{"id":7992,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:58","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mahr\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:31:13","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:31:13","slug":"mahr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/mahr\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7992\" class=\"elementor elementor-7992 elementor-1032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr, duch tradycji germa\u0144skiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 oddzia\u0142ywanie na \u015bwiat.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> tradycji germa\u0144skiej.<\/p><p><strong>\u017be\u0144ski nocny dusiciel \u2013 prastara posta\u0107 zachowana w j\u0119zyku.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: istota bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna, zmar\u0142y, istota natury, duch domowy lub stra\u017cnik progu. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zany z miejscem lub rodzin\u0105.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/germanski\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Przedchrze\u015bcija\u0144ski \u015bwiat bog\u00f3w i duch\u00f3w Europy P\u00f3\u0142nocnej i \u015arodkowej.\">Germa\u0144ski<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7993\" alt=\"Mahr - duchy z tradycji germa\u0144skiej, ilustracja historyczna\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr (lub die Mahr, tradycyjnie w rodzaju \u017ce\u0144skim) to posta\u0107 germa\u0144skich wierze\u0144 ludowych blisko spokrewniona z Alpem.<\/p><p>Obie s\u0105 nocnymi duchami ucisku, obie wywo\u0142uj\u0105 koszmary senne i <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/pl\/paraliz-senny\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stan przebudzenia \u015bwiadomo\u015bci przy jednoczesnym parali\u017cu cia\u0142a wywo\u0142anym atoni\u0105 REM; cz\u0119sto wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 z halucynacjami.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">parali\u017c senny<\/a>. R\u00f3\u017cnica ma charakter j\u0119zykowo-historyczny: Mahr wywodzi si\u0119 ze starszej, pragerma\u0144skiej warstwy (germ. <em>*maran-<\/em>), przekazanej w staroangielskim <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, staronordyckim <em>mara<\/em>, staro-wysoko-niemieckim <em>mara<\/em>. Angielskie <em>nightmare<\/em> i francuskie <em>cauchemar<\/em> przechowuj\u0105 to s\u0142owo do dzi\u015b.<\/p><div><p><strong>Posta\u0107 kobieca w nordyckim i niemieckim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>Mahr pojawia si\u0119 w nordyckim i niemieckim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> cz\u0119sto jako kobieca posta\u0107 nocy. W <em>Eddzie Prozaicznej<\/em> Snorriego Sturlusona (napisanej oko\u0142o 1220 roku) opisane s\u0105 ba\u015bniowo-demoniczne postaci kobiece, kt\u00f3rych natura waha si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy bogini\u0105 a demonic\u0105.<\/p><p>Cho\u0107 Edda nie wymienia Mahr wprost z imienia, opisane nocne nawiedzenia przez \u017ce\u0144skie istoty odpowiadaj\u0105 p\u00f3\u017aniejszym udokumentowanym relacjom o Mahr. Szwedzka i niemiecka tradycja ludowa wczesnej nowo\u017cytno\u015bci doprecyzowa\u0142a t\u0119 posta\u0107.<\/p><p>Jacobus Sprenger i inni demonolodzy M\u0142ota na czarownice opisywali \u017ce\u0144skie nocne demony nawiedzaj\u0105ce m\u0119\u017cczyzn i obcuj\u0105ce z nimi. W niekt\u00f3rych przypadkach istoty te identyfikowano jako M\u00e4hre lub Mahr, co sugeruje ci\u0105g\u0142o\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy poga\u0144sk\u0105 tradycj\u0105 nordyck\u0105 a chrze\u015bcija\u0144sk\u0105 demonologi\u0105.<\/p><p>Mahr nie by\u0142 wi\u0119c przede wszystkim zapo\u017cyczeniem z obcych tradycji, lecz lokalnym wytworem o w\u0142asnej historycznej g\u0142\u0119bi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr w zarysie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> \u017be\u0144ski duch ucisku nocy<br>Pochodzenie: Stara warstwa germa\u0144ska (<em>*maran-<\/em>)<br>Teksty: staronordyckie, staroangielskie, \u015brednio-wysoko-niemieckie; Grimm, zbiory folklorystyczne<br>Okres: wczesne \u015bredniowiecze po wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107 (j\u0119zykowo do dzi\u015b)<br>Odparcie: jak przy Alpie, Drudenfu\u00df, buty, stal, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"J\u0119zykowe zwr\u00f3cenie si\u0119 cz\u0142owieka do b\u00f3stwa.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitwa<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasyfikacja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>J\u0119zykowo po\u015bwiadczony w pragerma\u0144skim (wsp\u00f3lny rdze\u0144 w staronordyckim, staroangielskim, staro-wysoko-niemieckim). \u015aredniowieczne \u015bwiadectwa w literaturze i \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ach prawnych. Bogato udokumentowany w XIX w. (Grimm). Do dzi\u015b \u017cywy w s\u0142owach 'nightmare&#8217; \/ 'cauchemar&#8217; \/ 'Albtraum&#8217; (to ostatnie synonimiczne dla obu postaci).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar rozpowszechnienia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca\u0142y obszar germa\u0144ski, z regionalnymi nazwami: Mahr (niem.), mare (ang. w <em>nightmare<\/em>), mara (an.\/szwed.), Mart\/M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, niderlandzkie <em>nachtmerrie<\/em>. Za po\u015brednictwem francuskiego <em>cauchemar<\/em> przeszed\u0142 do j\u0119zyk\u00f3w roma\u0144skich.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Staroangielskie teksty medyczne, sagi staronordyckie (kr\u00f3l Vanlandi w Ynglinga sadze zostaje zabity przez Mar\u0119), \u015brednio-wysoko-niemieckie \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a prawne, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span> Grimma, archiwa folklorystyczne XIX\/XX w.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Staronordyckie:<\/strong> <em>mara<\/em>, liczba mnoga <em>marur<\/em>.<br>Staroangielskie: <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>.<br>Staro-wysoko-niemieckie: <em>mara<\/em>.<br>Formy nowo\u017cytne: Nachtmahr, Nachtmar, Mart, M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, ang. <em>nightmare<\/em>, franc. <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<br>Spokrewnione: Alp (rodzaj m\u0119ski, cz\u0119sto synonimiczne).<\/p><p>Ynglinga saga opowiada, jak szwedzka kr\u00f3lowa-czarownica Hulda posy\u0142a Mar\u0119 przeciw kr\u00f3lowi Vlandiemu, kt\u00f3ry zostaje stratowany we \u015bnie w swoim \u0142o\u017cu. To jeden z najstarszych literackich \u015bwiadectw i dow\u00f3d na \u015bmierciono\u015bny potencja\u0142 tej postaci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cechy charakterystyczne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d<\/strong><\/p><p>Kobieca posta\u0107, drobna, z d\u0142ugimi spl\u0105tanymi w\u0142osami. Mo\u017ce przybiera\u0107 posta\u0107 zwierz\u0119cia: kota, psa, paj\u0105ka. Wchodzi przez dziurk\u0119 od klucza, komin, szpar\u0119 w drzwiach. W niekt\u00f3rych regionach opisywana jako pi\u0119kna m\u0142oda kobieta, w innych jako skurczona starucha.<\/p><p><strong>Zachowanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Siada na piersi \u015bpi\u0105cego, uciska, kradnie oddech, wywo\u0142uje stany koszmar\u00f3w sennych. Mo\u017ce 'dosiada\u0107&#8217; koni \u2013 rano wida\u0107 spl\u0105tane grzywy (&#8217;Mahrenz\u00f6pfe&#8217;) i wyczerpane zwierz\u0119ta. W najgorszych przypadkach powoduje \u015bmier\u0107 (Ynglinga saga).<\/p><p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p><p>Sypialnia, stajnia. Pewne noce (dni graniczne, czwartkowe noce) uznawane s\u0105 za szczeg\u00f3lnie podatne. Ludzie ze s\u0142abym kr\u0105\u017ceniem, po obfitym posi\u0142ku, le\u017c\u0105cy na wznak s\u0105 w wyobra\u017ani ludowej bardziej nara\u017ceni.<\/p><p><strong>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/strong><\/p><p>Pragerma\u0144ska. By\u0107 mo\u017ce spokrewniona z wyobra\u017ceniem w\u0119druj\u0105cej duszy (<em>mara<\/em> jako oddzielona \u017ce\u0144ska posta\u0107 duszy, kt\u00f3ra noc\u0105 w\u0119druje). W tradycji s\u0142owia\u0144skiej bliskie pokrewne postaci (Mora, Mura).<\/p><p><strong>Wygl\u0105d i symbolika<\/strong><\/p><p>Mahry opisywane s\u0105 jako mroczne cienie siadaj\u0105ce na \u015bpi\u0105cych. Niekiedy ukazuj\u0105 si\u0119 jako postaci elfopodobne. Alb mo\u017ce przybiera\u0107 posta\u0107 zwierz\u0119cia: konia, ptaka lub kota. Ucisk i parali\u017c oddechu to ich wyr\u00f3\u017cniki. \u017belazo uchodzi za \u015brodek ochronny.<\/p><div><p><strong>Czarownictwo i tradycja ludowa wczesnej nowo\u017cytno\u015bci<\/strong><\/p><p>W j\u0119zyku niemieckim XVI\u2013XVIII wieku Mahr by\u0142 \u015bci\u015ble zwi\u0105zany z czarownictwem. Oskar\u017cane czarownice stawiane by\u0142y pod zarzutem nocnego dosiadania \u015bpi\u0105cych ludzi jako Mahr, wywo\u0142ywania koszmar\u00f3w i uwodzenia m\u0119\u017cczyzn.<\/p><p>Granica mi\u0119dzy demoniczn\u0105 form\u0105 bytu a czarownic\u0105 magicznie przybieraj\u0105c\u0105 t\u0119 posta\u0107 cz\u0119sto si\u0119 zaciera\u0142a. Lokalne przekazy m\u00f3wi\u0142y o kobietach, kt\u00f3re <em>potrafi\u0142y je\u017adzi\u0107 jako Mahr<\/em>, czyli wysy\u0142a\u0142y swoj\u0105 dusz\u0119 w tej postaci, podczas gdy fizyczne cia\u0142o spa\u0142o.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Przekonanie to nie ogranicza\u0142o si\u0119 do jednego regionu, lecz by\u0142o szeroko rozpowszechnione na obszarze niemieckoj\u0119zycznym i w Skandynawii. Jakob Grimm udokumentowa\u0142 w <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> (1835) setki relacji o Mahr z r\u00f3\u017cnych okolic i wykaza\u0142, \u017ce tradycja Mahr by\u0142a d\u0142u\u017csza i szerzej rozpowszechniona, ni\u017c \u00f3wczesna uwaga akademicka mog\u0142aby sugerowa\u0107.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty postaci Mahr w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Warstwa pragerma\u0144ska; by\u0107 mo\u017ce w\u0119druj\u0105ca \u017ce\u0144ska posta\u0107 duszy. J\u0119zykowo zachowana do dzi\u015b w 'nightmare&#8217; i 'cauchemar&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adresaci<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u015api\u0105cy ludzie (na wznak, po obfitym posi\u0142ku), konie w stajni. Szczeg\u00f3lnie podatne noce graniczne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d Mahr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kobieca, drobna, d\u0142ugie spl\u0105tane w\u0142osy. Zdolna do przybierania postaci zwierz\u0119cej (kot, paj\u0105k). Regionalnie jako pi\u0119kna kobieta lub starucha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uciska, kradnie oddech, wywo\u0142uje koszmary senne. 'Dosiada&#8217; koni. W literackim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> mo\u017ce dzia\u0142a\u0107 \u015bmierciono\u015bnie (Ynglinga saga).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jak przy Alpie: Drudenfu\u00df, buty odwr\u00f3cone przed \u0142\u00f3\u017ckiem, n\u00f3\u017c pod poduszk\u0105. Dodatkowo: \u015bpiewnik lub psa\u0142terz pod g\u0142ow\u0105, znak krzy\u017ca przy k\u0142adzeniu si\u0119 spa\u0107.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analogie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp (bliskie pokrewie\u0144stwo), s\u0142owia\u0144ska Mora\/Mura, <a href=\"\/pl\/lilu-i-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b i Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/empuza\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/strzyga\/\">Striga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpieranie i interpretacja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Praktyki obronne<\/strong><\/p><p>Identyczne z odpieraniem Alpa: Drudenfu\u00df, buty odwr\u00f3cone, n\u00f3\u017c pod poduszk\u0105, psa\u0142terz lub Biblia pod g\u0142ow\u0105. Regionalnie: miot\u0142a z w\u0142osiem skierowanym ku g\u00f3rze w k\u0105cie, kukie\u0142ka ze s\u0142omy w stajni.<\/p><p><strong>Ochrona koni<\/strong><\/p><p>W stajni przeciw 'dosiadaniu&#8217; przez Mahr: Alpspiegel (kawa\u0142ek lustra przy szyi konia), po\u015bwi\u0119cone amulety, p\u0142on\u0105ca latarnia stajna. Spl\u0105tane grzywy rano by\u0142y uznawane za wyra\u017any znak wizyty Mahr.<\/p><p><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna interpretacja<\/strong><\/p><p>Podobnie jak Alp, Mahr jest dzi\u015b rozumiany jako zjawisko <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/pl\/paraliz-senny\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stan czuwania przy mi\u0119\u015bniowej atonii REM; na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie interpretowany jako do\u015bwiadczenie duchowe (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 mo\u017cliwy do wyja\u015bnienia neurologicznie.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">parali\u017cu sennego<\/a>. Badania folklorystyczne (David Hufford i in.) wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce fenomenologia prze\u017cycia jest stabilna ponadkulturowo \u2013 obrazy mitologiczne si\u0119 r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105, samo do\u015bwiadczenie pozostaje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele i recepcja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><strong>Paralele pangerma\u0144skie i s\u0142owia\u0144skie<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp na obszarze niemieckoj\u0119zycznym, <em>mare<\/em> w angielskim, <em>mara<\/em> w nordyckim, <em>mora<\/em>\/<em>mura<\/em> na obszarze s\u0142owia\u0144skim. Wszystkie wskazuj\u0105 na wsp\u00f3ln\u0105 warstw\u0119 indoeuropejsk\u0105 lub nawet starsz\u0105.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, mniej wi\u0119cej od 800 r. p.n.e. do 600 r. n.e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Paralele <\/span>antyczne<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"\/pl\/lilu-i-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b i Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/empuza\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/strzyga\/\">Striga<\/a> dziel\u0105 z Mahr struktur\u0119 i funkcj\u0119. Kobieca posta\u0107 nocy n\u0119kaj\u0105ca \u015bpi\u0105cych to rozpowszechniony na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Recepcja<\/strong><\/p><p>F\u00fcsslego <em>Nachtmahr<\/em> (1781) to najbardziej znane plastyczne uj\u0119cie. Liryka Heinego, Erlk\u00f6nig Goethego opracowuj\u0105 ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span>. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna literatura grozy i filmy regularnie si\u0119gaj\u0105 po t\u0119 posta\u0107.<\/p><p><strong>Dalsze \u017cycie i recepcja:<\/strong> Tradycja Mahr trwa w nowoczesnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System religijny, w kt\u00f3rym specjali\u015bci obcuj\u0105 ze \u015bwiatem duch\u00f3w.\" tabindex=\"0\">szamanizmie<\/span>. Zjawiska koszmar\u00f3w sennych s\u0105 do niej cz\u0119\u015bciowo zaliczane. W zachodniej psychologii Alb jest zjawiskiem ponadkulturowym. W fantasy Mahry s\u0105 cz\u0119sto elfopodobnymi tricksterami. Kultura Alpa pozostaje \u017cywa w Bawarii.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer><div><p><strong>Fizyczna i demoniczna natura Mahr<\/strong><\/p><p>Powtarzaj\u0105cym si\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motywem<\/span> w relacjach jest ambiwalentna fizyczna obecno\u015b\u0107 Mahr. Niekt\u00f3re opowie\u015bci m\u00f3wi\u0105 o wyczuwalnej istocie \u2013 chudej kobiecie z d\u0142ugimi paznokciami i blad\u0105 twarz\u0105, wykonuj\u0105cej d\u0142awi\u0105ce ruchy.<\/p><p>Inne relacje wskazuj\u0105 silniej na duchow\u0105 lub ulotn\u0105 obecno\u015b\u0107 \u2013 swego rodzaju uwewn\u0119trznion\u0105 form\u0119 l\u0119ku, wymykaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 fizycznej obiektywizacji. Ta ambiwalencja sprawia, \u017ce Mahr nie jest ani w pe\u0142ni duchowy, ani w pe\u0142ni cielesny, lecz istnieje raczej na granicy obu.<\/p><p>Pytanie, czy Mahr nale\u017cy rozumie\u0107 jako istot\u0119 demoniczn\u0105, projekcj\u0119 ludzkich l\u0119k\u00f3w czy nast\u0119pstwo medycznych zaburze\u0144 snu, w folklorystyce by\u0142o r\u00f3\u017cnie odpowiadane. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka badaj\u0105ca religie w spos\u00f3b por\u00f3wnawczy i bez zaanga\u017cowania wyznaniowego.\" tabindex=\"0\">religioznawstwo<\/span> docenia t\u0119 ambiwalencj\u0119, nie rozstrzygaj\u0105c jej, i traktuje Mahr jako wytw\u00f3r kulturowy o realnych funkcjach spo\u0142ecznych i psychologicznych.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf76f55e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf76f55e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp607ca10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp607ca10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr a europejskie s\u0142owo na koszmar senny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fe14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp91fe14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr <em>Mahr<\/em> jest pod wzgl\u0119dem j\u0119zykowym jedn\u0105 z najbardziej donios\u0142ych istot duchowych germa\u0144skiego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazu<\/span>. Jego nazwa tkwi w angielskim <em>nightmare<\/em>, w francuskim <em>cauchemar<\/em> i w kilku dalszych europejskich s\u0142owach oznaczaj\u0105cych koszmar. Te \u015blady pokazuj\u0105, \u017ce wyobra\u017cenie \u017ce\u0144skiego ducha ucisku n\u0119kaj\u0105cego \u015bpi\u0105cego noc\u0105 by\u0142o szeroko rozpowszechnione w Europie Zachodniej i ma g\u0142\u0119bokie korzenie.<\/p><p>Rodzina wyraz\u00f3w jest dobrze po\u015bwiadczona w j\u0119zykach germa\u0144skich \u2013 w staro-wysoko-niemieckim, w staroangielskim jako <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, w staronordyckim jako <em>mara<\/em>. Literatura staronordycka zna wymown\u0105 opowie\u015b\u0107 w <em>Ynglinga sadze<\/em> Snorriego Sturlusona: kr\u00f3l Vanlandi zostaje zadeptany na \u015bmier\u0107 przez <em>mar\u0119<\/em>, kt\u00f3ra depcze mu najpierw po nogach, potem po g\u0142owie.<\/p><p>Ten fragment nale\u017cy do najstarszych obszernych literackich \u015bwiadectw tego wyobra\u017cenia i dowodzi, \u017ce Mahr ju\u017c w \u015bredniowieczu m\u00f3g\u0142 by\u0107 postrzegany jako \u015bmiertelne zagro\u017cenie.<\/p><p>J\u0119zykoznawstwo zaproponowa\u0142o r\u00f3\u017cne interpretacje rdzenia, mi\u0119dzy innymi powi\u0105zanie z czasownikiem o znaczeniu 'mia\u017cd\u017cy\u0107&#8217; lub 'uciska\u0107&#8217;, co dobrze pasowa\u0142oby do funkcji ducha ucisku. Ca\u0142kowicie pewnej etymologii nie ma. Pewny jest jednak ogromny zasi\u0119g geograficzny i czasowy tego s\u0142owa.<\/p><p>Mahr jest zatem przyk\u0142adem tego, jak istota duchowa za po\u015brednictwem j\u0119zyka wywiera wp\u0142yw, kt\u00f3ry prze\u017cywa swoje w\u0142a\u015bciwe pod\u0142o\u017ce wiarygodno\u015bciowe. Kto dzi\u015b m\u00f3wi o koszmarze sennym, u\u017cywa \u2013 nie zdaj\u0105c sobie z tego sprawy \u2013 imienia starego ducha ucisku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp599ff74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp599ff74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcaa6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcaa6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr mi\u0119dzy istot\u0105 duchow\u0105 a wys\u0142an\u0105 dusz\u0105<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ca891c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5ca891c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp888ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp888ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ludowy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekaz<\/span> dotycz\u0105cy Mahr nie jest jednolity, lecz \u0142\u0105czy dwa r\u00f3\u017cne modele wyja\u015bniaj\u0105ce. Wed\u0142ug pierwszego Mahr jest samodzieln\u0105 istot\u0105 duchow\u0105, kt\u00f3ra przychodzi z zewn\u0105trz i n\u0119ka \u015bpi\u0105cego.<\/p><p>Wed\u0142ug drugiego Mahr to wys\u0142ana dusza lub wys\u0142ana wola \u017cyj\u0105cego cz\u0142owieka. W tej drugiej interpretacji pewna osoba \u2013 cz\u0119sto nie\u015bwiadomie \u2013 dr\u0119czy we \u015bnie inn\u0105, gdy cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 niej opuszcza cia\u0142o i w\u0119druje jako Mahr.<\/p><p>Z tego drugiego wyobra\u017cenia wynika\u0142y konkretne wzorce narracyjne. Rozpowszechniony typ opowie\u015bci g\u0142osi, \u017ce Mahr wchodzi do sypialni przez ma\u0142e otwory, na przyk\u0142ad przez s\u0119k w drewnie. Je\u015bli zatka\u0107 otw\u00f3r, Mahr nie mo\u017ce wyj\u015b\u0107 i zostaje uwi\u0119ziony.<\/p><p>Rano przy tym miejscu mo\u017cna odnale\u017a\u0107 osob\u0119 \u2013 zazwyczaj kobiet\u0119 \u2013 kt\u00f3ra zostaje zdemaskowana jako Mahr. W niekt\u00f3rych wersjach m\u0119\u017cczyzna j\u0105 pojmuje, lecz gdy raz zatkany otw\u00f3r zostaje ponownie odkryty, znika t\u0105 sam\u0105 drog\u0105.<\/p><p>Opowie\u015bci te \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 Mahr \u015bci\u015ble z wiar\u0105 w czarownice i z wyobra\u017ceniami o swobodnie poruszaj\u0105cej si\u0119 duszy. Religioznawstwo i folklorystyka dostrzegaj\u0105 w tym zlanie si\u0119 kilku warstw: dawnego wyobra\u017cenia o nocnym duchu ucisku, wyobra\u017cenia o duszy wys\u0142anej i wczesnono wo\u017cytnego wyobra\u017cenia o czarownicy.<\/p><p>Mahr nie jest zatem wyra\u017anie zarysowan\u0105 istot\u0105 o sta\u0142ej biografii, lecz w\u0119z\u0142em, w kt\u00f3rym krzy\u017cuj\u0105 si\u0119 r\u00f3\u017cne przekonania religijne. W\u0142a\u015bnie ta wielowarstwowo\u015b\u0107 czyni go tak owocnym obiektem bada\u0144 nad ludowym wierzeniami w duchy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaac957d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaac957d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fb037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp91fb037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosiadane ofiary: Mahr, zwierz\u0119 i cz\u0142owiek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75a2800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp75a2800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa41a19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa41a19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osobny w\u0105tek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazu<\/span> o Mahr dotyczy nie cz\u0142owieka, lecz zwierz\u0105t. Na rozleg\u0142ych obszarach niemieckoj\u0119zycznych i w Skandynawii Mahr uchodzi\u0142 r\u00f3wnie\u017c za plag\u0119 koni.<\/p><p>Ko\u0144, kt\u00f3ry rano sta\u0142 w stajni wyczerpany, spocony i ze spl\u0105tan\u0105 grzyw\u0105, uznawany by\u0142 za dosiadanego przez Mahr. Poskr\u0119cane, spl\u0105tane kosmyki grzywy nazywano <em>Mahrlocken<\/em> lub podobnymi okre\u015bleniami i interpretowano jako widzialny dow\u00f3d nocnej wizyty.<\/p><p>Wyobra\u017cenie to wyja\u015bnia realn\u0105 obserwacj\u0119 rolnicz\u0105: konie mog\u0105 rzeczywi\u015bcie okazywa\u0107 si\u0119 pocone i ze spl\u0105tan\u0105 grzyw\u0105 po nocy \u2013 czy to przez chorob\u0119, niepok\u00f3j czy paso\u017cyty.<\/p><p>Na tle wiary w Mahr obserwacja ta stawa\u0142a si\u0119 potwierdzeniem wizyty ducha. Wynika\u0142y st\u0105d \u015brodki ochronne w stajni: wieszano okre\u015blone przedmioty, ryto znaki w drewnie lub ufano ro\u015blinom ochronnym, by trzyma\u0107 Mahr z dala.<\/p><p>Okre\u015blenie spl\u0105tanej grzywy mog\u0142o w niekt\u00f3rych regionach zosta\u0107 przeniesione nawet na zjawisko ludzkie \u2013 silnie spl\u0105tane, nie daj\u0105ce si\u0119 rozczesa\u0107 w\u0142osy. Folklorystyka dobrze udokumentowa\u0142a to rozszerzenie wyobra\u017cenia o Mahr z sypialni na stajni\u0119 i z do\u015bwiadczenia parali\u017cu sennego na obserwacj\u0119 zachowania zwierz\u0105t.<\/p><p>Naocznie pokazuje, jak raz utrwalony schemat wyja\u015bniaj\u0105cy rozszerza si\u0119 na coraz to nowe zjawiska. To, co Mahr wyja\u015bnia\u0142 pierwotnie, to nocny l\u0119k przed uduszeniem cz\u0142owieka. To, co wyja\u015bnia\u0142 ponadto, to szereg dalszych uderzaj\u0105cych, niewyja\u015bnionych obserwacji, kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna by\u0142o wpisa\u0107 w ten sam schemat interpretacyjny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linki uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105ce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zalecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/germanski\/\">Germa\u0144ski<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/alp\/\">Alp<\/a> (najbli\u017csze pokrewie\u0144stwo), <a href=\"\/pl\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/troll\/\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/lilu-i-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b i Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/pl\/paraliz-senny\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Stan czuwania przy mi\u0119\u015bniowej atonii REM; na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie interpretowany jako do\u015bwiadczenie duchowe (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 mo\u017cliwy do wyja\u015bnienia neurologicznie.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Parali\u017c senny<\/a> \u2013 badania<\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, 'Der Nachtmahr&#8217;<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych opracowa\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych Mahr:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812213058\/the-terror-that-comes-in-the-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Terror That Comes in the Night<\/a><\/em>. Philadelphia 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich: <em>Ephialtes<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mythologie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deutsche Mythologie<\/a><\/em>. Berlin 1875, 78.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mahr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi religioznawcz\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii przeno\u015bnych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i jest jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0105. <a href=\"\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mahr, Geist der germanischen Tradition Mahr ist Geist der germanischen Tradition. Die weibliche Nachtdr\u00fcckerin, sprachlich konservierte Urgestalt. GeistGermanisch Inhaltsverzeichnis Mahr Der Mahr (oder die Mahr, traditionell weiblich) ist eine eng mit dem Alp verwandte Gestalt des germanischen Volksglaubens. Beide sind Druckgeister der Nacht, beide verursachen Albtr\u00e4ume und Schlafparalyse. Die Differenz ist sprachlich-historisch: Der Mahr stammt [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7993,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahr, duch tradycji germa\u0144skiej | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahr, \u017ce\u0144ski nocny uciskacz tradycji germa\u0144skiej. Praj\u0119zykowa posta\u0107 zachowana w s\u0142ownictwie, powi\u0105zanie z Alpem","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[160,162,172,168,157],"class_list":["post-7992","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-demony-dzieciece","category-duchy","category-germanski","category-istoty-nocne","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahr, duch tradycji germa\u0144skiej | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mahr, \u017ce\u0144ski nocny uciskacz tradycji germa\u0144skiej. 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