{"id":16195,"date":"2026-04-27T10:38:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:38:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/bokor-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-19T06:03:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T06:03:42","slug":"bokor","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/bokor\/","title":{"rendered":"Bokor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"16195\" class=\"elementor elementor-16195 elementor-2173 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor, duch tradycji haita\u0144skiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokor jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 sprawczo\u015b\u0107 w \u015bwiecie.\" tabindex=\"0\">duchem<\/span> haita\u0144skiej tradycji.<\/p><p><strong>Mistrz mrocznej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span>, w\u0142adca Zombich i kl\u0105tw.<\/strong> Bokor jest przeciwie\u0144stwem <em>Houngan<\/em> (dobrego kap\u0142ana Vodou). Podczas gdy Houngan s\u0142u\u017cy Loa i uzdrawia wsp\u00f3lnot\u0119, Bokor s\u0142u\u017cy sobie i mrocznym si\u0142om.<\/p><p>Jego wiedza jest realna i budzi l\u0119k: trucizny, rytua\u0142y wykorzenienia, zombifikacja, czary szkodz\u0105ce. Bokor nie jest istot\u0105 nadprzyrodzon\u0105 \u2013 jest cz\u0142owiekiem, kt\u00f3ry sw\u00f3j talent w dziedzinie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span> i manipulacji wykorzystuje do czynienia z\u0142a.<\/p><p>Bokor jest mrocznym magiem Vodou z Haiti, kt\u00f3ry pos\u0142uguje si\u0119 czarami szkodz\u0105cymi. Profil precyzuje, \u017ce Bokor to nie duch, lecz mroczny mag Vodou, kt\u00f3ry sw\u00f3j talent obraca w czary szkodz\u0105ce.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duch: istota bezcielesna lub p\u00f3\u0142cielesna, deceased, istoty natury, duchy domowe lub stra\u017cnicy prog\u00f3w. Dzia\u0142a w \u017cyciu codziennym, cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zany z miejscami lub rodzinami.\">Duch<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/vodou\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Haita\u0144sko-zachodnioafryka\u0144ska tradycja Vodou z istotami Lwa, kt\u00f3ra historyczno-religijnie wyw\u0119drowa\u0142a z Afryki Zachodniej na Karaiby.\">Vodou<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130500\" alt=\"Bokor - ilustracja praktyki w stylu historyczno-muzealno-dokumentalnym\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W skr\u00f3cie: Bokor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Praktyka Vodou: kap\u0142an Vodou czarnej magii (odpowiednik Houngan)<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 bog\u00f3w jednej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Vodou (Haiti), praktyk, nie istota<br>Funkcja: praktyka czarnomagiczna, wytwarzanie Zombi, wi\u0119zi pan\u2013niewolnik<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne atrybuty: czarno-czerwony str\u00f3j, woreczki ouanga, lalki z gliny, mroczne rytua\u0142y<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne miejsca kultu: brak oficjalnych, tajne urz\u0105dzenia przypominaj\u0105ce Hounfor<br>Rozr\u00f3\u017cnienie: Houngan (jasna praktyka) kontra Bokor (mroczna praktyka)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradycja Bokor kszta\u0142tuje si\u0119 w kolonialnym Saint-Domingue r\u00f3wnolegle do ortodoksyjnego kap\u0142a\u0144stwa Vodou. Kategorycznie mroczna, czarnomagiczna praktyka Vodou \u2013 Bokor \u201epracuje obiema r\u0119kami&#8221;. G\u0142\u00f3wny rozkwit etnograficznego zainteresowania przypada\u0142 na XIX\u2013XX w.; Wade Davis w <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985) wprowadzi\u0142 Bokora do zachodnioeuropejskiej \u015bwiadomo\u015bci. Obecnie nadal obecny na wiejskich obszarach Haiti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozpowszechniony g\u0142\u00f3wnie na wiejskich obszarach Haiti. W Port-au-Prince tradycja od XX w. przesuwa si\u0119 na margines. W haita\u0144skiej diasporze (Nowy Orlean, Miami, brazylijskie Quimbanda) rzadki i ukryty. \u017baden Bokor nie prowadzi publicznej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span>; praktyka jest tajna i uprawiana prywatnie lub w ukrytych miejscach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>G\u0142\u00f3wne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a: Maya Deren <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em> (1953, kr\u00f3tka wzmianka), Wade Davis <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985, kontrowersyjna etnografia Bokora), Davisowska akademicka praca nast\u0119pcza <em>Passage of Darkness<\/em> (1988). Historyczno-religijnie: Hurbon, <em>Voodoo: Search for the Spirit<\/em>; M\u00e9traux, <em>Le Vaudou ha\u00eftien<\/em>. Krytyczna refleksja: McAlister, <em>Rara!<\/em>; Ramsey, <em>The Spirits and the Law<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W literaturze pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 tak\u017ce pisownie takie jak Bok\u00f2, Bocor czy Bokonon, przy czym ostatnia forma oznacza r\u00f3wnie\u017c wr\u00f3\u017cbit\u0119 Fa w Beninie. Wade Davis opisuje Bokora w swoich badaniach nad zombifikacj\u0105 jako specjalist\u0119 dzia\u0142aj\u0105cego poza regularn\u0105 hierarchi\u0105 \u015bwi\u0105tynn\u0105, \u0142\u0105czonego mi\u0119dzy innymi z tajnymi stowarzyszeniami takimi jak Bizango. Pokrewne okre\u015blenia r\u00f3l dla ambiwalentnych ekspert\u00f3w rytualnych spotyka si\u0119 w wielu tradycjach afrokaraibskich, na przyk\u0142ad w postaci Obeah-mana angloj\u0119zycznych Karaib\u00f3w.<\/p><p>S\u0142owo Bokor (kreolskie b\u00f2k\u00f2) oznacza w haita\u0144skim Vodou maga, kt\u00f3ry wed\u0142ug powszechnego powiedzenia \u201epracuje obiema r\u0119kami&#8221;, oferuj\u0105c zar\u00f3wno us\u0142ugi uzdrawiaj\u0105ce, jak i szkodz\u0105ce. Termin ten jest cz\u0119sto wywodzony z zachodnioafryka\u0144skich korzeni, mi\u0119dzy innymi z okre\u015ble\u0144 wr\u00f3\u017cbit\u00f3w i znawc\u00f3w rytua\u0142\u00f3w w j\u0119zyku Fon z Dahomeju. W u\u017cyciu j\u0119zykowym odr\u00f3\u017cnia si\u0119 od Houngan, regularnego kap\u0142ana Vodou, cho\u0107 granice te w praktyce mog\u0105 by\u0107 p\u0142ynne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokor (haita\u0144sko-kreolskie <em>bok\u00f2<\/em>) jest w haita\u0144skim Vodou praktykiem \u201eLewej R\u0119ki&#8221;, czarnym magiem, w odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od prawomocnego Houngan\/Manbo tradycji Rada (bia\u0142a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span>). Bokorzy pracuj\u0105 z lini\u0105 <em>Petro<\/em> agresywnych Loa oraz z duchami zmar\u0142ych.<\/p><p>Ich praktyka obejmuje czary (<em>maji<\/em>), czary szkodz\u0105ce (<em>wanga<\/em>), wytwarzanie Zombi oraz wi\u0105zanie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota bezcielesna, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 sprawczo\u015b\u0107 w \u015bwiecie.\" tabindex=\"0\">duch\u00f3w<\/span>. Dzia\u0142aj\u0105 na obrze\u017cach ortodoksyjnej wsp\u00f3lnoty Vodou i s\u0105 pogardzani przez Houngan i Manbo, lecz zarazem budz\u0105 l\u0119k (por. M\u00e9traux, <em>Voodoo in Haiti<\/em>; Hurbon, <em>Voodoo: Search for the Spirit<\/em>; Davis, <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Bokor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty praktyki Bokora w skr\u00f3cie. Poni\u017csze pola podsumowuj\u0105 tradycj\u0119, funkcj\u0119, wygl\u0105d, praktyk\u0119, symbole i analogie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie Bokora<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokor stoi w tradycji Vodou jako mroczne odbicie <em>Houngan<\/em> (ortodoksyjnego kap\u0142ana Vodou). Podczas gdy Houngan pomaga obiema r\u0119kami, Bokor \u201epracuje obiema r\u0119kami&#8221; r\u00f3wnie\u017c t\u0105 mroczn\u0105, kt\u00f3ra mo\u017ce szkodzi\u0107 innym poprzez <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi\u0119<\/span>.<\/p><p>Kszta\u0142cenie odbywa si\u0119 tradycyjnie przez <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Rytualne przyj\u0119cie do zakonu religijnego lub ezoterycznego; cz\u0119sto powi\u0105zane z symboliczn\u0105 \u015bmierci\u0105 i odrodzeniem.\">inicjacj\u0119<\/span> u starszego Bokora; wiedza jest przekazywana w \u015bcis\u0142ej tajemnicy. Bokorzy stoj\u0105 poza ortodoksyjn\u0105 hierarchi\u0105 Vodou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grupa docelowa Bokora<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Funkcje: czarnomagiczne szkodzenie wrogom na zlecenie klienta, wytwarzanie <em>Zombi<\/em> z niedawno zmar\u0142ej osoby, zmuszanie kogo\u015b do mi\u0142osnego lub lojalno\u015bciowego zobowi\u0105zania wbrew jego woli, uzdrawianie w skrajnych przypadkach (gdy Houngani nie pomagaj\u0105). Tak\u017ce ochrona dla tych, kt\u00f3rzy \u201ekupuj\u0105&#8221; u Bokora. Pot\u0119piani etycznie przez ortodoksyjn\u0105 wsp\u00f3lnot\u0119 Vodou.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokorzy s\u0105 ludzkimi praktykami, nie posiadaj\u0105 ustalonej postaci ikonograficznej. Tradycyjnie nosz\u0105 czer\u0144 lub barwy czarno-czerwone, niekiedy z kreolskimi insygniami (ko\u015bci, czaszki, woreczki z ziemi\u0105 cmentarn\u0105). Narz\u0119dzia: <em>ouanga<\/em> (magiczne woreczki z zio\u0142ami, ziemiami, cz\u0119\u015bciami cia\u0142), lalki z gliny, ziemia cmentarna, czaszki, li\u015bcie tytoniu, \u015bwiece koloru czarnego i czerwonego. Rytua\u0142y odbywaj\u0105 si\u0119 tradycyjnie noc\u0105, cz\u0119sto na skrzy\u017cowaniach dr\u00f3g lub cmentarzach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania:<\/strong> Praktyka Bokora budzi l\u0119k w wiejskich wsp\u00f3lnotach haita\u0144skich. Kto czuje si\u0119 skrzywdzony \u2013 przez chorob\u0119, rodzinny sp\u00f3r, niepowodzenia w interesach, niechciane zar\u0119czyny \u2013 niekiedy podejrzewa, \u017ce pracuje na jego szkod\u0119 Bokor.<\/p><p>Ochrona polega na odwiedzeniu w\u0142asnego Houngan i zastosowaniu kontrmagii. Rytua\u0142y Bokora s\u0105 wykonywane w tajemnicy; ich klienci p\u0142ac\u0105 cz\u0119sto wysokie sumy. We wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnym Haiti trudno odr\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 uprzedzenia od autentycznej praktyki i od miejskiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opowie\u015b\u0107 przekazywana z pokolenia na pokolenie o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formy ochrony<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ouanga (magiczne woreczki), lalki z gliny, ziemia cmentarna, czarne i czerwone \u015bwiece, czaszki i ko\u015bci, lustra, zio\u0142a (Datura, bielu\u0144, belladonna), proszki (Davis: zawieraj\u0105ce tetrodotoksyn\u0119 do wytwarzania Zombi). \u015awi\u0119te zwierz\u0119ta: czarny kogut, czarny pies. \u015awi\u0119te ro\u015bliny: Datura, belladonna, bielu\u0144.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analogie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Houngan<\/em> (Vodou, ortodoksyjny biegun przeciwny), <em>Mambo<\/em> (\u017ce\u0144ska ortodoksyjna kap\u0142anka Vodou). Globalne odpowiedniki praktyk\u00f3w czarnej magii: <em>Hexer<\/em> (germa\u0144ska tradycja ludowa), <em>Brujo<\/em> (latynoameryka\u0144ski), <em>Kahuna ana&#8217;ana<\/em> (hawajski, Kahuna \u015bmierci), <em>Tantrika tradycji Aghori<\/em> (hinduizm, nie bezpo\u015brednio por\u00f3wnywalny, lecz strukturalnie ambiwalentny), <em>asipu czarnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span><\/em> (Mezopotamia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyczne \u015brodki ochronne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rytua\u0142y apotropaiczne przeciwko czarom Bokora<\/h3><p>Ochrona przed czarami szkodz\u0105cymi Bokora odbywa si\u0119 przez oczyszczaj\u0105ce przywo\u0142ania Rada-Loa, przede wszystkim Damballah i Erzulie Freda. Houngani przeprowadzaj\u0105 rytua\u0142y oczyszczenia (<em>laver t\u00e8t<\/em>, \u201emycie g\u0142owy&#8221;) z zio\u0142owymi naparami i przywo\u0142aniami. Ochronne k\u0105piele z bia\u0142ymi p\u0142atkami kwiat\u00f3w (ja\u015bmin, pomara\u0144cza) i wod\u0105 kolo\u0144sk\u0105 stanowi\u0105 standardow\u0105 praktyk\u0119. W nag\u0142ych przypadkach konsultuje si\u0119 do\u015bwiadczonego Houngan w celu wykonania kontrzakl\u0119cia Bokora (por. Deren, <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em>).<\/p><h3>Zakl\u0119cia i formu\u0142y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magiczne lub ko\u015bcielne wykluczenie; tak\u017ce wi\u0105zanie mocy za pomoc\u0105 formu\u0142y.\" tabindex=\"0\">zakazu<\/span><\/h3><p>Zaklinania anty-Bokor przywo\u0142uj\u0105 jasne Loa tradycji Rada: \u201eAyibobo&#8221; jako okrzyk uzdrawiaj\u0105cy, \u201eDamballah W\u00e8do&#8221; jako ochrona boga w\u0119\u017ca. Kreolskie pie\u015bni oczyszczaj\u0105ce (<em>chants d\u00e9sorcelants<\/em>) s\u0105 recytowane podczas k\u0105pieli oczyszczaj\u0105cych.<\/p><h3>Amulety i symbole ochronne<\/h3><p>Amulety ochronne (<em>pak\u00e8t kongo<\/em>), ma\u0142e zawini\u0105tka z tkaniny z leczniczymi zio\u0142ami, kamieniami szlachetnymi i zapisanymi modlitwami, noszone s\u0105 jako ochrona przed czarami Bokora. Diagramy V\u00e8v\u00e8 ochronnych Loa (Damballah, Erzulie Freda, Loko) na domowym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Podwy\u017cszone miejsce lub st\u00f3\u0142 na ofiary i czynno\u015bci religijne.\" tabindex=\"0\">o\u0142tarzu<\/span>. Bia\u0142e \u015bwiece zapala si\u0119 na cze\u015b\u0107 Rada-Loa. Anty-wanga k\u0105piele oczyszczaj\u0105ce z sol\u0105 i dziewi\u0119cioma kroplami olejku lawendowego jako cotygodniowa rutyna w gospodarstwach domowych zagro\u017conych przez Bokora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor, paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Zachodnioafryka\u0144skie i kongijskie korzenie<\/h3><p>Bokor wpisuje si\u0119 w tradycj\u0119 zachodnioafryka\u0144skich mag\u00f3w \u201eLewej R\u0119ki&#8221;, zw\u0142aszcza w roz\u0142am w ramach yoruba\u0144skiej <em>babalawo bibalawe<\/em> oraz kongijsk\u0105 <em>nganga ya kindoki<\/em> (czarownik-doktor). W tradycji Bambara z Mali znany jest <em>soma<\/em> jako czarownik szkodz\u0105cy. Haita\u0144ska tradycja Bokora \u0142\u0105czy przede wszystkim zachodnioafryka\u0144skie koncepcje czar\u00f3w szkodz\u0105cych z kongijsk\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi\u0105<\/span> \u015bmierci (por. MacGaffey, <em>Religion and Society in Central Africa<\/em>).<\/p><h3>Karaibskie odpowiedniki<\/h3><p>Pokrewne postaci czarnych mag\u00f3w spotykamy w jamajskim Obeah-manie, kuba\u0144skim <em>palero<\/em> (praktyku Palo Mayombe), trynidadzkiego spirytuali\u015bcie i Hoodoo z po\u0142udniowych Stan\u00f3w Zjednoczonych. Diaspora niewolnicza stworzy\u0142a kreolsko-zachodnioafryka\u0144sk\u0105 tradycj\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiczn\u0105<\/span>, kt\u00f3rej czarnomagiczne komponenty maj\u0105 wsz\u0119dzie podobn\u0105 struktur\u0119.<\/p><h3>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja<\/h3><p>W p\u00f3\u0142nocnoameryka\u0144skiej tradycji hollywoodzkiej (William Seabrook, Victor Halperin, Wes Craven) Bokor zosta\u0142 wykreowany na stereotypowego \u201ekap\u0142ana Voodoo&#8221; z film\u00f3w grozy \u2013 jest to drastyczne zniekszta\u0142cenie zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanej haita\u0144skiej praktyki. Film Wesa Cravena <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1988, oparty na ksi\u0105\u017cce Davisa) podejmuje temat przemiany w Zombi dokonywanej przez Bokora. Badania religioznawcze (Hurbon, McAlister) nieustannie koryguj\u0105 te stereotypy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc822a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbc822a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp084b49d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp084b49d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pozycja w haita\u0144skim Vodou<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2898e8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2898e8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5ed1b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa5ed1b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokor jest okre\u015bleniem roli w obr\u0119bie haita\u0144skiego Vodou i oznacza specjalist\u0119, kt\u00f3ry operuje obiema stronami rytualnej mocy \u2013 zar\u00f3wno uzdrawiaj\u0105c\u0105, jak i szkodz\u0105c\u0105.<\/p><p>Tym samym r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 od Houngan i Mambo, kap\u0142an\u00f3w i kap\u0142anek, kt\u00f3rych dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 przede wszystkim z uzdrawianiem, ochron\u0105 i s\u0142u\u017cb\u0105 duchom, Lwa. W powszechnym powiedzeniu m\u00f3wi si\u0119, \u017ce Bokor s\u0142u\u017cy obiema r\u0119kami.<\/p><p>Tej dwustronno\u015bci nie nale\u017cy rozumie\u0107 jako zwyk\u0142ej z\u0142o\u015bliwo\u015bci. W literaturze etnologicznej podkre\u015bla si\u0119, \u017ce granica mi\u0119dzy Houngan a Bokorem w praktyce mo\u017ce by\u0107 p\u0142ynna i zale\u017cy silnie od kontekstu spo\u0142ecznego oraz reputacji. Niekt\u00f3rzy kap\u0142ani bywaj\u0105 okre\u015blani raz jako jedno, raz jako drugie, zale\u017cnie od sytuacji i rozm\u00f3wcy.<\/p><p>Bokor jest osadzony w systemie zobowi\u0105za\u0144, linii rodzinnych i stowarzysze\u0144 religijnych. Jego moc uznawana jest za nabyt\u0105 i przekazywan\u0105, nie za\u015b dowolnie dost\u0119pn\u0105.<\/p><p>Badania naukowe klasyfikuj\u0105 t\u0119 posta\u0107 w szerszych ramach Vodou, kt\u00f3ry ukszta\u0142towa\u0142 si\u0119 z element\u00f3w zachodnioafryka\u0144skich, \u015brodkowoafryka\u0144skich i katolickich w warunkach niewolnictwa na Karaibach. Dalsze informacje znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w artykule przegl\u0105dowym po\u015bwi\u0119conym <a href=\"\/pl\/vodou\/\">Vodou<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7f4e55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7f4e55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb35d48c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb35d48c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor w przekazie o Zombi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4ffbf07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4ffbf07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa3a7b63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa3a7b63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 s\u0142aw\u0119 Bokor zawdzi\u0119cza swojemu powi\u0105zaniu z wyobra\u017ceniem <a href=\"\/pl\/zombi\/\">Zombi<\/a>. W haita\u0144skim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazie<\/span> Bokor uchodzi za posta\u0107, kt\u00f3ra mo\u017ce pozbawi\u0107 cz\u0142owieka duszy lub jej cz\u0119\u015bci i wprawi\u0107 go w stan bezwolno\u015bci. Powsta\u0142y w ten spos\u00f3b Zombi ma nast\u0119pnie s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 Bokorowi do pracy lub innych cel\u00f3w.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etnobotanik Wade Davis postawi\u0142 w latach 80. XX wieku w ksi\u0105\u017ckach <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985) i <em>Passage of Darkness<\/em> (1988) tez\u0119, \u017ce przy zombifikacji rol\u0119 odgrywaj\u0105 farmakologicznie aktywne substancje, mi\u0119dzy innymi neurotoksyna pozyskiwana z ryb kulbiastych.<\/span><\/p><p>Teza ta by\u0142a kontrowersyjnie dyskutowana w toksykologii i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka por\u00f3wnawczo badaj\u0105ca kultury i spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologii<\/span> i skrytykowana w kilku punktach. Niesporny pozostaje fakt, \u017ce wyobra\u017cenie Zombi na Haiti jest \u015bci\u015ble powi\u0105zane ze spo\u0142eczn\u0105 rol\u0105 Bokora.<\/p><p>Istotne dla klasyfikacji: w haita\u0144skim postrzeganiu nie sam Zombi jest tym, co napawa najwi\u0119kszym l\u0119kiem, lecz stan bycia zmienionym w Zombi.<\/p><p>Bokor uosabia zatem realnie odczuwane zagro\u017cenie o charakterze spo\u0142ecznym \u2013 jako instancja sankcji lub jako ekran projekcyjny dla konflikt\u00f3w. iWell Guard opisuje te wyobra\u017cenia jako kulturowy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekaz<\/span> i nie jako procesy potwierdzone naukowo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf758ebb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf758ebb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcf38748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcf38748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Postrzeganie zewn\u0119trzne i historia bada\u0144<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ebe45a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7ebe45a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee56a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpee56a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Posta\u0107 Bokora przez d\u0142ugi czas kszta\u0142towana by\u0142a w zachodniej opinii publicznej przez zniekszta\u0142caj\u0105ce przedstawienia. Relacje z podr\u00f3\u017cy, literatura sensacyjna i wczesne kino, na przyk\u0142ad <em>White Zombie<\/em> (1932), tworzy\u0142y obraz mrocznej czarnej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktyki, kt\u00f3re poprzez szczeg\u00f3lne dzia\u0142ania lub formu\u0142y d\u0105\u017c\u0105 do ingerencji w bieg wydarze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">magii<\/span>, \u015bci\u015ble powi\u0105zany z kolonialnymi i rasistowskimi stereotypami dotycz\u0105cymi Haiti.<\/span><\/p><p>Ta zewn\u0119trzna percepcja m\u00f3wi wi\u0119cej o projekcjach obserwator\u00f3w ni\u017c o samej praktyce religijnej.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etnologiczne badania XX wieku stara\u0142y si\u0119 o bardziej zr\u00f3\u017cnicowane opisy. Prace autorek i autor\u00f3w takich jak Zora Neale Hurston, Alfred M\u00e9traux w <em>Le Vaudou ha\u00eftien<\/em> (1958) i Maya Deren przyczyni\u0142y si\u0119 do ukazania Vodou jako z\u0142o\u017conego systemu religijnego, w kt\u00f3rym Bokor jest jedn\u0105 z kilku r\u00f3l specjalistycznych.<\/span><\/p><p>P\u00f3\u017aniejsze studia podkre\u015bla\u0142y dodatkowo znaczenie lokalnych kontekst\u00f3w i r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 praktyki.<\/p><p>W dzisiejszej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka por\u00f3wnawczo badaj\u0105ca religie, bez zwi\u0105zku z \u017cadnym wyznaniem.\" tabindex=\"0\">religioznawstwie<\/span> Bokor uchodzi za przyk\u0142ad ambiwalencji rytualnej mocy, jaka pojawia si\u0119 w wielu religiach. Uzdrawianie i szkodzenie s\u0105 przy tym cz\u0119sto postrzegane jako dwie strony tej samej zdolno\u015bci. Kto interesuje si\u0119 pokrewnymi specjalistami i istotami duchowymi, znajdzie punkty odniesienia w artyku\u0142ach po\u015bwi\u0119conych <a href=\"\/pl\/lwa\/\">Lwa<\/a> i postaci <a href=\"\/pl\/zombi\/\">Zombi<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odsy\u0142acze<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/zombi\/\">Zombi, g\u0142\u00f3wny wytw\u00f3r Bokora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/baron-samedi\/\">Baron Samedi, Loa \u015bmierci, bez kt\u00f3rego zgody \u017caden Zombi nie mo\u017ce powsta\u0107<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/czary-voodoo\/\">Czary Voodoo, kolejny termin zbiorczy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/vodou\/\">Vodou, przegl\u0105d panteonu<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Davis, Wade: <em>Passage of Darkness. The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie<\/em>. Chapel Hill 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Davis, Wade: <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em>. New York 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>McAlister, Elizabeth: <em>Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti<\/em>. Berkeley 2002.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ramsey, Kate: <em>The Spirits and the Law. Vodou and Power in Haiti<\/em>. Chicago 2011.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze podstawowe prace w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1759,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Bokor Vodou","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Bokor \u2013 mroczny mag Vodou z Haiti i jego czary szkodz\u0105ce","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Czarny mag, tw\u00f3rca zombich i kl\u0105tw, przeciwie\u0144stwo dobrego Houngan w haita\u0144skiej tradycji Vodou: trucizny, zombifikacja i czary szkodz\u0105ce jako jego wiedza.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"vodou","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[29,25,64],"class_list":["post-16195","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geister","category-kulturen","category-vodou"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bokor \u2013 mroczny mag Vodou z Haiti i jego czary szkodz\u0105ce<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Czarny mag, tw\u00f3rca zombich i kl\u0105tw, przeciwie\u0144stwo dobrego Houngan w haita\u0144skiej tradycji Vodou: trucizny, zombifikacja i czary szkodz\u0105ce jako jego wiedza.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/bokor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bokor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Czarny mag, tw\u00f3rca zombich i kl\u0105tw, przeciwie\u0144stwo dobrego Houngan w haita\u0144skiej tradycji Vodou: trucizny, zombifikacja i czary szkodz\u0105ce jako jego wiedza.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/bokor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-19T06:03:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/\",\"name\":\"Bokor \u2013 mroczny mag Vodou z Haiti i jego czary szkodz\u0105ce\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/praktiken_bokor.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-27T10:38:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-19T06:03:42+00:00\",\"description\":\"Czarny mag, tw\u00f3rca zombich i kl\u0105tw, przeciwie\u0144stwo dobrego Houngan w haita\u0144skiej tradycji Vodou: trucizny, zombifikacja i czary szkodz\u0105ce jako jego wiedza.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pl-PL\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/pl\\\/bokor\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/praktiken_bokor.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/praktiken_bokor.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Praktyka. 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