{"id":15810,"date":"2026-05-07T13:19:50","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T13:19:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/jupiter-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T14:50:32","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:50:32","slug":"jupiter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/jupiter\/","title":{"rendered":"Jupiter"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15810\" class=\"elementor elementor-15810 elementor-2456 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jupiter \u2013 najwy\u017cszy b\u00f3g rzymskiego panteonu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jupiter jest<\/strong> najwy\u017cszym bogiem rzymskiego panteonu i genetycznym odpowiednikiem greckiego Zeusa. Jego imi\u0119 zachowuje indoeuropejski rdze\u0144 dyeu-pater (ojciec nieba), kt\u00f3ry \u0142\u0105czy go z wedyjskim Dyaus Pita, germa\u0144skim Tyrem i greckim Zeusem w jedn\u0105 rodzin\u0119 s\u0142own\u0105.<\/p><p>Jako b\u00f3g dziennego \u015bwiat\u0142a, gromu, przysi\u0119gi i porz\u0105dku politycznego Jupiter przez ponad tysi\u0105c lat stoi w centrum rzymskiej religii i uchodzi za najwy\u017cszego gwaranta \u0142adu pa\u0144stwowego Rzymu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ Bogini: Uosobiona najwy\u017csza moc w panteonie danej kultury.\">B\u00f3g<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/rzym\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, ok. 700 r. p.n.e. \u2013 500 r. n.e.\">Rzym<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_jupiter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130215\" alt=\"Jowisz - ilustracja praktyki w stylu historyczno-muzealno-dokumentalnym\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_jupiter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_jupiter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_jupiter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_jupiter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00f3tki przegl\u0105d: Jupiter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> najwy\u017cszy b\u00f3g, indoeuropejski b\u00f3g nieba<br><strong>Pochodzenie:<\/strong> religia rzymska, dziedzictwo indoeuropejskie<br><strong>Funkcja:<\/strong> niebo, pogoda, przysi\u0119ga, prawo i porz\u0105dek pa\u0144stwowy<br><strong>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a:<\/strong> Wergiliusz, Owidiusz, Cyceron, Aulus Gellius, inskrypcje IOM<br><strong>Powi\u0105zania:<\/strong> Zeus, Juno, Minerwa, Dyaus Pita, Tyr<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasyfikacja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jupiter jest po\u015bwiadczony w religii rzymskiej przez ponad tysi\u0105c lat. Kapitoli\u0144ski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span> tradycyjnie datuje si\u0119 na rok 509 p.n.e., rok za\u0142o\u017cenia Republiki.<\/p><p>Najobszerniejsze \u015bwiadectwa literackie pochodz\u0105 z p\u00f3\u017anej Republiki i wczesnego Cesarstwa \u2013 od Cycerona, Wergiliusza, Owidiusza i Horacego. Autorzy antykwaryczni, tacy jak Aulus Gellius, opisuj\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 rytualnych akt\u00f3w czci oddawanej b\u00f3stwu lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> jeszcze w II wieku n.e., zanim wraz z zakazami ofiar w IV wieku traci on swoje instytucjonalne podstawy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centrum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 rytualnych akt\u00f3w czci oddawanej b\u00f3stwu lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span> znajdowa\u0142o si\u0119 na Kapitolu w Rzymie, lecz promieniowa\u0142 on na ca\u0142e Imperium. Jeszcze przed ustanowieniem dominacji rzymskiej Jupiter Latiaris by\u0142 wsp\u00f3lnie czczony przez Latyn\u00f3w na G\u00f3rze Alba\u0144skiej.<\/p><p>W epoce cesarskiej legiony stacjonuj\u0105ce w prowincjach granicznych, od Brytanii po Mezopotami\u0119, wznosi\u0142y o\u0142tarze dla Iuppiter Optimus Maximus jako wyraz lojalno\u015bci wobec Imperium.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Przekaz<\/span> jest szeroko rozproszony. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a literackie stanowi\u0105 Eneida Wergiliusza, Metamorfozy i Fasti Owidiusza oraz pismo Cycerona De divinatione. Uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105 je zachowany kamie\u0144 kalendarza \u2013 fasti \u2013 oraz tysi\u0105ce zachowanych inskrypcji IOM. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne badania, m.in. Georga Wissowy, Kurta Lattego i Mary Beard, podj\u0119\u0142y pr\u00f3b\u0119 uwolnienia obrazu Jupitera od literackich nawarstwie\u0144.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Imi\u0119 Iuppiter jest j\u0119zykowo wo\u0142aczem, form\u0105 zwrotu 'O Ojcze Niebo&#8217;. W j\u0119zykoznawstwie indoeuropejskim, reprezentowanym przez \u00c9mile&#8217;a Benveniste&#8217;a i Georgesa Dum\u00e9zila, dyeu-pater uchodzi za jeden z nielicznych pewnie rekonstruowalnych imion b\u00f3stw praindoeuropejskiej religii. Wedyjski Dyaus Pita, grecki Zeus, iliryjski Deipaturos i rzymski Iuppiter s\u0105 j\u0119zykowo-genetycznie identyczni.<\/p><p>W <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 rytualnych akt\u00f3w czci oddawanej b\u00f3stwu lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulcie<\/span> Jupiter nosi liczne przydomki okre\u015blaj\u0105ce obszary jego dzia\u0142ania. Jako Iuppiter Pluvius jest bogiem deszczu, jako Iuppiter Tonans bogiem gromu, jako Iuppiter Fulgur bogiem b\u0142yskawicy.<\/p><p>Iuppiter Stator strze\u017ce trwa\u0142o\u015bci pa\u0144stwa, Iuppiter Victor zapewnia sukces militarny, Iuppiter Feretrius zwi\u0105zany jest z broni\u0105 zdobyczn\u0105. Pe\u0142ne imi\u0119 Iuppiter Optimus Maximus \u2013 Najlepszy i Najwi\u0119kszy \u2013 oznacza g\u0142\u00f3wnego adresata publicznego kultu pa\u0144stwowego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zakres dzia\u0142ania Jupitera obejmuje kilka g\u0142\u00f3wnych osi. W sferze pogody jest bogiem deszczu, gromu i b\u0142yskawicy, w\u0142adaj\u0105cym niebem i dziennym \u015bwiat\u0142em.<\/p><p>Jako stra\u017cnik przysi\u0119gi przyjmuje ka\u017cd\u0105 wi\u0105\u017c\u0105c\u0105 przysi\u0119g\u0119 w rzymskiej polityce: traktaty mi\u0119dzy pa\u0144stwami, przysi\u0119g\u0119 konsularn\u0105 i przysi\u0119g\u0119 wojskow\u0105. Jako gwarant porz\u0105dku politycznego strze\u017ce trwa\u0142o\u015bci pa\u0144stwa i sukcesu w wojnie.<\/p><p>W religii Jupiter nie by\u0142 jednym z wielu bog\u00f3w, lecz najwy\u017cszym gwarantem rzymskiego \u0142adu. Jego przydomek Optimus Maximus wi\u0105za\u0142 go z kapitoli\u0144sk\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni\u0105<\/span>, kt\u00f3ra ju\u017c w czasach republika\u0144skich stanowi\u0142a religijne centrum miasta.<\/p><p>Jupiter dzieli\u0142 cell\u0119 z Juno i Minerw\u0105 \u2013 kapitoli\u0144sk\u0105 triad\u0105 \u2013 jednak \u015brodkowy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Niewielkie, \u015bwi\u0119te miejsce przechowywania lub modlitwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">przybytek<\/span> i pierwsze\u0144stwo polityczne nale\u017ca\u0142y do niego.<\/p><p>Odpowiedzialny za jego s\u0142u\u017cb\u0119 by\u0142 flamen Dialis, najwy\u017cszy rang\u0105 spo\u015br\u00f3d trzech wielkich flamin\u00f3w. Podlega\u0142 licznym rytualnym zakazom: nie wolno mu by\u0142o d\u0142u\u017cej opuszcza\u0107 obszaru miasta, dosiada\u0107 konia ani dotyka\u0107 zmar\u0142ego. Ograniczenia te, opisane przez Aulusa Gelliusa w Noctes Atticae, ukazuj\u0105, \u017ce sam kap\u0142an by\u0142 niejako \u017cywym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u015awi\u0119te miejsce po\u015bwi\u0119cone czci b\u00f3stwa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanktuarium<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Jupiter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poni\u017cszy Profil podsumowuje g\u0142\u00f3wne cechy Jupitera w tradycji rzymskiej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jupiter wywodzi si\u0119 z indoeuropejskiego boga nieba, kt\u00f3rego imi\u0119 dyeu-pater nale\u017cy do pewnie rekonstruowalnych imion b\u00f3stw praindoeuropejskiej religii. Starszy, rodzimie rzymski Jupiter jawi si\u0119 przede wszystkim jako b\u00f3g nieba i pogody o wyra\u017anej funkcji prawnopublicznej. Przydomki takie jak Jupiter Latiaris wskazuj\u0105 na czasy przed ustanowieniem dominacji rzymskiej w Lacjum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jupiter w\u0142ada pogod\u0105, gromem i b\u0142yskawic\u0105, strze\u017ce wierno\u015bci i prawa oraz gwarantuje \u0142ad pa\u0144stwowy. Przysi\u0119gi urz\u0119dnicze i traktaty mi\u0119dzynarodowe by\u0142y zawierane pod jego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pro\u015bba lub wezwanie skierowane do b\u00f3stwa lub mocy.\" tabindex=\"0\">wezwaniem<\/span>. Konsul sk\u0142ada\u0142 ofiar\u0119 na Kapitolu przy obejmowaniu urz\u0119du, zwyci\u0119ski w\u00f3dz prowadzi\u0142 sw\u00f3j triumf a\u017c do \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jupitera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Od czasu uto\u017csamienia z Zeusem Jupiter przedstawiany jest g\u0142\u00f3wnie wed\u0142ug wzorca greckiego \u2013 jako brodaty, zasiadaj\u0105cy na tronie b\u00f3g z ber\u0142em i wi\u0105zk\u0105 piorun\u00f3w, cz\u0119sto w towarzystwie or\u0142a. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wizerunek b\u00f3stwa czczonego w \u015bwi\u0105tyni lub przybytku.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pos\u0105g kultowy<\/span> w kapitoli\u0144skiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span> sta\u0142 w \u015brodkowym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Niewielkie, \u015bwi\u0119te miejsce przechowywania lub modlitwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">przybytku<\/span> triady. W epoce Renesansu pojawia si\u0119 jako temat ikonograficzny przede wszystkim w scenach przemian z jego mi\u0142osnych przyg\u00f3d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Publiczny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 rytualnych akt\u00f3w czci oddawanej b\u00f3stwu lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> mia\u0142 swoje centrum w kapitoli\u0144skiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span>. Ka\u017cdy idus, \u015brodek miesi\u0105ca, by\u0142 Jupiterowi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazany sacrum poprzez akt religijny i tym samym wyniesiony ponad codzienno\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">po\u015bwi\u0119cony<\/span>; w te dni flamen Dialis sk\u0142ada\u0142 w ofierze bia\u0142\u0105 owc\u0119. Szczeg\u00f3lne znaczenie mia\u0142o epulum Iovis \u2013 uroczysta uczta Jupitera, podczas kt\u00f3rej pos\u0105gi b\u00f3stw uk\u0142adano na poduszkach i podejmowano pokarmami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbole<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jupiter zwi\u0105zany jest z b\u0142yskawic\u0105, uwa\u017can\u0105 za najprostszy wyraz jego woli. Miejsce ra\u017cone przez piorun otaczano ogrodzeniem jako bidental i nie wolno by\u0142o go przekracza\u0107. Dalszych znak\u00f3w jego woli dostarcza\u0142a auguria. Orze\u0142 i ber\u0142o nale\u017c\u0105 do jego sta\u0142ych atrybut\u00f3w ikonograficznych.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odpowiedniki<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jupiter jest paradygmatycznym przyk\u0142adem indoeuropejskiego ojca nieba. J\u0119zykowo-genetycznie spokrewnieni s\u0105 z nim grecki Zeus, wedyjski Dyaus Pita, germa\u0144ski Tyr i iliryjski Deipaturos. W leksykonie Jupiter zaklasyfikowany jest jako b\u00f3stwo naczelne, obok Zeusa, Anu, Brahmy, Odyna i Amona-Re.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcja i historia oddzia\u0142ywania<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ju\u017c wcze\u015bnie Rzymianie uto\u017csamili Jupitera z greckim Zeusem. Ta interpretatio nie by\u0142a zwyk\u0142ym przek\u0142adem, lecz d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ym procesem, w kt\u00f3rego toku grecka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> zosta\u0142a przeniesiona na rzymskiego boga.<\/p><p>O ile rodzimemu Jupiterowi przypisywano pierwotnie funkcj\u0119 boga nieba i pogody o charakterze prawnopublicznym, o tyle uto\u017csamienie z Zeusem przynios\u0142o narracyjny materia\u0142 greckiej poezji: narodziny na Krecie, walk\u0119 z Tytanami i liczne romanse.<\/p><p>Poeci rzymscy pisali w tym duchu. W Eneidzie Wergiliusza Jupiter jest kierownikiem los\u00f3w, kt\u00f3ry Eneaszowi i jego potomkom przepowiada w\u0142adztwo nad \u015bwiatem.<\/p><p>Owidiusz zebra\u0142 w Metamorfozach mity o przemianach i nada\u0142 im literack\u0105 posta\u0107, kt\u00f3ra ukszta\u0142towa\u0142a p\u00f3\u017aniejszy europejski obraz Jupitera silniej ni\u017c jakikolwiek opis kultowy. Badacze podkre\u015blaj\u0105, \u017ce tego literackiego przyswojenia nie nale\u017cy myli\u0107 z \u017cyw\u0105 religi\u0105.<\/p><p>Wraz z rozwojem chrze\u015bcija\u0144stwa kult Jupitera utraci\u0142 swoje pa\u0144stwowe podstawy. Teodozjusz I zakaza\u0142 w 391 roku poga\u0144skich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiar<\/span>, kapitoli\u0144ska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tynia<\/span> popad\u0142a w ruin\u0119. Imi\u0119 jednak nie znikn\u0119\u0142o.<\/p><p>Nosi je najwi\u0119ksza planeta Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego, a \u0142aci\u0144ski dzie\u0144 tygodnia dies Iovis przetrwa\u0142 we francuskim jeudi i w\u0142oskim gioved\u00ec. Augustyn polemizowa\u0142 z Jupiterem jako bo\u017ckiem, przejmuj\u0105c jednocze\u015bnie figury j\u0119zykowe kultu Optimus Maximus dla chrze\u015bcija\u0144skiego Boga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jupiter \u2013 paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jupiter jest w sensie religioznawczo-por\u00f3wnawczym paradygmatycznym przyk\u0142adem indoeuropejskiego ojca nieba. Wedyjski Dyaus Pita, grecki Zeus, iliryjski Deipaturos i rzymski Iuppiter wywodz\u0105 si\u0119 z tego samego j\u0119zykowego rdzenia dyeu-pater. Wsp\u00f3lny rdze\u0144 mityczny to posta\u0107 jasnoniebieskiego boga nieba w\u0142adaj\u0105cego pogod\u0105, gromem i prawem.<\/p><p>Poza w\u0105sk\u0105 rodzin\u0105 j\u0119zykow\u0105 Jupiter mo\u017cna zestawia\u0107 z innymi naczelnymi b\u00f3stwami, zajmuj\u0105cymi strukturalnie podobn\u0105 pozycj\u0119 w swoich panteonach \u2013 jak mezopotamski Anu, indyjski Brahma, germa\u0144ski Odyn i egipski Amon-Re. Takie por\u00f3wnania ukazuj\u0105 powracaj\u0105c\u0105 rol\u0119 b\u00f3stwa naczelnego jako gwaranta \u0142adu i prawa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odsy\u0142acze<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/bostwa\/\">Bogowie<\/a>: przegl\u0105d bog\u00f3w<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/rzym\/\">Rzym<\/a>: rzymska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/juno\/\">Juno<\/a>: ma\u0142\u017conka Jupitera i cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 kapitoli\u0144skiej triady<\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/zeus\/\">Zeus<\/a>: grecki odpowiednik Jupitera<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price: Religions of Rome, Cambridge University Press 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Georg Wissowa: Religion und Kultus der R\u00f6mer, C. H. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 1912.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kurt Latte: R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte, C. H. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Georges Dum\u00e9zil: La religion romaine archa\u00efque, Payot, Paris 1966.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>\u00c9mile Benveniste: Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-europ\u00e9ennes, \u00c9ditions de Minuit, Paris 1969.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-jupiter-faq elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-jupiter-faq\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-jupiter-faq-col\" data-id=\"wv-jupiter-faq-col\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-jupiter-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-jupiter-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cz\u0119sto zadawane pytania dotycz\u0105ce Jupitera<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-jupiter-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-jupiter-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Kim jest Jupiter?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Jupiter jest najwy\u017cszym bogiem rzymskiego panteonu i genetycznym odpowiednikiem greckiego Zeusa. Jego imi\u0119 zachowuje indoeuropejski rdze\u0144 dyeu-pater \u2013 ojciec nieba. \u0141\u0105czy go on z wedyjskim Dyaus Pita, germa\u0144skim Tyrem i greckim Zeusem w jedn\u0105 rodzin\u0119 s\u0142own\u0105. Jako b\u00f3g dziennego \u015bwiat\u0142a, gromu, przysi\u0119gi i porz\u0105dku politycznego przez ponad tysi\u0105c lat stoi w centrum rzymskiej religii. Uchodzi za najwy\u017cszego gwaranta \u0142adu pa\u0144stwowego Rzymu.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Jak\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywa\u0142 Jupiter w rzymskim kulcie pa\u0144stwowym?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Jupiter nie by\u0142 jednym z wielu bog\u00f3w, lecz najwy\u017cszym gwarantem rzymskiego \u0142adu. Pod jego wezwaniem sk\u0142adano przysi\u0119gi urz\u0119dnicze, przysi\u0119g\u0119 wojskow\u0105 i zawierano traktaty mi\u0119dzynarodowe. Konsul sk\u0142ada\u0142 ofiar\u0119 na Kapitolu przy obejmowaniu urz\u0119du, zwyci\u0119ski w\u00f3dz prowadzi\u0142 sw\u00f3j triumf a\u017c do \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jupitera. Jego pe\u0142ne imi\u0119 Iuppiter Optimus Maximus \u2013 Najlepszy i Najwi\u0119kszy \u2013 oznacza g\u0142\u00f3wnego adresata publicznego kultu pa\u0144stwowego.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Czym jest kapitoli\u0144ska triada?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>W kapitoli\u0144skiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span> Jupiter dzieli\u0142 cell\u0119 z Juno i Minerw\u0105 \u2013 kapitoli\u0144sk\u0105 triad\u0105. \u015arodkowy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Niewielkie, \u015bwi\u0119te miejsce przechowywania lub modlitwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">przybytek<\/span> i pierwsze\u0144stwo polityczne nale\u017ca\u0142y jednak do niego. Odpowiedzialny za jego s\u0142u\u017cb\u0119 by\u0142 flamen Dialis, najwy\u017cszy rang\u0105 spo\u015br\u00f3d trzech wielkich flamin\u00f3w, podlegaj\u0105cy licznym rytualnym zakazom, takim jak zakaz dosiadania konia czy dotykania zmar\u0142ego.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Jak Jupiter ma si\u0119 do greckiego Zeusa?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Ju\u017c wcze\u015bnie Rzymianie uto\u017csamili Jupitera z greckim Zeusem. Ta interpretatio nie by\u0142a zwyk\u0142ym przek\u0142adem, lecz d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ym procesem, w kt\u00f3rego toku grecka mitologia zosta\u0142a przeniesiona na rzymskiego boga. Rodzimemu Jupiterowi przypisywano pierwotnie funkcj\u0119 boga nieba i pogody o charakterze prawnopublicznym. Uto\u017csamienie z Zeusem przynios\u0142o narracyjny materia\u0142 greckiej poezji, jak narodziny na Krecie i walka z Tytanami.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-jupiter-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-jupiter-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Kim jest Jupiter?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Jupiter jest najwy\u017cszym bogiem rzymskiego panteonu i genetycznym odpowiednikiem greckiego Zeusa. Jego imi\u0119 zachowuje indoeuropejski rdze\u0144 dyeu-pater \u2013 ojciec nieba \u2013 kt\u00f3ry \u0142\u0105czy go z wedyjskim Dyaus Pita, germa\u0144skim Tyrem i greckim Zeusem w jedn\u0105 rodzin\u0119 s\u0142own\u0105. Jako b\u00f3g dziennego \u015bwiat\u0142a, gromu, przysi\u0119gi i porz\u0105dku politycznego przez ponad tysi\u0105c lat stoi w centrum rzymskiej religii i uchodzi za najwy\u017cszego gwaranta \u0142adu pa\u0144stwowego Rzymu.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Jak\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywa\u0142 Jupiter w rzymskim kulcie pa\u0144stwowym?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Jupiter nie by\u0142 jednym z wielu bog\u00f3w, lecz najwy\u017cszym gwarantem rzymskiego \u0142adu. Pod jego wezwaniem sk\u0142adano przysi\u0119gi urz\u0119dnicze, przysi\u0119g\u0119 wojskow\u0105 i zawierano traktaty mi\u0119dzynarodowe. Konsul sk\u0142ada\u0142 ofiar\u0119 na Kapitolu przy obejmowaniu urz\u0119du, zwyci\u0119ski w\u00f3dz prowadzi\u0142 sw\u00f3j triumf a\u017c do \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jupitera. 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Odpowiedzialny za jego s\u0142u\u017cb\u0119 by\u0142 flamen Dialis, najwy\u017cszy rang\u0105 spo\u015br\u00f3d trzech wielkich flamin\u00f3w, podlegaj\u0105cy licznym rytualnym zakazom, takim jak zakaz dosiadania konia czy dotykania zmar\u0142ego.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Jak Jupiter ma si\u0119 do greckiego Zeusa?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Ju\u017c wcze\u015bnie Rzymianie uto\u017csamili Jupitera z greckim Zeusem. Ta interpretatio nie by\u0142a zwyk\u0142ym przek\u0142adem, lecz d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ym procesem, w kt\u00f3rego toku grecka mitologia zosta\u0142a przeniesiona na rzymskiego boga. 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