; ochronny spos\u00f3b poch\u00f3wku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pokrewne istoty<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pl\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/strzyga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germa\u0144ski), nowoczesna posta\u0107 wampira (Stoker), rumu\u0144ski Strigoi, grecki Vrykolakas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona i zwalczanie wampir\u00f3w<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Prewencyjny poch\u00f3wek<\/strong><\/p><p>Osoby uznane za zagro\u017cone staniem si\u0119 Upyrem (samob\u00f3jcy, nieochrzczeni, ekskomunikowani) s\u0105 grzebane ze szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 staranno\u015bci\u0105: twarz\u0105 w d\u00f3\u0142, z zwi\u0105zanymi du\u017cymi palcami u n\u00f3g, usta wype\u0142nione kamieniem, gr\u00f3b przykryty sierpem (upi\u00f3r mia\u0142by si\u0119 sam dekapitowa\u0107, gdyby chcia\u0142 wsta\u0107).<\/p><p><strong>Przy podejrzeniu<\/strong><\/p><p>Seria zgon\u00f3w w wiosce wywo\u0142uje polowanie na wampira. Wsp\u00f3lnota wiejska wykopuje podejrzane groby. Oznaki dzia\u0142alno\u015bci wampira: \u015bwie\u017ce zw\u0142oki, czerwone usta, niezakrzep\u0142a krew, wyro\u015bni\u0119te paznokcie. Nast\u0119pnie: przebicie ko\u0142em osikowym, \u015bci\u0119cie g\u0142owy, spalenie na otwartym ogniu, wrzucenie popio\u0142\u00f3w do rzeki. W niekt\u00f3rych regionach serce by\u0142o spalane osobno.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety i ochrona domu<\/strong><\/p><p>Czosnek przy oknach i drzwiach. Kadzid\u0142o w pomieszczeniach domowych. Srebrny krzy\u017c przy \u0142\u00f3\u017cku. Ochrona dzieci czerwonymi ni\u0107mi na nadgarstkach. W szczeg\u00f3lnie zagro\u017conych okresach (po serii zgon\u00f3w w wiosce): cz\u0142onkowie rodziny \u015bpi\u0105 razem, z amuletami ochronnymi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Od Upyra do wampira<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Habsburskie relacje XVIII w.<\/strong><\/p><p>W 1732 roku Johann Fl\u00fcckinger na zlecenie armii austriackiej bada spraw\u0119 Arnoda Paolego w Serbii i sporz\u0105dza raport <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. Dokument ten sprawia, \u017ce zjawisko wampiryzmu staje si\u0119 znane w Wiedniu, Pary\u017cu i Londynie. Debata o wampirach wstrz\u0105sa o\u015bwieconym \u015bwiatem uczonych.<\/p><p><strong>Literackie narodziny<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) wprowadza t\u0119 posta\u0107 do literatury salonowej. <em>Carmilla<\/em> Sheridana Le Fanu (1872) ustanawia \u017ce\u0144sk\u0105 wampir\u0119. <em>Dracula<\/em> Brama Stokera (1897) staje si\u0119 centraln\u0105 postaci\u0105 nowoczesnej literatury wampirycznej, osadzon\u0105 wyra\u017anie na pograniczu rumu\u0144sko-s\u0142owia\u0144skim.<\/p><p><strong>Nowoczesna kontynuacja<\/strong><\/p><p>Motyw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">Upyra<\/span> pozostaje aktywny w literaturze rumu\u0144skiej, polskiej i s\u0142owia\u0144skiej (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>Die Jakobsb\u00fccher<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows i niezliczone inne adaptacje opieraj\u0105 si\u0119 bezpo\u015brednio lub po\u015brednio na s\u0142owia\u0144skim pierwowzorze, cz\u0119sto nie oddaj\u0105c mu nale\u017cnego uznania.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr w najwcze\u015bniejszych pisemnych po\u015bwiadczeniach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termin <em>upyr<\/em> nale\u017cy do najwcze\u015bniej po\u015bwiadczonych s\u0142\u00f3w s\u0142owia\u0144skiej wiary w wampiry. Cz\u0119sto cytowane po\u015bwiadczenie pochodzi ze staroruskiego r\u0119kopisu, w kt\u00f3rym pewien skryba nosi jako przydomek lub przezwisko <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, co oznacza mniej wi\u0119cej 'z\u0142y Upir&#8217;.<\/p><p>Datowanie tego po\u015bwiadczenia na XI wiek jest w badaniach dyskutowane, lecz uchodzi ono za jeden z najstarszych dowod\u00f3w na to, \u017ce s\u0142owo to by\u0142o ju\u017c wcze\u015bnie znane we wschodnios\u0142owia\u0144skim obszarze.<\/p><p>Kolejnym wa\u017cnym po\u015bwiadczeniem jest starocerkiewnos\u0142owia\u0144skie kazanie przeciwko poga\u0144skim obyczajom, kt\u00f3re gani sk\u0142adanie ofiar <em>upyrom<\/em> i <em>bereginiom<\/em>. Tekst ten stawia Upyra w szeregu innych istot duchowych, kt\u00f3rym prosty lud sk\u0142ada\u0142 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span>.<\/p><p>Z tego mo\u017cna wnioskowa\u0107, \u017ce Upyr pierwotnie nie by\u0142 wy\u0142\u0105cznie wysysaj\u0105cym krew upiorem z p\u00f3\u017aniejszego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci przez pokolenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazu<\/span>, lecz cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 szerszego spektrum istot duchowych, kt\u00f3rym oddawano cze\u015b\u0107 kultow\u0105.<\/p><p>Te wczesne po\u015bwiadczenia s\u0105 j\u0119zykowo pouczaj\u0105ce, lecz tre\u015bciowo lakoniczne. Wymieniaj\u0105 s\u0142owo, ale niemal nie opisuj\u0105 samej istoty. Szczeg\u00f3\u0142owy obraz Upyra jako upiora opuszczaj\u0105cego noc\u0105 sw\u00f3j gr\u00f3b pochodzi ze znacznie p\u00f3\u017aniejszych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 \u2013 przede wszystkim z wczesnej nowo\u017cytno\u015bci i folklorystycznych zapis\u00f3w XIX wieku.<\/p><p>Badacze wzywaj\u0105 zatem do ostro\u017cno\u015bci: nie nale\u017cy bez krytycznej refleksji przenosi\u0107 p\u00f3\u017aniejszego, w pe\u0142ni ukszta\u0142towanego obrazu wampira na \u015bredniowieczne po\u015bwiadczenia. Pewne jest jedynie to, \u017ce s\u0142owo jest stare i \u017ce od samego pocz\u0105tku oznacza\u0142o budz\u0105c\u0105 strach istot\u0119 zwi\u0105zan\u0105 z kultem zmar\u0142ych.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologia spornego s\u0142owa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pochodzenie s\u0142owa <em>upyr<\/em> nale\u017cy do nierozwi\u0105zanych zagadnie\u0144 s\u0142owia\u0144skiego j\u0119zykoznawstwa. Obok siebie funkcjonuje kilka interpretacji, z kt\u00f3rych \u017cadna nie zdoby\u0142a ostatecznej przewagi.<\/p><p>Powszechna propozycja rozk\u0142ada s\u0142owo na przecz\u0105c\u0105 lub wzmacniaj\u0105c\u0105 przedrostek i rdze\u0144 zwi\u0105zany z lataniem lub pi\u00f3rami, co interpretowa\u0142oby Upyra jako istot\u0119 zdoln\u0105 do lotu lub trzepocz\u0105c\u0105 skrzyd\u0142ami.<\/p><p>Inna propozycja \u0142\u0105czy rdze\u0144 ze s\u0142owem oznaczaj\u0105cym opuchlizn\u0119 lub wzd\u0119cie, co odpowiada\u0142oby folklorystycznie dobrze po\u015bwiadczonemu obrazowi nap\u0119cznia\u0142ych, nieroz\u0142o\u017conych zw\u0142ok wampira.<\/p><p>Wyja\u015bnienie utrudnia fakt, \u017ce s\u0142owo to wyst\u0119puje w niemal wszystkich j\u0119zykach s\u0142owia\u0144skich, ka\u017cdorazowo w nieco odmiennej postaci fonetycznej.<\/p><p>Po\u0142udniowos\u0142owia\u0144ska forma <em>vampir<\/em> to ta, kt\u00f3ra w XVIII wieku \u2013 za po\u015brednictwem j\u0119zyka niemieckiego i francuskiego \u2013 trafi\u0142a do j\u0119zyk\u00f3w zachodnioeuropejskich i sta\u0142a si\u0119 tam mi\u0119dzynarodowym okre\u015bleniem ca\u0142ej klasy istot. Polski <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, ukrai\u0144ski <em>upyr<\/em>, rosyjski <em>upyr<\/em> i inne formy nale\u017c\u0105 do tego samego rdzenia wyrazowego.<\/p><p>J\u0119zykoznawstwo widzi w tym szerokim zasi\u0119gu argument za tym, \u017ce s\u0142owo i oznaczane przez nie poj\u0119cie istnia\u0142y ju\u017c w epoce pras\u0142owia\u0144skiej. Kt\u00f3ra z proponowanych etymologii jest w\u0142a\u015bciwa, pozostaje otwart\u0105 kwesti\u0105, a niekt\u00f3rzy badacze uwa\u017caj\u0105 nawet, \u017ce s\u0142owo zosta\u0142o zapo\u017cyczone z j\u0119zyka nies\u0142owia\u0144skiego, co dodatkowo komplikuje sytuacj\u0119.<\/p><p>Dla religioznawczego ogl\u0105du istotne jest spostrze\u017cenie, \u017ce ju\u017c sam nazwa jest starym, trudnym do przenikni\u0119cia dziedzictwem i nie jest dopiero tworem nowo\u017cytnego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana ludowa kultura z obyczajami, opowie\u015bciami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloru<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr i europejska debata o wampirach w XVIII wieku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u0142owia\u0144ska wiara w wampiry znalaz\u0142a si\u0119 w XVIII wieku w centrum zainteresowania zachodniej europejskiej nauki, a Upyr \u2013 wzgl\u0119dnie jego po\u0142udniowos\u0142owia\u0144scy krewni \u2013 sta\u0142 si\u0119 w\u00f3wczas jej g\u0142\u00f3wnym przedmiotem. Impulsem by\u0142y liczne g\u0142o\u015bne przypadki z habsburskich obszar\u00f3w granicznych na Ba\u0142kanach.<\/p><p>Szczeg\u00f3lnie znana sta\u0142a si\u0119 sprawa Arnolda Paolego i sprawa Petara Blagojevicia w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XVIII wieku, gdy austriackie w\u0142adze i lekarze wojskowi sporz\u0105dzili urz\u0119dowe protoko\u0142y dochodze\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych rzekomych wampir\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Raporty te zosta\u0142y wydrukowane w Europie i wywo\u0142a\u0142y szerok\u0105 uczon\u0105 debat\u0119. Lekarze, teolodzy i filozofowie dyskutowali, czy wampiry istniej\u0105, jak nale\u017cy wyja\u015bnia\u0107 opisane zjawiska i jakie stanowisko powinny zaj\u0105\u0107 Ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142 i pa\u0144stwo.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Benedyktyn Augustin Calmet opublikowa\u0142 w 1746 roku cz\u0119sto czytan\u0105 rozpraw\u0119, w kt\u00f3rej zebra\u0142 materia\u0142 i podda\u0142 go krytycznej analizie, nie dochodz\u0105c do jednoznacznego wniosku. Filozofia o\u015bwiecenia zareagowa\u0142a ostrzej i wykorzysta\u0142a wiar\u0119 w wampiry jako przyk\u0142ad zabobonu i ko\u015bcielnej \u0142atwowierno\u015bci.<\/span><\/p><p>Dla religioznawczego ogl\u0105du ten epizod jest znacz\u0105cy w dw\u00f3ch wymiarach. Po pierwsze, dostarczy\u0142 on jednych z najobszerniejszych i najstarszych szczeg\u00f3\u0142owych opis\u00f3w s\u0142owia\u0144skiego wyobra\u017cenia wampira, w tym praktyk wykopywania grob\u00f3w i przebijania ko\u0142em.<\/p><p>Po drugie, ukazuje moment, w kt\u00f3rym regionalny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekonania religijne i praktyki rozpowszechnione w \u017cyciu codziennym.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklor<\/span> sta\u0142 si\u0119 przedmiotem og\u00f3lnoeuropejskiej debaty, toruj\u0105c tym samym drog\u0119 do literatury, a ostatecznie do nowoczesnej kultury popularnej. Literacki wampir XIX wieku \u2013 od opowiadania Johna Polidoriego po <em>Dracul\u0119<\/em> Brama Stokera \u2013 by\u0142by bez tej debaty z XVIII wieku nie do pomy\u015blenia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linki uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105ce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/slowianskie\/\">S\u0142owia\u0144ska<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/baba-jaga\/\">Baba Jaga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/leshy\/\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/kikimora\/\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/strzyga\/\">Striga<\/a> (poprzednik)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a> (germa\u0144ski upi\u00f3r)<\/li><li>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107: Bram Stoker, literatura wampiryczna<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura naukowa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych opracowa\u0144 po\u015bwi\u0119conych Upyrowi\/wampirowi:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana ludowa kultura z obyczajami, opowie\u015bciami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: 'The Vampire in Roumania&#8217;. W: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana ludowa kultura z obyczajami, opowie\u015bciami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi naukow\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii przeno\u015bnych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i reprezentuje jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0119. <a href=\"\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Upyr, D\u00e4mon der slawischen Tradition Upyr ist D\u00e4mon der slawischen Tradition. Der slawische Wiederg\u00e4nger, Urvater der modernen Vampirgestalt. D\u00e4monSlawisch Inhaltsverzeichnis Upyr Der Upyr ist die zentrale Wiederg\u00e4nger-Figur der slawischen Folklore, und der unmittelbare historische Vorl\u00e4ufer der modernen Vampirgestalt. Ein Verstorbener, der aus seinem Grab aufsteht, Blut der Lebenden saugt, zuerst die eigene Familie, dann das [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8018,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr, demon tradycji s\u0142owia\u0144skiej | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, s\u0142owia\u0144ski upi\u00f3r i praojciec nowoczesnej postaci wampira: rytua\u0142y pogrzebowe, \u015brodki ochronne i historia idei wampirycznej.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[158,157,174],"class_list":["post-8017","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-demony","category-kultury","category-slowianskie"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 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