{"id":16004,"date":"2026-05-19T11:59:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:59:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/horagalles-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T14:55:53","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:55:53","slug":"horagalles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/horagalles\/","title":{"rendered":"Horagalles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"16004\" class=\"elementor elementor-16004 elementor-3064 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c86db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51c86db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c7d09 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c7d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247d924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247d924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859b0ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"859b0ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horagalles, b\u00f3g gromu Saam\u00f3w<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5671d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e5671d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles (znany r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako Hora Galles, Tiermes lub Aijeke) jest bogiem gromu i burzy w wierzeniach Saam\u00f3w (S\u00e1m\u00f3w) i uchodzi za jedno z najpot\u0119\u017cniejszych b\u00f3stw ich przedchrze\u015bcija\u0144skiej religii na p\u00f3\u0142nocy Skandynawii, Finlandii oraz rosyjskiego P\u00f3\u0142wyspu Kolskiego. Jego kult jest udokumentowany przez wczesnonowo\u017cytne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a misjonarskie, kt\u00f3rych warto\u015b\u0107 poznawcz\u0105 nale\u017cy ocenia\u0107 z zachowaniem krytyki \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142owej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0020e40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0020e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e240c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"95e240c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ bogini: uosobiona najwy\u017csza moc w panteonie danej kultury, o wyra\u017anie okre\u015blonych kompetencjach \u2013 si\u0142y przyrody, los, wojna, p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107. Czczona przez kulty, ofiary i instytucje \u015bwi\u0105tynne.\">B\u00f3g<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7853f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f7853f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16003f2 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16003f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8542b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8542b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed4b00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fed4b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130265\" alt=\"Horagalles - bogowie z tradycji saamskiej, ilustracja historyczna\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c52c e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a58c52c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2596b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e2596b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c754be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c754be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 i krytyczna klasyfikacja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01c74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c01c74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Najwa\u017cniejsze pisemne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a dotycz\u0105ce religii czcicieli boga gromu pochodz\u0105 z XVII i XVIII wieku. Olaus Magnus opisuje w \u00abHistoria de gentibus septentrionalibus\u00bb (1555) po raz pierwszy kompleksowo praktyki religijne tego ludu, jednak w spos\u00f3b silnie zdystansowany etnograficznie.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Centralnym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em jest \u00abLapponia\u00bb Johannesa Schefferusa (1673), w kt\u00f3rej Horagalles jest wymieniony z imienia i opisany wraz z pe\u0142nion\u0105 funkcj\u0105. W XVIII wieku do\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105 Knud Leem, Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius oraz Johan Nordlander z bardziej szczeg\u00f3\u0142owymi obserwacjami.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Przy interpretacji tych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 nale\u017cy zachowa\u0107 ostro\u017cno\u015b\u0107. H\u00e5kan Rydving wykaza\u0142 w swoich badaniach, przede wszystkim w \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb (1993), \u017ce misjonarskie zapisy przedstawia\u0142y religi\u0119 s\u00e1msk\u0105 przez pryzmat chrze\u015bcija\u0144ski i systematycznie j\u0105 zniekszta\u0142ca\u0142y. Poj\u0119cia takie jak 'b\u00f3g&#8217;, &#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pogardliwe okre\u015blenie czczonego wizerunku uznawanego za fa\u0142szywy.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017cek<\/span>&#8217; czy 'diabe\u0142&#8217; by\u0142y stosowane bez odniesienia do s\u00e1mskich poj\u0119\u0107.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen wskaza\u0142 w \u00abSami Mythology\u00bb (1999) na metodyczn\u0105 trudno\u015b\u0107 polegaj\u0105c\u0105 na tym, \u017ce religia s\u00e1mska w swojej przedchrze\u015bcija\u0144skiej postaci jest dzi\u015b rekonstruowalna jedynie po\u015brednio. Louise B\u00e4ckman i Anna-Leena Siikala systematycznie opracowa\u0142y i krytycznie skomentowa\u0142y dost\u0119pne \u015bwiadectwa.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1f546 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc1f546\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee392e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i etymologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c45135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c45135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nazwa Horagalles wyja\u015bniana jest jako s\u00e1mskie zapo\u017cyczenie ze staronordyckiego \u00ab\u00de\u00f3rr karl\u00bb (&#8217;stary Thor&#8217;, 'm\u0105\u017c Thora&#8217;), co wskazuje na wyra\u017ane nawi\u0105zanie do nordogerma\u0144skiego boga gromu Thora.<\/p><p>Ta etymologia jest standardowym za\u0142o\u017ceniem od XIX wieku i zosta\u0142a potwierdzona przez j\u0119zykoznawc\u00f3w takich jak Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius, a p\u00f3\u017aniej Konrad Nielsen i Pekka Sammallahti. W niekt\u00f3rych dialektach s\u00e1mskich po\u015bwiadczona jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c forma Hora-Galles lub Hora-Gallis, a w p\u00f3\u0142nocnos\u00e1mskim Horag\u00e1lles.<\/p>\n\n<p>Badacze u\u017cywaj\u0105 ponadto innych nazw dla prawdopodobnie tego samego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwa<\/span>: Tiermes, Atjek, Aijeke lub Pajan-Olmai. Ta r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 nazw odzwierciedla z jednej strony regionalne r\u00f3\u017cnice dialektyczne, z drugiej za\u015b fakt, \u017ce religia s\u00e1mska nie mia\u0142a jednej jednolitej, dogmatycznie utrwalonej formy, lecz wyra\u017anie r\u00f3\u017cni\u0142a si\u0119 lokalnie.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving zwr\u00f3ci\u0142 uwag\u0119, \u017ce misjonarskie zapisy dokonywa\u0142y cz\u0119sto sztucznej homogenizacji, kt\u00f3ra nie odpowiada\u0142a rzeczywistej r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015bci religijnej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a4086 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36a4086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baf39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2baf39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja jako b\u00f3g gromu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ec1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ec1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles jest przede wszystkim bogiem gromu, kt\u00f3ry kontroluje b\u0142yskawic\u0119 i grzmot, sprawuj\u0105c tym samym w\u0142adz\u0119 nad pogod\u0105. Uchodzi za obro\u0144c\u0119 ludzi przed z\u0142ymi duchami, zw\u0142aszcza przed Stallo (olbrzymami) i innymi wrogimi istotami z s\u00e1mskich wierze\u0144 w duchy.<\/p><p>Jego m\u0142ot lub top\u00f3r bojowy stanowi jego najwa\u017cniejsz\u0105 bro\u0144, kt\u00f3r\u0105 wyp\u0119dza z\u0142e si\u0142y i walczy z trollami oraz olbrzymami. Ta funkcja i uzbrojenie wyja\u015bniaj\u0105 wyra\u017ane typologiczne pokrewie\u0144stwo z nordogerma\u0144skim Thorem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Anna-Leena Siikala wykaza\u0142a w pracach por\u00f3wnawczych dotycz\u0105cych fi\u0144sko-ugryskiej i s\u00e1mskiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych narracji o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologii<\/span>, \u017ce wyobra\u017cenie boga gromu u S\u00e1m\u00f3w ukszta\u0142towa\u0142o si\u0119 pod wp\u0142ywem kontakt\u00f3w ze skandynawskimi s\u0105siadami, lecz opiera\u0142o si\u0119 na starszych, samodzielnych wyobra\u017ceniach.<\/p><p>R\u00f3wnie\u017c w tradycji fi\u0144skiej (Ukko) i wschodniosyberyjskiej (Num u Nie\u0144c\u00f3w) mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 paralele wskazuj\u0105ce na rozleg\u0142y p\u00f3\u0142nocnoeurazjatycki kompleks boga gromu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f79bb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f79bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be4684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolika b\u0119bna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejszym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em dla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obrazowych i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> s\u00e1mskich bog\u00f3w s\u0105 s\u00e1mskie b\u0119bny (&#8217;goavddis&#8217; lub 'gievrie&#8217;), kt\u00f3re w XVII i XVIII wieku by\u0142y zbierane przez misjonarzy i przechowywane w muzeach.<\/p><p>Na wielu z tych b\u0119bn\u00f3w widnieje centralna posta\u0107, zazwyczaj uzbrojona w m\u0142ot lub siekier\u0119, identyfikowana jako Horagalles. Niekiedy jego wizerunek umieszczony jest bezpo\u015brednio pod <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119puj\u0105cy okre\u015blone wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> s\u0142o\u0144ca (Beaivi), co podkre\u015bla jego wysok\u0105 pozycj\u0119 w s\u00e1mskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 bog\u00f3w danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonie<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Znaczenie tych postaci na b\u0119bnach nie jest jednak we wszystkich przypadkach jednoznaczne, gdy\u017c b\u0119bny by\u0142y u\u017cywane przez poszczeg\u00f3lnych 'noaidi&#8217; (s\u00e1mskich szaman\u00f3w) do cel\u00f3w rytualnych i ozdabiane osobistymi symbolami.<\/p><p>Ernst Manker i Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m opracowali w swoich studiach nad s\u00e1msk\u0105 sztuk\u0105 b\u0119bna r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 przedstawie\u0144. Ustandaryzowanej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obrazowych i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> dla Horagallesa nie ma, jednak pewne podstawowe cechy (m\u0142ot, siekiera, antropomorficzna posta\u0107 z uniesion\u0105 broni\u0105) powtarzaj\u0105 si\u0119 wielokrotnie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62583e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62583e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6e9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa6e9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i rytua\u0142y<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff303a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff303a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Misjonarskie \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a podaj\u0105 niewiele szczeg\u00f3\u0142\u00f3w dotycz\u0105cych konkretnych praktyk kultu. Horagalles otrzymywa\u0142 najwyra\u017aniej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span> w postaci zwierz\u0105t (przede wszystkim renifer\u00f3w), sk\u0142adanych w specjalnych miejscach kultu (&#8217;sieidi&#8217;).<\/p><p>Miejsca te by\u0142y zazwyczaj charakterystycznymi formacjami skalnymi, du\u017cymi kamieniami lub szczeg\u00f3lnymi drzewami, uwa\u017canymi za siedziby bog\u00f3w. Podczas burz z piorunami sk\u0142adano specjalne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span>, aby przeb\u0142aga\u0107 Horagallesa lub prosi\u0107 go o pomoc.<\/p>\n\n<p>Praktyki szama\u0144skie stanowi\u0142y centrum s\u00e1mskiej religii. Noaidi m\u00f3g\u0142 za pomoc\u0105 swojego b\u0119bna i zrytualizowanych podr\u00f3\u017cy transowych nawi\u0105zywa\u0107 kontakt z bogami, w tym z Horagallesem. Praktyki te s\u0105 w \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ach misjonarskich cz\u0119sto przedstawiane jako 'czary diabelskie&#8217; i by\u0142y systematycznie prze\u015bladowane w XVII i XVIII wieku.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving udokumentowa\u0142 w \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb, jak s\u00e1mskie b\u0119bny by\u0142y w tym czasie palono lub konfiskowane, co doprowadzi\u0142o do ogromnej utraty religijnych d\u00f3br kultury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf8ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1298de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1298de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chrystianizacja i wypieranie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chrystianizacja S\u00e1m\u00f3w rozpocz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 w XI i XII wieku od pierwszych pr\u00f3b misyjnych, nabra\u0142a gwa\u0142townego tempa w XVI i XVII wieku, a zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 w XVIII i na pocz\u0105tku XIX wieku niemal ca\u0142kowitym wypchni\u0119ciem przedchrze\u015bcija\u0144skiej religii z \u017cycia publicznego.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo prze\u015bledzy\u0142 etapy tego procesu. Szwedzkie, norweskie, fi\u0144skie i rosyjskie w\u0142adze ko\u015bcielno-pa\u0144stwowe stosowa\u0142y kary, konfiskaty b\u0119bn\u00f3w i przymusowe chrzty, aby st\u0142umi\u0107 tradycyjn\u0105 wiar\u0119.<\/p>\n\n<p>W tej fazie wypierania Horagalles by\u0142 cz\u0119sto uto\u017csamiany z chrze\u015bcija\u0144skim diab\u0142em lub z 'Szatanem&#8217;. To uto\u017csamienie by\u0142o cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 misjonarskiej strategii pi\u0119tnowania dawnej religii jako demonicznej.<\/p><p>Powszechne by\u0142o r\u00f3wnie\u017c uto\u017csamianie Horagallesa ze \u015bwi\u0119tym Olafem, norweskim \u015bwi\u0119tym kr\u00f3lewskim, kt\u00f3ry \u2013 podobnie jak Horagalles \u2013 uchodzi\u0142 za pogromc\u0119 trolli i olbrzym\u00f3w, mog\u0105c tym samym pe\u0142ni\u0107 rol\u0119 ikonograficznego pomostu mi\u0119dzy star\u0105 a now\u0105 religi\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc98dbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc98dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a74a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00a74a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan bada\u0144<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4374957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4374957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nowoczesne badania nad religi\u0105 s\u00e1msk\u0105 rozpocz\u0119\u0142y si\u0119 w drugiej po\u0142owie XIX wieku i wyra\u017anie si\u0119 zr\u00f3\u017cnicowa\u0142y w XX i XXI wieku. Wa\u017cne wk\u0142ady wnie\u015bli H\u00e5kan Rydving, Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, Louise B\u00e4ckman, Anna-Leena Siikala, Ernst Manker i Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m.<\/p><p>Wsp\u00f3lnie wypracowali zr\u00f3\u017cnicowany obraz religii s\u00e1mskiej, uwzgl\u0119dniaj\u0105cy r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 regionalnych tradycji, zniekszta\u0142cenia wynikaj\u0105ce ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 misjonarskich oraz trudno\u015bci rekonstrukcji.<\/p>\n\n<p>Centralna kwestia sporna dotyczy stopnia wp\u0142ywu skandynawskiej religii. O ile starsze badania postrzega\u0142y Horagallesa jako czysto s\u00e1mski odpowiednik Thora, o tyle nowsze prace podkre\u015blaj\u0105 samodzielno\u015b\u0107 s\u00e1mskiej tradycji i traktuj\u0105 skandynawski wp\u0142yw jako warstw\u0119 na\u0142o\u017con\u0105 na starsze s\u00e1mskie wyobra\u017cenie boga gromu. Stanowisko to reprezentuje przede wszystkim Anna-Leena Siikala, kt\u00f3ra wskazuje na paralele fi\u0144sko-ugryskie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eae97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eae97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kluczowe \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a misyjne XVII i XVIII wieku<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3246d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3246d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejszy ze \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142owo-krytycznego punktu widzenia etap <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i narracji przez pokolenia.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazu<\/span> dotycz\u0105cego Horagallesa przypada na XVII i XVIII wiek, gdy szwedzcy i du\u0144sko-norwescy misjonarze oraz urz\u0119dnicy po raz pierwszy systematycznie sporz\u0105dzali zapiski dotycz\u0105ce religii s\u00e1mskiej.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Johannes Schefferus opublikowa\u0142 w 1673 roku we Frankfurcie swoj\u0105 \u00abLapponia\u00bb, krajoznawcze opracowanie sporz\u0105dzone na zlecenie szwedzkiego kanclerza Magnusa Gabriela De la Gardie, kt\u00f3re w osobnym rozdziale \u00abDe Lapponum Diis\u00bb przedstawia \u015bwiat bog\u00f3w i wymienia Horagallesa (w formie 'Thoragalles&#8217;) jako naczelnego spo\u015br\u00f3d bog\u00f3w gromu okre\u015blanych mianem 'Stoorjunkare&#8217;.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Schefferus opar\u0142 si\u0119 na relacjach szwedzkich pastor\u00f3w, takich jak Olaus Petri Niurenius, Samuel Rheen, Olaus Graan i Johannes Tornaeus, kt\u00f3rych manuskrypty cz\u0119\u015bciowo cytowa\u0142 bezpo\u015brednio. \u00abLapponia\u00bb zosta\u0142a szybko prze\u0142o\u017cona na kilka europejskich j\u0119zyk\u00f3w (angielski 1674, niemiecki 1675, francuski 1678) i kszta\u0142towa\u0142a etnograficzne postrzeganie religii s\u00e1mskiej w Europie przez ca\u0142e stulecie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Na obszarze norwesko-du\u0144skim powstawa\u0142y r\u00f3wnolegle manuskrypty misjonarza Thomasa von Westena (1682\u20131727), kt\u00f3ry jako 'aposto\u0142 Lapo\u0144czyk\u00f3w&#8217; kierowa\u0142 systematyczn\u0105 misj\u0105 w\u015br\u00f3d S\u00e1m\u00f3w w p\u00f3\u0142nocnej Norwegii.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Jego uczniowie Isaac Olsen, Hans Skanke (z uko\u0144czonym w 1728 roku \u00abEpitomes Historiae Missionis Lapponicae Pars Prima\u00bb), Jens Kildal i Johan Randulf zebrali obszerny zbi\u00f3r r\u0119kopi\u015bmiennych relacji, okre\u015blanych jako 'Manuskrypt N\u00e6r\u00f8y&#8217; (Randulf) i 'Manuskrypt Kildala&#8217;.<\/span><\/p><p>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a te zosta\u0142y w pe\u0142ni wydane dopiero w XX wieku przez Reidara Th. Christiansena i Karla Bernharda Wiklunda. Dostarczaj\u0105 one najg\u0119stszych opis\u00f3w konkretnych praktyk ofiarnych: czarne wo\u0142y by\u0142y wczesnym latem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Poprzez czynno\u015b\u0107 religijn\u0105 oddany sacrum i tym samym wyniesiony ponad to, co codzienne.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u015bwi\u0119cane<\/span> bogu gromu, ga\u0142\u0105zki z kory brzozowej w kszta\u0142cie b\u0142yskawicy wieszano w \u015bwi\u0119tych miejscach, a kamienie 'sieidi&#8217; otrzymywa\u0142y ofiary z t\u0142uszczu i krwi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e674e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e674e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f8ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f8ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Malarstwo na b\u0119bnach w badaniach por\u00f3wnawczych<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eb664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eb664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Centralnym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em ikonograficznym dla Horagallesa s\u0105 zwi\u0105zane z nim wizerunki na b\u0119bnach 'goavddis&#8217; \u2013 b\u0119bnach szama\u0144skich s\u00e1mskich specjalist\u00f3w 'noaidi&#8217;. Ernst Manker udokumentowa\u0142 w dw\u00f3ch monumentalnych tomach \u00abDie lappische Zaubertrommel. Eine ethnologische Monographie\u00bb (Sztokholm 1938 i 1950) \u0142\u0105cznie oko\u0142o siedemdziesi\u0119ciu zachowanych b\u0119bn\u00f3w i skatalogowa\u0142 je ikonograficznie.<\/span><\/p><p>Na mniej wi\u0119cej jednej trzeciej tych b\u0119bn\u00f3w widoczna jest centralna posta\u0107 z dwoma m\u0142otami (lub m\u0142otem i lask\u0105), identyfikowana w inskrypcjach na b\u0119bnach oraz w komentarzach konfiskuj\u0105cych duchownych jako Horagalles. Szczeg\u00f3lnie bogate przedstawienie znajduje si\u0119 na 'b\u0119bnie z Bindal&#8217; (Sztokholm, Nordiska Museet) i na 'b\u0119bnie z S\u00f8r-Fron&#8217; (Oslo, Norsk Folkemuseum).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>H\u00e5kan Rydving wykaza\u0142 w \u00abThe End of Drum-Time. Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s to 1740s\u00bb (Uppsala 1995), \u017ce malarstwo na b\u0119bnach nie powinno by\u0107 odczytywane jako statyczny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 bog\u00f3w danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>, lecz jako regionalnie zmienne, biograficznie nacechowane diagramy poszczeg\u00f3lnych 'noaidi&#8217;, kt\u00f3rych \u015bwiat obraz\u00f3w ulega\u0142 silnym przemianom w wczesnoniepowo\u017cytnych spotkaniach z chrze\u015bcija\u0144stwem.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (\u00abShamanism and Northern Ecology\u00bb, Berlin 1996) i Anna Westman (tom zbiorowy \u00abS\u00e1pmi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Becoming a Nation\u00bb, Sztokholm 2007) potwierdzili t\u0119 tez\u0119, odwo\u0142uj\u0105c si\u0119 do nowszych egzemplarzy b\u0119bn\u00f3w i kontekstowych relacji z Inari i Pite-Lappmark.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Konsta Kaikkonen wskaza\u0142 w swoich artyku\u0142ach od 2017 roku (zw\u0142aszcza \u00abS\u00e1mi Religious Source Material\u00bb, 2020) na zniekszta\u0142cenia \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142owo-krytyczne, powsta\u0142e wskutek praktyki konfiskaty przez duchownych: wiele b\u0119bn\u00f3w by\u0142o opisywanych do 'spowiedzi&#8217;, przez co dopiero w r\u0119kach zapisuj\u0105cych stawa\u0142y si\u0119 teologicznie uporz\u0105dkowanym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 bog\u00f3w danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonem<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38d8f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f38d8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5565be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5565be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna recepcja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W XX i XXI wieku s\u00e1mska to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, w tym elementy religijne, sta\u0142a si\u0119 przedmiotem szerokiej kulturowej rewitalizacji. J\u0119zyki s\u00e1mskie s\u0105 promowane, tradycyjna sztuka b\u0119bna jest uprawiana na nowo, a dawni bogowie s\u0105 przywo\u0142ywani przynajmniej jako dziedzictwo kulturowe.<\/p><p>Nie dosz\u0142o do oficjalnego religijnego odrodzenia kultu Horagallesa, lecz we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej s\u00e1mskiej sztuce i literaturze pojawia si\u0119 on jako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119puj\u0105cy okre\u015blone wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> kulturowej odr\u0119bno\u015bci.<\/p>\n\n<p>W fi\u0144skiej, norweskiej i szwedzkiej kulturze wi\u0119kszo\u015bciowej Horagalles jest mniej znany ni\u017c Thor i Odyn, jednak w ostatnich dziesi\u0119cioleciach zyskuje na widoczno\u015bci dzi\u0119ki rosn\u0105cemu zainteresowaniu kultur\u0105 s\u00e1msk\u0105.<\/p><p>Muzea takie jak Siida Museum w Inari, Nordnorsk Vitenskapsmuseum w Troms\u00f8 i \u00c1jtte Museum w Jokkmokk prezentuj\u0105 religi\u0119 s\u00e1msk\u0105 i jej bog\u00f3w szerszej publiczno\u015bci. To kulturowe uwidacznianie jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 szerzej zakrojonego postkolonialnego rozliczenia z historycznym t\u0142umieniem s\u00e1mskiej tradycji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3263,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Horagalles","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Horagalles \u2013 b\u00f3g gromu S\u00e1m\u00f3w | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Horagalles (Hora Galles) jest s\u00e1mskim bogiem gromu i opiekunem pastwisk renifer\u00f3w. Spokrewniony z Thorem \u2013 m\u0142ot, \u0142uk i b\u0119ben szama\u0144ski.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sami","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[27,69],"class_list":["post-16004","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goetter","category-sami"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Horagalles \u2013 b\u00f3g gromu S\u00e1m\u00f3w | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Horagalles (Hora Galles) jest s\u00e1mskim bogiem gromu i opiekunem pastwisk renifer\u00f3w. 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