{"id":15763,"date":"2026-04-27T10:37:29","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:37:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/medusa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T14:49:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:49:15","slug":"medusa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/medusa\/","title":{"rendered":"Medusa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15763\" class=\"elementor elementor-15763 elementor-2142 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meduza, demon tradycji greckiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medusa jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> tradycji greckiej.<\/p><p>Gorgona z w\u0119\u017cowymi w\u0142osami, spojrzenie zamieniaj\u0105ce w kamie\u0144, uosobienie tego, co zakazane. Medusa jest najs\u0142ynniejsz\u0105 z trzech Gorgon, jedyn\u0105 \u015bmierteln\u0105. Jej widok zamienia w kamie\u0144 ka\u017cdego, kto na ni\u0105 spojrzy.<\/p><p>Nie jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonem<\/span> ze z\u0142o\u015bliwo\u015bci, lecz z traumy: okaleczona, przekl\u0119ta, zes\u0142ana do pieczary. Heros Perseusz j\u0105 zabija, jednak jej g\u0142owa zachowuje moc zamieniania w kamie\u0144 \u2013 nawet po \u015bmierci jej spojrzenie dzia\u0142a.<\/p><p>S\u0142ynne spojrzenie Medusy powoduje natychmiastowe skamienianie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon\/demoniczna istota: nadprzyrodzona istota o przewa\u017cnie szkodliwym lub ambiwalentnym dzia\u0142aniu. Stoi pomi\u0119dzy bogami a lud\u017ami, wywo\u0142uje chorob\u0119, pokus\u0119 lub nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie i jest odp\u0119dzana poprzez zakl\u0119cia, apotropaika i rytua\u0142y.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/grecja\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia i mitologia staro\u017cytnej Grecji od epoki myke\u0144skiej po p\u00f3\u017an\u0105 staro\u017cytno\u015b\u0107.\">Grecja<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_medusa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1575\" alt=\"Medusa - D\u00e4monen aus der Griechenland-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_medusa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_medusa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_medusa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_medusa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meduza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00f3tki profil: Meduza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Posta\u0107 greckiej mitologii, Gorgona (w\u0119\u017cowa kobieta)<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 bog\u00f3w danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Grecja (peryferyjnie mitologiczna, centralnie ikonograficzna)<br>Funkcja: apotropaiczne spojrzenie odstraszaj\u0105ce, skamienianie wrog\u00f3w, obro\u0144czyni<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne atrybuty: w\u0119\u017ce zamiast w\u0142os\u00f3w, uskrzydlone czo\u0142o, wysuni\u0119ty j\u0119zyk, k\u0142y<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne miejsca kultu: brak w\u0142asnych <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144<\/span>; amulety Gorgoneion i fryzy \u015bwi\u0105tynne (Korfu, Olimpia)<br>Rzymski odpowiednik: Medusa (przej\u0119ta bez zmian)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medusa jest po\u015bwiadczona literacko od czas\u00f3w Hezjodowej <em>Theogonie<\/em> (VIII w. p.n.e.); archeologicznie apotropaiczne wizerunki Gorgo s\u0105 rozpowszechnione ju\u017c od VII w. p.n.e. Archaiczna Gorgo ukazuje przera\u017caj\u0105ce oblicze z z\u0119bami i wysuni\u0119tym j\u0119zykiem; w epoce klasycznej (V\/IV w. p.n.e.) nast\u0119puje przemiana ku pi\u0119knej, smutnej formie Medusy. Recepcja rzymska: Caravaggio, p\u00f3\u017aniej opracowania pre- i postmodernistyczne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medusa nie mia\u0142a w\u0142asnych miejsc kultowych; jest postaci\u0105 mityczn\u0105, nie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych skierowanych ku b\u00f3stwu lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultow\u0105<\/span>. Jej <em>Gorgoneion<\/em> (\u015bci\u0119ta g\u0142owa) pojawia si\u0119 jednak jako symbol ochronny na tysi\u0105cach zachowanych obiekt\u00f3w: fryzach <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119pczo reprezentuj\u0105cy jakie\u015b wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144<\/span> Ateny (Korfu, Olimpia, Ateny), tarczach, malarstwie wazowym, a p\u00f3\u017aniej r\u00f3wnie\u017c na rzymskich monetach i ornamentach architektonicznych.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span>-Friese (Korfu, Olympia, Athen), Schilden, Vasenmalerei, sp&auml;t auch r&ouml;mischen M&uuml;nzen und Architekturornamenten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u0142\u00f3wne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a: Hezjod <em>Theogonie<\/em> (270\u2013281), Apollodor <em>Bibliothek<\/em> (II 4), Owidiusz <em>Metamorphosen<\/em> (IV 765 nn. \u2013 najpopularniejsza opowie\u015b\u0107 o przemianie), Pindar <em>Pythische Oden<\/em> (12), Lukan <em>Pharsalia<\/em> (IX 619 nn.). Literatura pomocnicza: Vernant, <em>La Mort dans les yeux<\/em>; Wilk, <em>Medusa<\/em>; LIMC (Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae) sub voce <em>Gorgo<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i sposoby zapisu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medusa jest przedstawiana jako przera\u017caj\u0105co pi\u0119kna: kobiece cia\u0142o z w\u0119\u017cami zamiast w\u0142os\u00f3w. Jej oczy p\u0142on\u0105 \u015bmierteln\u0105 moc\u0105. Niekiedy ukazywana jest ze skrzyd\u0142ami.<\/p><p>Jej symbolami s\u0105 w\u0119\u017ce, \u015bmiertelne spojrzenie, a niekiedy tak\u017ce skrzyd\u0142a (w p\u00f3\u017aniejszych wersjach). Skamieniaj\u0105ce spojrzenie jest jej najstraszniejsz\u0105 cech\u0105. \u015aci\u0119ta g\u0142owa Medusy (noszona przez Perseusza) staje si\u0119 apotropaionem \u2013 ochronnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Noszony przedmiot, kt\u00f3remu przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie ochronne i odp\u0119dzaj\u0105ce nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletem<\/span> przeciwko z\u0142emu oku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medusa nie jest czczona, lecz budzi\u0107 strach i stanowi przedmiot analizy. Jest postaci\u0105 transgresji, granic\u0105 mi\u0119dzy kobiet\u0105 a potworem, mi\u0119dzy tym, co ludzkie, a tym, co nieludzkie. W p\u00f3\u017aniejszych kulturach jej g\u0142owa (lub jej wizerunek) jest u\u017cywana jako ochronny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Noszony przedmiot, kt\u00f3remu przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie ochronne i odp\u0119dzaj\u0105ce nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> \u2013 inwersja jej gro\u017ano\u015bci.<\/p><p>W tragediach i eposach jest odczytywana jako uosobienie kobiecej w\u0142adzy (seksualno\u015bci, gniewu, niezale\u017cno\u015bci), kt\u00f3ra zagra\u017ca porz\u0105dkowi patriarchalnemu i dlatego musi zosta\u0107 zniszczona. Jej historia jest histori\u0105 wiktymizacji i odwr\u00f3cenia.<\/p><h3>Wygl\u0105d i symbolika<\/h3><p>Medusa jest przedstawiana jako kobieta z dzikim, ognistym w\u0142osem \u2013 nie jednak ludzkim, lecz z \u017cywymi w\u0119\u017cami zamiast w\u0142os\u00f3w. Jej oczy iskrz\u0105 si\u0119 jednocze\u015bnie moc\u0105 i cierpieniem.<\/p><p>Niekiedy ukazywana jest ze skrzyd\u0142ami, niekiedy z doln\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 cia\u0142a smoka. Jej sk\u00f3ra mo\u017ce wygl\u0105da\u0107 metalicznie lub jak kamie\u0144. W\u0119\u017ce s\u0105 jej podstawowym atrybutem \u2013 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119pczo reprezentuj\u0105cy jakie\u015b wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolem<\/span> kobieco\u015bci, niebezpiecze\u0144stwa i transformacji.<\/p><p>Krew p\u0142yn\u0105ca z jej karku przemienia\u0142a si\u0119 w trucizn\u0119 lub uzdrawiaj\u0105cy nap\u00f3j. Niekiedy nosi skrzydlate sanda\u0142y (Perseusza) lub inne trofea bojowe. Jej barwa to ciemnozielona lub ciemnoczerwona \u2013 barwy natury i krwi. Nie jest pi\u0119kna w konwencjonalny spos\u00f3b, lecz fascynuj\u0105ca, ambiwalentna, przera\u017caj\u0105ca i tragiczna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Meduza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Medusy w skr\u00f3cie. Poni\u017csze pola podsumowuj\u0105 pochodzenie, funkcj\u0119, wygl\u0105d, kult, symbole i paralele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Medusa jest jedyn\u0105 \u015bmierteln\u0105 spo\u015br\u00f3d trzech si\u00f3str Gorgo (Sthenno, Euryale, Medusa), c\u00f3rek morskich istot Phorkys i Keto. Wed\u0142ug Owidiusza by\u0142a pierwotnie niezwykle pi\u0119kn\u0105 \u015bmiertelniczk\u0105, zamienion\u0105 przez Aten\u0119 w potwora za kar\u0119 po gwa\u0142cie dokonanym w <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span> bogini.<\/p><p>Zostaje zabita przez Perseusza (sierpowatem mieczem Hermesa i tarcz\u0105-lustrem Ateny). Z jej krwi rodz\u0105 si\u0119 <em>Pegasos<\/em> i gigant <em>Chrysaor<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dotyczy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Funkcja apotropaiczna \u2013 Gorgoneion (\u015bci\u0119ta g\u0142owa) dzia\u0142a jako symbol ochronny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119pczo reprezentuj\u0105cy jakie\u015b wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przeciwko wrogom i z\u0142ym duchom. Atena nosi Gorgoneion na swojej tarczy (<\/span>Aigis<em>) jako g\u0142\u00f3wn\u0105 bro\u0144 ochronn\u0105. W rzymskim wojsku cz\u0119sto na tarczach, naramiennikach i he\u0142mach. <\/em>Volksglaube<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wyobra\u017cenia i zwyczaje religijne rozpowszechnione w \u017cyciu codziennym.\" tabindex=\"0\">: wizerunek umieszczony na progu drzwi odp\u0119dza z\u0142e oko.<\/span>Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d Meduzy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Archaiczna (VII\u2013V w. p.n.e.):<\/p><p> groteskowo-przera\u017caj\u0105ca, szerokie oblicze, wysuni\u0119ty j\u0119zyk, k\u0142y, uskrzydlone skronie, w\u0119\u017ce zamiast w\u0142os\u00f3w. Przyk\u0142ad: fryz \u015bwi\u0105tyni na Korfu (ok. 580 p.n.e.).Klasyczna i p\u00f3\u017aniejsza (IV w. p.n.e. i p\u00f3\u017aniej):<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dwie formy przedstawienia, zale\u017cnie od epoki:\" tabindex=\"0\"> pi\u0119kna, smutna m\u0142oda kobieta z w\u0119\u017cami we w\u0142osach, cz\u0119sto o melancholijnym wyrazie twarzy. Przyk\u0142ad: <\/span>Medusa<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong> Caravaggia.<\/strong>Zakres oddzia\u0142ywania:<em> Medusa nie mia\u0142a w\u0142asnego <\/em> (1597).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obszar dzia\u0142ania<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>, jednak <\/strong>Gorgoneion<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"kultu\" tabindex=\"0\"> by\u0142o jednym z najpopularniejszych symboli ochronnych staro\u017cytnego \u015bwiata. Na ga\u0142kach drzwi, tarczach, naczyniach do picia, stelach nagrobnych i fryzach architrawowych by\u0142o wszechobecne. Atena nosi je na swojej Aigis jako g\u0142\u00f3wny insygnium w\u0142adzy. W ludowych rytua\u0142ach: wizerunek na progu domu odp\u0119dza intruz\u00f3w i nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.<\/span>W\u0119\u017ce zamiast w\u0142os\u00f3w, uskrzydlone skronie, wysuni\u0119ty j\u0119zyk (archaicznie), k\u0142y (archaicznie), sierpowaty miecz (narz\u0119dzie jej \u015bmierci), tarcza-lustro (sztuczka Perseusza), <em>Pegasos<\/em> i <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chrysaor<em> (zrodzeni z jej krwi). \u015awi\u0119te ro\u015bliny: morwa (Owidiusz).<\/em>Lamashtu<em> (Mezopotamia, apotropaiczna twarz grozy), <\/em>Pazuzu<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Istoty pokrewne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em> (Mezopotamia, demon ochronny o groteskowej postaci przera\u017cenia), <\/em>Bes<em> (Egipt, apotropaiczna ochrona domowa), <\/em>Humbaba<em> (Mezopotamia, stra\u017cnik o obliczu grozy), <\/em>R\u00e2hu\/Kirtimukha<em> (hinduizm, oblicze grozy przy wej\u015bciach do \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144). Funkcjonalnie: wszystkie apotropaiczne oblicza grozy r\u00f3\u017cnych kultur pod\u0105\u017caj\u0105 t\u0105 sam\u0105 zasad\u0105.<\/em>Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, od ok. 800 p.n.e. do 600 n.e.<em>Liczba mnoga od apotropaikon: przedmioty i znaki maj\u0105ce odp\u0119dza\u0107 nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.<\/em>Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, od ok. 800 p.n.e. do 600 n.e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyki ochronne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3>Zakl\u0119cia i przywo\u0142ania<\/h3>\n<div><p><strong>Przekaz tekstowy i formu\u0142y<\/strong><br>\nHezjodowa 'Theogonia&#8217;, Pindar i Owidiuszowe 'Metamorfozy&#8217; przekazuj\u0105 posta\u0107 Gorgo Medusy. Literatura <\/p><\/div>\n\n<h3>antyczna<\/h3>\n<div><p><strong> opisuje Gorgoneion \u2013 jej \u015bci\u0119t\u0105 g\u0142ow\u0119 \u2013 jako zakazuj\u0105cy znak obrazowy.<\/strong><br>Amulety i symbole ochronne<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">Materialne <\/span>apotropaika<\/p><\/div>\n\n<h3> i dowody archeologiczne<\/h3>\n<div><p>\nGorgoneion jest klasycznym apotropaionem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ochrona w \u017cyciu codziennym\" tabindex=\"0\">antyku<\/span>. Pojawia si\u0119 na tarczach, na Aigis Ateny, na antefiksach \u015bwi\u0105tynnych, na zbrojach, nadpro\u017cach i mozaikach i mia\u0142o odp\u0119dza\u0107 szkodliwe moce.<br>Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne dzia\u0142anie.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rytua\u0142y i przywo\u0142ania\" tabindex=\"0\">Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.<\/span>Potworne kobiety i demony ze skamieniaj\u0105cym spojrzeniem istniej\u0105 wsz\u0119dzie: Lamia (Grecja, potw\u00f3r morduj\u0105cy dzieci), Scylla (Sycylia, wielog\u0142owy potw\u00f3r), Lilith (hebrajska, kobieta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\nMedusa nie by\u0142a bogini\u0105 kultow\u0105; jej moc przejawia\u0142a si\u0119 wy\u0142\u0105cznie poprzez wizerunek. Gorgoneion umieszczano na budynkach, przedmiotach u\u017cytkowych i nagrobkach, aby odp\u0119dza\u0107 z\u0142e oko i nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>). Skamieniaj\u0105ce spojrzenie przypomina moce wzroku w innych kulturach (evil eye, <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meduza \u2013 analogie w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ofiar\u0105<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"nazar\" tabindex=\"0\"> z broni\u0105.<\/span>Przekazywana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.<em>Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.<\/em>Przekazywanie wiedzy i opowie\u015bci przez pokolenia.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"). Przemiana Medusy jest podobna do Ischaki lub innych mit\u00f3w o ukaraniu. R\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 tym, \u017ce nie jest z natury z\u0142\u0105 si\u0142\u0105 \u2013 jest \" tabindex=\"0\">Sp\u00f3jna historia Medusy jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 <\/span>mitu<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff4dd22 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpff4dd22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf61f0a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf61f0a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meduza w micie o Perseuszu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b7dae8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b7dae8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaf6d04f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpaf6d04f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theogonii<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\" o herosie Perseuszu. Kr\u00f3l Polidektes chce si\u0119 pozby\u0107 Perseusza i stawia mu niemo\u017cliwe zadanie: zdobycie g\u0142owy Medusy.\" tabindex=\"0\"> \u2013 skrzydlaty ko\u0144 Pegasos i wojownik Chrysaor, oboje potomkowie jej zwi\u0105zku z Posejdonem.<\/span>\u015aci\u0119ta g\u0142owa zachowuje swoj\u0105 skamieniaj\u0105c\u0105 moc. Perseusz u\u017cywa jej podczas powrotu jako broni \u2013 mi\u0119dzy innymi przeciwko Tytanowi Atlasowi i przeciwko morskiemu potworowi, od kt\u00f3rego uwalnia Andromed\u0119.<\/p><p>Na ko\u0144cu Perseusz przekazuje g\u0142ow\u0119 bogini Atenie, kt\u00f3ra umieszcza j\u0105 na swojej tarczy lub na napier\u015bniku \u2013 <\/p><p>Aigis<em>. Tym samym mityczny \u0142uk si\u0119 zamyka: z niebezpiecznej istoty powstaje boski znak ochronny.<\/em>Owidiusz dodaje w <\/p><p>Metamorfozach<\/p><p> dodatkow\u0105 prehistori\u0119, wed\u0142ug kt\u00f3rej Medusa by\u0142a niegdy\u015b pi\u0119kn\u0105 dziewic\u0105 i dopiero Atena zamieni\u0142a j\u0105 w potwora, po tym jak Posejdon posi\u0105d\u0142 j\u0105 w <em>\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/em> bogini. Ta wersja jest stosunkowo p\u00f3\u017ana i nie jest po\u015bwiadczona w starszym greckim <\/p><p>przekazie<em>.<\/em>Nauka badaj\u0105ca religie por\u00f3wnawczo i bez zwi\u0105zku z wyznaniem.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Medusa jest jedyn\u0105 \u015bmierteln\u0105 spo\u015br\u00f3d trzech Gorgon; jej spojrzenie zamienia w kamie\u0144 ka\u017cdego, kto spojrzy jej w twarz. Perseusz otrzymuje pomoc od bog\u00f3w: skrzydlate sanda\u0142y, czapk\u0119 niewidk\u0119 i l\u015bni\u0105c\u0105 tarcz\u0119 s\u0142u\u017c\u0105c\u0105 jak lustro.\" tabindex=\"0\">Niezale\u017cnie od narracji, wizerunek g\u0142owy Medusy \u2013 <\/span>Gorgoneion<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dzi\u0119ki tej tarczy Perseusz mo\u017ce \u015bci\u0105\u0107 Medusie g\u0142ow\u0119 bez patrzenia na ni\u0105 wprost \u2013 obserwuje jedynie jej odbicie. Z szyi zabitej Medusy wy\u0142aniaj\u0105 si\u0119 \u2013 jak opowiada ju\u017c Hezjod w \" tabindex=\"0\"> \u2013 pe\u0142ni\u0142 w\u0142asn\u0105, bardzo dawn\u0105 funkcj\u0119 w kulturze greckiej. S\u0142u\u017cy\u0142 jako znak apotropaiczny, to znaczy jako wizerunek maj\u0105cy odp\u0119dza\u0107 nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie. Logika stoj\u0105ca za tym to zasada odwzajemnienia: przera\u017caj\u0105cy wizerunek ustawiano, aby odp\u0119dzi\u0107 przera\u017cenie \u2013 to, co budz\u0105ce groz\u0119, mia\u0142o przep\u0119dza\u0107 groz\u0119.<\/span>Gorgoneion jest wyj\u0105tkowo szeroko po\u015bwiadczone archeologicznie. Pojawia si\u0119 na szczytach \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144 jako wielki antefix lub centralny element ozdobny, na tarczach, na monetach, na naczyniach do picia, na ko\u0142atkach do drzwi i na dach\u00f3wkach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5a5850d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5a5850d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbad4fd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbad4fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gorgoneion jako znak ochronny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf264fdd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf264fdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6568b65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6568b65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dla <em>religioznawstwa<\/em> ten fakt jest istotny, poniewa\u017c pokazuje, \u017ce Gorgoneion jest starsze i bardziej rozpowszechnione ni\u017c rozbudowana narracja o Perseuszu i \u017ce obu nie nale\u017cy po prostu uto\u017csamia\u0107. Badacze dyskutuj\u0105, czy ochronny wizerunek pierwotnie istnia\u0142 samodzielnie, a narracja do\u0142\u0105czy\u0142a p\u00f3\u017aniej, czy te\u017c oba elementy by\u0142y ze sob\u0105 zwi\u0105zane od pocz\u0105tku.<\/p><p>Pewne jest, \u017ce Medusa w \u017cywej religii Grek\u00f3w by\u0142a spotykana przede wszystkim jako skuteczny znak obrazowy, kt\u00f3ry mia\u0142 chroni\u0107 domy, sanktuaria i przedmioty \u2013 a dopiero w drugiej kolejno\u015bci jako posta\u0107 z opowie\u015bci o bohaterze.<\/p><p>Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, od ok. 800 p.n.e. do 600 n.e.<\/p><p>Przekazywana opowie\u015b\u0107 o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W epoce archaicznej przedstawienie jest szczeg\u00f3lnie przera\u017caj\u0105ce: okr\u0105g\u0142a, karykaturalna twarz z rozdziawionymi ustami, wysuni\u0119tym j\u0119zykiem, k\u0142ami i w\u0119\u017cowymi w\u0142osami. W miar\u0119 up\u0142ywu epoki klasycznej i hellenistycznej twarz staje si\u0119 coraz bardziej ludzka, a niekiedy wr\u0119cz uznawana za pi\u0119kn\u0105 \u2013 bez utraty funkcji ochronnej.\" tabindex=\"0\">Medusa wzbudzi\u0142a szczeg\u00f3lne zainteresowanie naukowe i intelektualne, a jej interpretacje okaza\u0142y si\u0119 bardzo r\u00f3\u017cnorodne.<\/span>Starszy, komparatystyczny nurt widzia\u0142 w Gorgo \u015blad przera\u017caj\u0105cej maski lub rytualnego przebierania; karykaturalna twarz by\u0142aby w\u00f3wczas wspomnieniem rzeczywistej maski. Inni \u0142\u0105czyli j\u0105 z wyobra\u017ceniami o z\u0142ym oku i odstraszaj\u0105cej sile brzydoty.<\/p><p>Nauka o staro\u017cytno\u015bci XX wieku bada\u0142a przede wszystkim funkcj\u0119 Gorgoneion jako znaku obrazowego, stawiaj\u0105c w centrum zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy spojrzeniem, strachem a odp\u0119dzaniem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5342fc6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5342fc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39001d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp39001d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historia bada\u0144 i interpretacje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b71174 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6b71174\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp376cf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp376cf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z religoznawczego punktu widzenia nale\u017cy tu zachowa\u0107 ostro\u017cno\u015b\u0107: te wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne interpretacje cz\u0119sto m\u00f3wi\u0105 wi\u0119cej o tera\u017aniejszo\u015bci ni\u017c o <\/p><p>antycznych<\/p><p> wyobra\u017ceniach. Kto chce zrozumie\u0107 Medus\u0119 Grek\u00f3w, powinien wyra\u017anie odr\u00f3\u017cnia\u0107 antyczny przekaz \u2013 czyli <\/p><p>mit<\/p><p> i u\u017cycie wizerunku \u2013 od p\u00f3\u017aniejszego zaw\u0142aszczenia.<\/p><p>Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, od ok. 800 p.n.e. do 600 n.e.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Francuski historyk religii Jean-Pierre Vernant wykaza\u0142 w wp\u0142ywowych esejach, \u017ce Gorgo uosabia radykaln\u0105 Inno\u015b\u0107, to, co konfrontuj\u0105ce \u2013 co\u015b, czego widok zagra\u017ca samemu obserwatorowi. W odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od wi\u0119kszo\u015bci twarzy greckich b\u00f3stw Gorgoneion jest przedstawiane frontalnie, patrzy wprost na widza \u2013 i w\u0142a\u015bnie w tym tkwi jego groza.\" tabindex=\"0\">Powtarzaj\u0105cy si\u0119 element tre\u015bciowy w sztuce lub narracji.<\/span>Wizerunek Medusy przetrwa\u0142 daleko poza <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W nowszych czasach, zw\u0142aszcza poza w\u0119\u017cszym kr\u0119giem nauk o staro\u017cytno\u015bci, Medusa sta\u0142a si\u0119 wieloznaczn\u0105 postaci\u0105 symboliczn\u0105. Interpretacje psychoanalityczne, feministyczne i kulturoznawcze przywo\u0142ywa\u0142y t\u0119 posta\u0107 w bardzo r\u00f3\u017cnych kontekstach badawczych.\" tabindex=\"0\">antyk<\/span>. W sztuce rzymskiej Gorgoneion pozosta\u0142o cz\u0119stym <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb29088 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfb29088\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp92f9af5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp92f9af5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcja od staro\u017cytno\u015bci do wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015bci<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f8d543 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f8d543\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83f70a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp83f70a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aigis<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"motywem\" tabindex=\"0\"> Ateny i ukazuj\u0105cy w\u0142adc\u0119 jako jednocze\u015bnie chronionego i budz\u0105cego groz\u0119.<\/span>W renesansie i baroku Medusa sta\u0142a si\u0119 cenionym tematem malarskim. Caravaggio namalowa\u0142 s\u0142ynn\u0105 g\u0142ow\u0119 Medusy na tarczy ceremonialnej, a we Florencji stoi br\u0105zowy pos\u0105g Benvenuta Celliniego ukazuj\u0105cy Perseusza ze \u015bci\u0119t\u0105 g\u0142ow\u0105. Artyst\u00f3w fascynowa\u0142o spotkanie pi\u0119kna i grozy oraz moment \u015bmierci i przemiany.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\" na mozaikach, pos\u0105gach w zbrojach i bi\u017cuterii. S\u0142ynne jest przedstawienie g\u0142owy Medusy w posadzce mozaikowej oraz wizerunek g\u0142owy na napier\u015bniku pos\u0105g\u00f3w cesarskich, nawi\u0105zuj\u0105cy do \" tabindex=\"0\">W epoce nowoczesnej Medusa przenikn\u0119\u0142a do kultury popularnej, literatury, filmu, a tak\u017ce do znak\u00f3w firmowych. Pojawia si\u0119 jako przeciwniczka w ekranizacjach mitu o Perseuszu, jako posta\u0107 w literaturze fantasy i jako logo. Ta wszechobecno\u015b\u0107 oderwa\u0142a posta\u0107 od jej pierwotnego kontekstu religijnego.<\/span>Dla religioznawczego rozumienia wa\u017cne pozostaje zatem, by wprawdzie odnotowa\u0107 d\u0142ug\u0105 histori\u0119 oddzia\u0142ywania, lecz kierowa\u0107 spojrzenie ku antycznemu rdzeniowi: skamieniaj\u0105ce spojrzenie, mit heroiczny i przede wszystkim stary, szeroko rozpowszechniony wizerunek ochronny, kt\u00f3rego zadaniem by\u0142o odp\u0119dzanie z\u0142a poprzez w\u0142asny przera\u017caj\u0105cy obraz.<em>Lamashtu, mezopotamski odpowiednik oblicza grozy<\/em>Pazuzu, mezopotamski demon ochronny<\/p><p>Grecja, przegl\u0105d panteonu<\/p><p>Demony, przegl\u0105d klas<\/p><p>Vernant, Jean-Pierre: <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odsy\u0142acze<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/lamashtu\/\">La Mort dans les yeux. Figures de l&#8217;Autre en Gr\u00e8ce ancienne<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/pazuzu\/\">. Paris 1985.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/grecja\/\">Wilk, Stephen R.: <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/demony\/\">Medusa. Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>. Oxford 2000.<em>LIMC <\/em>Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>, Bd. IV (Gorgo).<em>Hesiod: <\/em>Theogonie<\/span><\/li><li>, V. 270\u2013281.<em>Ovid: <\/em>Metamorphosen<\/li><li>, IV 765 ff.<em>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <\/em>Der Neue Pauly<\/li><li> (Lemma 'Medusa&#8217; 'Gorgo&#8217;).<em>Opisana tu praktyka ochronna stanowi naukow\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 historycznych tradycji. iWell Guard nawi\u0105zuje do tej kulturowo-historycznej linii noszonych przedmiot\u00f3w ochronnych i stanowi jej wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 form\u0119. <\/em>Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/li><li>Medusa \u2013 Gorgona o skamieniaj\u0105cym spojrzeniu<em>Gorgona z w\u0119\u017cowymi w\u0142osami, skamieniaj\u0105ce spojrzenie, demon greckiej mitologii. Perseusz, zakazana moc, amulet ochronny.<\/em>Medusa<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-medusa-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-medusa-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-medusa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-medusa-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-medusa-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Die hier beschriebene Schutzpraxis ist wissenschaftliche Einordnung historischer Traditionen. iWell Guard kn\u00fcpft an diese kulturhistorische Linie tragbarer Schutzobjekte an und stellt eine zeitgen\u00f6ssische Form davon dar. <a href=\"\/pl\/o-iwell-guard-szczegoly-dotyczace-wisiorka-ochronnego\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Wi\u0119cej o iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1575,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Medusa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Meduza, Gorgona z w\u0119\u017cowymi w\u0142osami, tradycji greckiej","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gorgona o w\u0119\u017cowych w\u0142osach, kamieniej\u0105ce spojrzenie, demon mitologii greckiej. Perseusz, zakazana moc, amulet ochronny.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[28,52,25],"class_list":["post-15763","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daemonen","category-griechenland","category-kulturen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Meduza, Gorgona z w\u0119\u017cowymi w\u0142osami, tradycji greckiej<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gorgona o w\u0119\u017cowych w\u0142osach, kamieniej\u0105ce spojrzenie, demon mitologii greckiej. 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