{"id":7977,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:53","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ghul\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:28:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:28:54","slug":"ghul","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/ghul\/","title":{"rendered":"Ghul"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7977\" class=\"elementor elementor-7977 elementor-1027\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ghul, demon cmentarzy i pustyni arabskiego folkloru<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ghul jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> arabskiego folkloru.<\/p><p><strong>Demon cmentarzy i pustyni, pierwowz\u00f3r wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej postaci ghoula.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ demonica: Istota nadprzyrodzona o przewa\u017cnie szkodliwym lub ambiwalentnym dzia\u0142aniu. Stoi mi\u0119dzy bogami a lud\u017ami, powoduje choroby, pokusy lub nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia i jest odp\u0119dzana przez zakl\u0119cia, apotropaika i rytua\u0142y.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/islam\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Islamski \u015bwiat wiary z archanio\u0142ami, d\u017cinnami i istotami religijnymi.\">Islam<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_islam_ghul-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7978\" alt=\"Ghul - Demony z tradycji islamskiej, historyczno-ilustracyjne\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_islam_ghul-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_islam_ghul-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_islam_ghul-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_islam_ghul.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ghul<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ghul jest w arabskim folklorze nocnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> pusty\u0144 i cmentarzy. Jego specjalno\u015bci\u0105 jest zmiana postaci.<\/p><p>W pewnym s\u0142ynnym przekazie hadisowym Muhammad opowiada, \u017ce ukaza\u0142 mu si\u0119 Ghul w postaci pi\u0119knej kobiety; wypowiedzenie szahady (wyznania wiary) sprawi\u0142o, \u017ce znikn\u0105\u0142. Ghule zwodz\u0105 podr\u00f3\u017cnych, po\u017ceraj\u0105 zw\u0142oki, a w bardziej rozwini\u0119tym przekazie ludowym \u2013 tak\u017ce \u017cywych.<\/p><p>Poprzez Tysi\u0105c i jedn\u0105 noc posta\u0107 przenika do europejskiej \u015bwiadomo\u015bci. Angielski 'ghoul&#8217; w literaturze grozy i filmie wywodzi si\u0119 bezpo\u015brednio z arabskiego <em>gh\u016bl<\/em>, trac\u0105c jednak specyficzne aspekty zwi\u0105zane z pustyni\u0105 i cmentarzem. Wsp\u00f3\u0142cze\u015bnie ghoul oznacza og\u00f3lnie po\u017ceraj\u0105cego zw\u0142oki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demona<\/span>, podczas gdy arabska tradycja jest precyzyjniejsza: pustynia, cmentarz, przemiana w posta\u0107 kobiec\u0105, ust\u0119powanie przed wyznaniem wiary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ghul w skr\u00f3cie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> demon pustyni i cmentarza<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span>, po\u017ceracz zw\u0142ok<br>Pochodzenie: klasa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"W Koranie \u2013 istoty stworzone z dymu ognia, obdarzone woln\u0105 wol\u0105, ani anio\u0142y, ani demony, lecz odr\u0119bne stworzenie z w\u0142asn\u0105 moralno\u015bci\u0105.\">D\u017cinn\u00f3w<\/span>, o szczeg\u00f3lnej funkcji<br>Teksty: hadisy, al-Damiri, Tysi\u0105c i jedna noc, opowie\u015bci ludowe<br>Okres: od przedislamskiego do wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci<br>P\u0142e\u0107: m\u0119ska (Ghul), \u017ce\u0144ska (Ghula, Si\u02bfla), ta ostatnia szczeg\u00f3lnie wyrazista<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasyfikacja historyczna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po\u015bwiadczony w poezji przedislamskiej d\u017cahilijji, przej\u0119ty do tradycji islamskiej. Rozwini\u0119ty w hadisach, klasycznej zoologii (al-Damiri <em>Hayat al-Hayawan<\/em>), w Tysi\u0105cu i jednej nocy. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja w literaturze i filmie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar rozpowszechnienia<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f3\u0142wysep Arabski jako region pierwotny, rozpowszechniony wraz z kultur\u0105 arabsko-islamsk\u0105. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna obecno\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzynarodowa za po\u015brednictwem poj\u0119cia 'ghoul&#8217; w gatunku horroru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Przedislamska poezja, hadisy (zw\u0142aszcza w opowie\u015bci o spotkaniu Muhammada), al-Damiri, al-Qazwini, Tysi\u0105c i jedna noc, prace etnograficzne dotycz\u0105ce arabsko-p\u00f3\u0142nocnoafryka\u0144skiej religii ludowej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Arabski:<\/strong> <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> (liczba pojedyncza), <em>gh\u012bl\u0101n<\/em> (liczba mnoga); forma \u017ce\u0144ska: <em>gh\u016bla<\/em>, cz\u0119\u015bciej <em>si\u02bfl\u0101(h)<\/em>.<br>Etymologia: rdze\u0144 gh-w-l (&#8217;poch\u0142ania\u0107, niszczy\u0107&#8217;).<br>Angielski\/Francuski: ghoul \/ goule, zapo\u017cyczenia bezpo\u015brednie.<br>Pokrewne: Si\u02bfla (\u017ce\u0144ska odmiana Ghuli, szczeg\u00f3lnie niebezpieczna).<\/p><p>Forma \u017ce\u0144ska jest szczeg\u00f3lnie obecna w literaturze arabskiej. Si\u02bfla przemienia si\u0119 w pi\u0119kne kobiety, wabi m\u0119\u017cczyzn w odosobnione miejsca i po\u017cera ich. Forma m\u0119ska pojawia si\u0119 cz\u0119\u015bciej w postaci zwierz\u0119cej (osio\u0142, szakal).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wygl\u0105d<\/strong><\/p><p>Hybrydyczny i zmienny. Posta\u0107 podstawowa: kopyta podobne do o\u015blych, kud\u0142ate futro, rogi. W ludzkiej postaci: pi\u0119kna kobieta (Si\u02bfla) lub kusz\u0105cy nieznajomy. W postaci zwierz\u0119cej: szakal, hiena, osio\u0142.<\/p><p><strong>Zachowanie<\/strong><\/p><p>Zwodzi podr\u00f3\u017cnych, szczeg\u00f3lnie noc\u0105. Przybiera znajom\u0105 lub atrakcyjn\u0105 posta\u0107. Na cmentarzu odkopuje groby i po\u017cera zw\u0142oki. W najgorszych wariantach zabija i po\u017cera \u017cywych.<\/p><p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/strong><\/p><p>Pustynia, szlaki karawanowe, cmentarze, odosobnione miejsca. Aktywniejszy noc\u0105 i w dni graniczne (koniec Ramadanu, okre\u015blone noce \u015bwi\u0105teczne). Lokalne tradycje przypisuj\u0105 ghule do konkretnych miejsc.<\/p><p><strong>Klasyfikacja mitologiczna<\/strong><\/p><p>Wed\u0142ug klasycznej tradycji \u2013 podgatunek d\u017cinn\u00f3w. W okresie przedislamskim mo\u017cliwe, \u017ce odr\u0119bna kategoria, p\u00f3\u017aniej w\u0142\u0105czona do hierarchii d\u017cinn\u00f3w. \u017be\u0144skie ghule s\u0105 wi\u0105zane z okre\u015blonymi rytua\u0142ami cmentarnymi.<\/p><h3>Wygl\u0105d i symbolika<\/h3><p>Ghule opisywane s\u0105 jako podobne do szarych trup\u00f3w, o skrzywionych cia\u0142ach i p\u0142on\u0105cych oczach. Mog\u0105 przybiera\u0107 ludzk\u0105 posta\u0107. Niekiedy \u017ce\u0144skie ghule sprawiaj\u0105 wra\u017cenie uwodzicielskich. Ghul pachnie rozk\u0142adem. Ciemno\u015b\u0107 i zniszczenie to ich znaki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Ghul<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Ghula w skr\u00f3cie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradycja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podgatunek d\u017cinn\u00f3w; w okresie przedislamskim mo\u017cliwe, \u017ce odr\u0119bna kategoria. Klasyczna posta\u0107 arabskiej tradycji pustynnej i cmentarnej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dotyczy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samotni podr\u00f3\u017cni na pustyni, karawany noc\u0105, osamotnieni m\u0119\u017cczy\u017ani. Na cmentarzu: osoby pogr\u0105\u017cone w \u017ca\u0142obie i stra\u017cnicy grob\u00f3w.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przedstawienie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zmienny w kszta\u0142cie: kopyta o\u015bliopodobne w postaci podstawowej, pi\u0119kna kobieta (Si\u02bfla) lub nieznajomy jako posta\u0107-wabik, szakal\/hiena\/osio\u0142 jako posta\u0107 zwierz\u0119ca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zwodzi i zbija z drogi, po\u017cera zw\u0142oki, zabija \u017cywych. Powolne zbli\u017canie si\u0119 przez zwodzenie, nie nag\u0142y atak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy ochrony<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wypowiedzenie szahady (wyznania wiary) \u2013 wed\u0142ug hadis\u00f3w niezawodna ochrona. Niesamotne podr\u00f3\u017cowanie noc\u0105, niechodzenie samotnie na cmentarze. Bismillah przed niepewnymi krokami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpowiedniki<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/pl\/empuza\/\">Empusa<\/a> (strukturalnie bliska), <a href=\"\/pl\/strzyga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Lamia, wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne postaci wampira i wilko\u0142aka, ghoul gatunku horroru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyczna ochrona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3>Praktyka szahady<\/h3><p>S\u0142ynny hadis opowiada, jak Muhammad spotka\u0142 Ghula i odp\u0119dzi\u0142 go, wypowiadaj\u0105c szahad\u0119 (&#8217;Nie ma b\u00f3stwa poza Allahem, a Muhammad jest jego pos\u0142a\u0144cem&#8217;). Praktyka ta uchodzi do dzi\u015b za klasyczn\u0105 metod\u0119 odp\u0119dzania Ghula.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwa<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Zasady post\u0119powania<\/strong><\/p><p>Nie podr\u00f3\u017cowa\u0107 samotnie noc\u0105; wchodzi\u0107 na cmentarze z szacunkiem i z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u0142owne zwr\u00f3cenie si\u0119 cz\u0142owieka do b\u00f3stwa.\" tabindex=\"0\">modlitw\u0105<\/span>; Basmala przy wchodzeniu do nieznanych pomieszcze\u0144; w sytuacjach zagro\u017cenia \u2013 Ta\u02bfauwudh. W klasycznej poezji bohater mierzy si\u0119 z Ghulem odwa\u017cnie \u2013 nieucieczka jest uwa\u017cana za skuteczn\u0105 obron\u0119.<\/p><h3>Amulety<\/h3><p>Wersety koraniczne w amuletach hirz, szczeg\u00f3lnie sury ochronne i Ayat al-Kursi. Piecz\u0119\u0107 Salomona jako znak ochronny. W Afryce P\u00f3\u0142nocnej: r\u0119ka Hamsy i talizmany z wersetami koranicznymi.<\/p><h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ca\u0142okszta\u0142t religijnych akt\u00f3w czci wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> i cze\u015b\u0107<\/h3><p>Ghule nie s\u0105 czczone, lecz si\u0119 ich boj\u0105 i odp\u0119dza si\u0119 je. Wersety koraniczne stanowi\u0105 ochron\u0119. Podr\u00f3\u017cni ha\u0142asowali w celu odstraszenia. Rozpowszechnione by\u0142y kadzid\u0142a i modlitwy. M\u0119drcy i czarownicy mogli je przep\u0119dza\u0107, lecz by\u0142o to niebezpieczne.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele i prze\u017cytek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, mniej wi\u0119cej od 800 r. p.n.e. do 600 r. n.e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Staro\u017cytny<\/span> \u015bwiat \u015br\u00f3dziemnomorski:<\/strong> Empusa i Lamia w tradycji greckiej, Striga w rzymskiej \u2013 wszystkie ukazuj\u0105 wzorzec zmieniaj\u0105cej kszta\u0142t, uwodzicielskiej nocnej postaci atakuj\u0105cej podr\u00f3\u017cnych. Bezpo\u015brednie zale\u017cno\u015bci nie s\u0105 potwierdzone; strukturalne paralele s\u0105 oczywiste.<\/p><h3>Tradycje perskie i \u015brodkowoazjatyckie<\/h3><p>Perski <em>gh\u0101l<\/em> (bli\u017cszy poj\u0119ciowo), tureckie warianty przejmuj\u0105 arabski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 go z lokalnymi duchami.<\/p><p><strong>Recepcja zachodnia:<\/strong> Ghoul angielskiej literatury grozy (Lovecraft i in.) i filmowej wywodzi si\u0119 bezpo\u015brednio z Ghula. W zachodnich grach fabularnych i kulturze popularnej ghoul sta\u0142 si\u0119 og\u00f3lnym po\u017ceraczem zw\u0142ok, a specyficzne cechy Ghula (pustynia, przemiana, odp\u0119dzanie wyznaniem wiary) zanikaj\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5421677 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5421677\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp359d29e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp359d29e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ghul w przedislamskim i wczesnoislamskim przekazie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6353b10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6353b10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7035cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd7035cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u0142owo <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> nale\u017cy do najstarszych postaci arabskiej wyobra\u017ani ludowej i znane jest ju\u017c z przedislamskiej poezji. W staroarabskiej poezji <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> pojawia si\u0119 jako istota pustyni i samotnych dr\u00f3g, kt\u00f3ra zwodzi podr\u00f3\u017cnych, czyha na nich i po\u017cera ich.<\/p><p>S\u0142ynna jest opowie\u015b\u0107, zachowana w kilku przekazach, o przedislamskim poecie Ta\u02beabbata Szarranem, kt\u00f3ry noc\u0105 spotyka <em>gh\u016bla<\/em>, mocuje si\u0119 z nim i zwyci\u0119\u017ca; wiersz, w kt\u00f3rym chwali si\u0119 tym spotkaniem, nale\u017cy do najbardziej znanych \u015bwiadectw tej postaci.<\/p><p>Wraz z islamem <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> nie zosta\u0142 usuni\u0119ty, lecz na nowo sklasyfikowany. W prorockim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span>, czyli <em>hadisie<\/em>, mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 wypowiedzi, kt\u00f3re cz\u0119\u015bciowo zaprzeczaj\u0105 istnieniu <em>gh\u016bla<\/em> lub je relatywizuj\u0105, cz\u0119\u015bciowo za\u015b interpretuj\u0105 go jako przejaw <a href=\"\/pl\/jinn\/\">d\u017cinn\u00f3w<\/a>.<\/p><p>Jedna ze znanych tradycji radzi, by przy pojawieniu si\u0119 takiej istoty wypowiedzie\u0107 wezwanie do modlitwy. Islamska uczono\u015b\u0107 w\u0142\u0105czy\u0142a tym samym <em>gh\u016bla<\/em> do systemu d\u017cinn\u00f3w: nie jest on odr\u0119bnym stworzeniem, lecz szczeg\u00f3lnie z\u0142o\u015bliwym, zmieniaj\u0105cym posta\u0107 d\u017cinnem.<\/p><p>Ta klasyfikacja jest istotna dla religioznawczego rozumienia. Islam przej\u0105\u0142 istniej\u0105ce ludowe postaci, podporz\u0105dkowuj\u0105c je jednak swojej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wyobra\u017cenie o budowie i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata w obr\u0119bie danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span>. <em>Gh\u016bl<\/em> utraci\u0142 status autonomicznej istoty pustynnej i sta\u0142 si\u0119 typem w hierarchii d\u017cinn\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Przekaz ludowy zachowa\u0142 obok tego starsze, bardziej konkretne wyobra\u017cenie, tak \u017ce <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> do dzi\u015b istnieje w dw\u00f3ch rejestrach: jako uczenie-teologicznie sklasyfikowany d\u017cinn i jako namacalna posta\u0107 strachu w opowie\u015bciach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb10abd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb10abd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3318b10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3318b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologia i pole semantyczne zniszczenia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp84f0b60 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp84f0b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe8d9817 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe8d9817\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pod wzgl\u0119dem j\u0119zykowym <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> wywodzi si\u0119 z rdzenia, kt\u00f3rego podstawowe znaczenie le\u017cy w obszarze chwytania, \u0142apania i nag\u0142ego niszczenia. Pokrewny czasownik oznacza niespodziewane si\u0119gni\u0119cie, porwanie, nieoczekiwane nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie, kt\u00f3re spada na cz\u0142owieka.<\/p><p>S\u0142owo <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> oznacza zatem dos\u0142ownie 'porywacza&#8217; \u2013 istot\u0119, kt\u00f3ra nagle chwyta podr\u00f3\u017cnego. Etymologia ta dok\u0142adnie odpowiada jego roli jako czyhaj\u0105cego w odosobnionych miejscach.<\/p><p>Z tego samego rdzenia pochodzi r\u00f3wnie\u017c termin <em>gh\u012bla<\/em>, oznaczaj\u0105cy zdradliwe, podst\u0119pne zab\u00f3jstwo. J\u0119zykowa blisko\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> a poj\u0119ciem podst\u0119pnego napadu nie jest przypadkowa: <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> uciele\u015bnia w\u0142a\u015bnie ten rodzaj zagro\u017cenia, kt\u00f3re nie pochodzi z otwartej walki, lecz z zasadzki.<\/p><p>Godna uwagi jest historia tego s\u0142owa poza j\u0119zykiem arabskim. Za po\u015brednictwem recepcji orientalnej literatury narracyjnej, zw\u0142aszcza zbioru <em>Tysi\u0105c i jedna noc<\/em>, s\u0142owo trafi\u0142o w XVIII i XIX wieku do j\u0119zyk\u00f3w europejskich. Angielskie <em>ghoul<\/em> i jego odpowiedniki w innych j\u0119zykach to bezpo\u015brednie zapo\u017cyczenia.<\/p><p>Przy tym dosz\u0142o do przesuni\u0119cia znaczenia: podczas gdy arabski <em>gh\u016bl<\/em> jest przede wszystkim istot\u0105 pustyni i szlak\u00f3w, po\u017ceraj\u0105c\u0105 \u017cywych podr\u00f3\u017cnych, europejski <em>ghoul<\/em> zaw\u0119zi\u0142 si\u0119 do grabie\u017ccy grob\u00f3w i po\u017ceracza zw\u0142ok \u2013 istoty cmentarzy.<\/p><p>To zaw\u0119\u017cenie znaczeniowe jest pouczaj\u0105cym przyk\u0142adem tego, jak zapo\u017cyczenie przekszta\u0142ca posta\u0107: przej\u0119te s\u0142owo zachowuje brzmienie, lecz wyobra\u017cenie dostosowuje si\u0119 do l\u0119k\u00f3w kultury przyjmuj\u0105cej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2452c7b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2452c7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0f82b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0f82b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Si\u02bfl\u0101t i \u017ce\u0144ski wariant<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp477b087 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp477b087\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdabba72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdabba72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arabski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekaz<\/span> zna obok <em>gh\u016bla<\/em> szereg pokrewnych, cz\u0119\u015bciowo \u017ce\u0144skich postaci, kt\u00f3re r\u00f3\u017cnicuj\u0105 ten obraz. Szczeg\u00f3lnie wa\u017cna jest <em>si\u02bfl\u0101<\/em> (liczba mnoga <em>si\u02bf\u0101l\u012b<\/em>), \u017ce\u0144ska demoniczna posta\u0107, kt\u00f3ra w niekt\u00f3rych \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ach uchodzi za \u017con\u0119 lub podgatunek <em>gh\u016bla<\/em>.<\/p><p><em>Si\u02bfl\u0101<\/em> pojawia si\u0119 w historiach, w kt\u00f3rych przemienia si\u0119 w pi\u0119kn\u0105 kobiet\u0119, po\u015blubia m\u0119\u017cczyzn\u0119, rodzi mu dzieci i \u017cyje z nim, dop\u00f3ki jej prawdziwa natura nie zostaje odkryta i nie znika lub nie staje si\u0119 niebezpieczna.<\/p><p>Ten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.\" tabindex=\"0\">motyw<\/span> nadprzyrodzonej \u017cony, kt\u00f3rej pochodzenie pozostaje ukryte, jest szeroko po\u015bwiadczony w arabskiej literaturze narracyjnej i \u0142\u0105czy kompleks <em>gh\u016bla<\/em> z mi\u0119dzynarodowym typem bajkowym. Niekt\u00f3re genealogiczne przekazy arabskich plemion prowadzi\u0142y nawet okre\u015blonych przodk\u00f3w do zwi\u0105zku z <em>si\u02bfl\u0101<\/em>, co pokazuje, \u017ce wyobra\u017cenie to by\u0142o nie tylko opowie\u015bci\u0105 grozy, lecz tak\u017ce cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 narracji o pochodzeniu.<\/p><p>\u017be\u0144ski wariant ma inne akcenty ni\u017c m\u0119ski pustynny <em>gh\u016bl<\/em>. Podczas gdy ten ostatni zagra\u017ca brutaln\u0105 przemoc\u0105 i po\u017ceraniem, <em>si\u02bfl\u0101<\/em> dzia\u0142a przez zwodzenie, uwodzenie i wnikanie w domow\u0105 i rodzinn\u0105 sfer\u0119. Niebezpiecze\u0144stwo przenosi si\u0119 z samotnej drogi do w\u0142asnego domu.<\/p><p>Z religioznawczego punktu widzenia odbija si\u0119 w tym p\u0142ciowo specyficzny podzia\u0142 l\u0119k\u00f3w: strach przed zewn\u0119trznym drapie\u017cnikiem z jednej strony, strach przed nieprzejrzyst\u0105 obc\u0105 wewn\u0105trz rodziny z drugiej. Obie postaci nale\u017c\u0105 do siebie i dopiero razem tworz\u0105 pe\u0142ny obraz arabskiej wiary w <em>gh\u016bla<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linki uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105ce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Polecane linki wewn\u0119trzne:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/islam\/\">Islam<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/jinn\/\">D\u017cinn<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/shayatin\/\">Shayatin<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/ifrit\/\">Ifrit<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/empuza\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/strzyga\/\">Striga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/pl\/lamia\/\">Lamia<\/a> (paralele)<\/li><li>Tysi\u0105c i jedna noc<\/li><li>Recepcja horroru na Zachodzie<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Wyb\u00f3r kluczowych prac po\u015bwi\u0119conych Ghulowi i pokrewnym postaciom:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Marzolph, Ulrich \/ van Leeuwen, Richard: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/arabiannightsenc0000unse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia<\/a><\/em>. Santa Barbara 2004.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>al-Rawi, Ahmed: 'The Arabic Ghoul and its Western Transformation.&#8217; In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywana kultura ludowa z obrz\u0119dami, opowie\u015bciami i pie\u015bniami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 120 (2009).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Henninger, Joseph: <em>Arabica Sacra<\/em>. Freiburg 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jayyusi, Salma K. (Hg.): <em>Modern Arabic Fiction<\/em>. New York 2005 (zur literarischen Rezeption).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-ghul-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-ghul-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-ghul\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-ghul-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-ghul-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi naukow\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii przeno\u015bnych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i jest jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0105.<a href=\"\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ghul, D\u00e4mon der islamischen Tradition Ghul ist D\u00e4mon der islamischen Tradition. Friedhofs- und W\u00fcstend\u00e4mon, Ursprung der modernen Ghoul-Figur. D\u00e4monIslam Inhaltsverzeichnis Ghul Der Ghul ist in der arabisch-islamischen Tradition ein n\u00e4chtlicher D\u00e4mon der W\u00fcsten und Friedh\u00f6fe. Seine Spezialit\u00e4t: die Gestaltwandlung. In einer bekannten Hadith-Erz\u00e4hlung berichtet Muhammad, dass ihm ein Ghul in Gestalt einer sch\u00f6nen Frau erschien; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7978,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ghul","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ghul \u2013 demon cmentarzy i pustyni arabskiego folkloru","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ghul, demon cmentarzy i pustyni arabskiego folkloru. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej postaci Ghoula, z nawi\u0105zaniami do Koranu i Tysi\u0105ca i jednej nocy.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[158,171,157],"class_list":["post-7977","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-demony","category-islam","category-kultury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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